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  "title": "张载 · Beziehungen",
  "description": "张载（1020年—1077年），宋朝、北宋人物。",
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    "title": "张载",
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    "aliases": [
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    "summary": "张载（1020年—1077年），宋朝、北宋人物。",
    "status": "published",
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        "title": "Wikidata Q197338",
        "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197338"
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      {
        "id": "zhwiki",
        "title": "张载 (北宋)（维基百科）",
        "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%BC%89_(%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B)"
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    "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00",
    "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:12:58+08:00",
    "updatedBy": "user:admin",
    "revision": 6,
    "body": "## 生平\n\n张载（1020年—1077年），字子厚，自号横渠，世称横渠先生，大梁（今河南开封）人，北宋思想家。[^zhwiki]其父张迪任涪州知州时死于任上，张载年幼，随母迁居凤翔府横渠镇。张载早年有意从军，1041年上书范仲淹讨论西北边防，建议收复被西夏占据的洮西地区；范仲淹认为他可成大器，劝他放弃从军、专攻儒学，并劝他读《中庸》。张载此后又研习佛教、道家典籍数年，最终回归儒家。嘉祐初年，他在开封讲授《易经》，并与表侄程颢、程颐兄弟讨论《易》学。[^zhwiki]\n\n1057年，张载考中进士，历任祁州司法参军、云岩县令、著作佐郎、签书渭州军事判官等职，在地方任官时探问民间疾苦，深得经略使蔡挺尊重。1069年，他经吕公著推荐被宋神宗召对，回答治世之道说“为政不法三代者，终苟道也”；其后因与王安石政见不合，被外放处理狱案，遂辞职回到横渠镇著书讲学。1076年撰成《正蒙》。1077年，他由吕大防推荐复出，任同知太常礼院，因与礼官意见不合，又病重辞官西归，途经临潼病逝，终年五十七岁。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 历史成就\n\n张载是宋明理学的奠基人之一，与周敦颐、邵雍、程颢、程颐并称北宋五子，其学说自成一系，后世得以从祀孔庙。[^zhwiki]哲学上，他提出“太虚即气”，认为气是宇宙的根本实体，万物皆由气凝聚、消散而成，以此反驳佛教的虚无之说；伦理上区分“天地之性”与“气质之性”，主张通过变化气质以成圣人。其《西铭》提出“民胞物与”的主张，阐扬博爱精神，成为传世名篇；“为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平”四句（后世称“横渠四句”）更成为无数读书人的志向标尺。主要著作有《正蒙》《易说》《经学理窟》等。张载之学对王夫之等后世思想家有重大影响。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：宋朝、北宋[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_410200|开封市]][^wikidata]",
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