{
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  "title": "石涛 · Beziehungen",
  "description": "石涛（1642年—1707年），清朝、明朝人物。",
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    "title": "石涛",
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    "summary": "石涛（1642年—1707年），清朝、明朝人物。",
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        "title": "Wikidata Q469439",
        "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469439"
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      {
        "id": "zhwiki",
        "title": "石涛（维基百科）",
        "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B6%9B"
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00",
    "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:19:18+08:00",
    "updatedBy": "user:admin",
    "revision": 7,
    "body": "## 生平\n\n石涛（1642年—1707年），原姓朱，名若极，桂林人，祖籍安徽凤阳，别号大涤子、清湘老人、苦瓜和尚等。他是明靖江王朱赞仪的十世孙、朱亨嘉的长子。[^zhwiki]清初其父图谋称监国失败被处死，他被宦官救出，逃到全州，在湘山寺削发为僧，改名石涛。此后一生云游四方，在安徽宣城敬亭山、黄山一带居住约十年，结交画家，后来到了江宁（南京）。康熙二十三年（1684年）、二十八年（1689年）康熙帝两次南巡，他在南京、扬州两次接驾，献诗画，自称“臣僧”；后又北上京师，结交达官贵人，为他们作画，但终不得仕进，返回南京。[^zhwiki]晚年弃僧还俗，定居扬州，成为职业画家，以卖画为生。康熙四十六年（1707年）病逝于扬州，葬于扬州大明寺。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 历史成就\n\n石涛与弘仁、髡残、朱耷合称“清初四僧”，是中国绘画史上的重要画家。他主张“笔墨当随时代”，画山水应“搜尽奇峰打草稿”，强调脱胎于山川、法自我立，一反当时仿古之风；所作山水、兰竹、花果、人物构图善变、笔墨恣肆，意境苍莽新奇。[^zhwiki]他总结多年绘画实践，著有《画语录》十八章，系统阐发其绘画理论。其作品大量传世，故宫博物院、上海博物馆等均有百件以上收藏；其画风对郑板桥、张大千等后世画家影响深远。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：清朝、明朝[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_450300|桂林市]][^wikidata]",
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