{
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  "title": "段祺瑞 · Beziehungen",
  "description": "段祺瑞（1865年3月6日—1936年11月2日），清朝、中华民国人物。",
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    "summary": "段祺瑞（1865年3月6日—1936年11月2日），清朝、中华民国人物。",
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        "id": "zhwiki",
        "title": "段祺瑞（维基百科）",
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00",
    "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:16:25+08:00",
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    "body": "## 生平\n\n段祺瑞（1865年—1936年），字芝泉，安徽合肥人，祖籍江西饶州。1885年以优异成绩考入天津武备学堂炮兵科，毕业后被派赴德国学习军事、在克虏伯兵工厂实习。回国后他协助袁世凯在小站练兵，主管炮兵训练，与冯国璋、王士珍并称“北洋三杰”，段被称为“北洋之虎”。1911年武昌起义后，他被召回任清军第二军军统，随后领衔联名发出通电，要求清帝退位、赞成共和，史称“共和双电”。此后他历任参谋总长、国务卿、国务总理等职，成为皖系领袖；1917年他力主对德宣战，又在张勋复辟后于马厂誓师将其平定。1920年直皖战争中皖系溃败，段祺瑞辞职退隐。1924年他出任中华民国临时执政，1926年三一八惨案后被冯玉祥赶下台，此后隐居天津、上海，1936年11月2日病逝。著有《正道居集》。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 历史成就\n\n段祺瑞反对帝制，主张责任内阁制与武力统一，在清帝退位、再造共和的过程中起到关键作用。他主政期间力主参加第一次世界大战，使中国成为战胜国并加入国际联盟，又迫使外蒙古取消自治。他长期主持新军训练与学务，对北洋军的养成影响深远；但其武力统一政策与三一八惨案中军警镇压请愿学生的行为，也使他备受争议。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：清朝、中华民国[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_340123|肥西县]][^wikidata]",
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