postgres /en/categories/history.html person_cn_q10007 person zhengde-emperor-q10007 明武宗

Zhu Houzhao (1491–1521) was the tenth emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Wuzong and his era name was Zhengde.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10007 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B716 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 api_token 3 Zhu Houzhao was the tenth emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Wuzong and his era name was Zhengde. This account follows the biography in juan 16 of the Ming History and the sources already cited on this entry.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Family and accession The Ming History gives his personal name as Houzhao. He was the eldest son of the Hongzhi Emperor, and his mother was Empress Xiaokangjing. He was named heir apparent in the fifth year of Hongzhi. The history says he was quick-witted and fond of riding and archery. In the fifth month of the eighteenth year of Hongzhi, his father died and he took the throne, naming the next year the first year of Zhengde.[^zhengshi] This entry records his birth in the fourth year of Hongzhi (1491) and his death in the sixteenth year of Zhengde (1521).[^wikidata] The Ming History says he was thirty-one when he died.[^zhengshi] ## Reign In the first year of Zhengde, Minister of Revenue Han Wen led court officials in asking that the eunuchs Ma Yongcheng and his associates be removed from power. Grand Secretaries Liu Jian, Li Dongyang and Xie Qian supported the request, but the emperor did not accept it. Liu Jin then took charge of the Directorate of Ceremonial, and Liu Jian and Xie Qian retired. In the second year of Zhengde the emperor restored the guard of Prince Zhu Chenhao of Ning and built the Leopard House.[^zhengshi] In the fifth year, Prince Zhu Zhifan of Anhua rebelled and was soon captured. That June the emperor styled himself the Great Qing Dharma King. In August Liu Jin was imprisoned for treason and then executed. From the sixth year, uprisings spread from the capital region through Shandong, Henan and Sichuan, and were put down over the course of the seventh year.[^zhengshi] After a fire at the Palace of Heavenly Purity in the first month of the ninth year, the emperor began to travel incognito. In the twelfth year he passed Juyong Pass, stayed at Xuanfu, and called himself the General Who Governs Military Affairs and Inspires Awe. That winter he fought for five days near Yingzhou against the forces of the Little Prince. In the thirteenth year he ordered himself enfeoffed as Duke of Zhenguo under the name Zhu Shou.[^zhengshi] In the sixth month of the fourteenth year, Prince Zhu Chenhao rebelled. Wang Shouren recovered Nanchang and captured the prince at Qiaoshe. The emperor still marched south, withheld the victory report, and reached Nanjing that winter. In the ninth month of the fifteenth year his boat capsized at Jishui Pond and his health failed. Chenhao was executed in the twelfth month, and the emperor returned to the capital.[^zhengshi] ## Death In the third month of the sixteenth year of Zhengde he was dying. He told the eunuchs of the Directorate of Ceremonial to inform the empress dowager, and said that the earlier mistakes had been his own. On the bingyin day of that month he died in the Leopard House at the age of thirty-one. His testament called the eldest son of the Prince of Xing to succeed him. In the fifth month he received his posthumous title and the temple name Wuzong, and was buried at the Kangling.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Houzhao[^wikidata] - Temple name: Wuzong[^zhengshi] - Era name: Zhengde[^zhengshi] - Birthplace: [[place_beijing|Beijing]][^wikidata] /people/zhengde-emperor-q10007.html en zh en 1491 1491 1521 1521 historical figure person_cn_q10011 person jiajing-emperor-ming-q10011 明世宗

Zhu Houcong (1507–1567) was the eleventh emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Shizong and his era name was Jiajing.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10011 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%96%E5%AE%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B717 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Houcong was the eleventh emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Shizong and his era name was Jiajing. This account follows juan 17 of the Ming History and the sources already cited on this entry.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Family The Ming History gives his personal name as Houcong. He was a grandson of the Chenghua Emperor. His father, Prince Youyuan of Xing, held the principality of Anlu. When that prince died in the fourteenth year of Zhengde, Houcong was thirteen and managed the domain as heir. The name Zhu Houcong is the form given in the sources cited here.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] This entry records his birth in 1507, his death in 1567, and his birthplace as Zhongxiang.[^wikidata] Juan 17 of the Ming History ends in the twenty-first year of Jiajing and does not describe his death.[^zhengshi] ## Accession In the third month of the sixteenth year of Zhengde, the Zhengde Emperor died without a son. Empress Dowager Cishou and Grand Secretary Yang Tinghe decided to summon the prince from his residence at Xing. He left Anlu and reached the suburbs of the capital in the fourth month. The ritual officers wanted him to ascend as an heir apparent. He replied that the testament made him successor to the throne, not an imperial son. He entered through Daming Gate the same day, took the throne in the Fengtian Hall, and named the next year the first of Jiajing.[^zhengshi] ## The ritual dispute Court ritualists first proposed that he treat the Hongzhi Emperor as his imperial father and call the Prince of Xing an imperial uncle. The jinshi Zhang Cong argued that Zhu Houcong inherited the throne without becoming an adopted son, and asked that his own parents be honored and that a temple for the Prince of Xing be built in the capital. Yang Tinghe and others objected. The emperor did not accept their view. In the first year of Jiajing the court for a time called the Hongzhi Emperor imperial father and the prince and princess of Xing his natural parents. In the third year the Prince of Xing was given the title of natural imperial father, and the words "natural" were later removed. Officials knelt at the palace gate to protest. Ma Li and 133 others were imprisoned, and sixteen died under the rod. Yang Shen and others were beaten and banished or demoted. That year the Hongzhi Emperor was designated imperial uncle-father, and the emperor's own father was designated imperial father. In the seventh year the Minglun Dadian was completed, and Yang Tinghe and others were posthumously stripped of rank.[^zhengshi] ## The early Jiajing years In the fifth year the Daoist Shao Yuanjie was named a zhenren. In the seventeenth year the emperor's father received the temple name Ruizong and his tablet was placed in the imperial ancestral temple, ranked above the Zhengde Emperor. In the eighteenth year Zaihuo was named heir apparent, Zaihou was made Prince of Yu, and Zaichuan Prince of Jing. The emperor traveled to Chengtian and visited the Xianling. In the nineteenth year Yang Zui of the Court of the Imperial Stud remonstrated against the use of elixirs and was beaten to death. In the twenty-first year Minister of Rites Yan Song entered the Grand Secretariat. In the same year a palace plot was punished and Consort Cao and Consort Wang were executed. Juan 17 ends at that point.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Houcong[^wikidata] - Temple name: Shizong[^zhengshi] - Era name: Jiajing[^zhengshi] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_420881|Zhongxiang]][^wikidata] /people/jiajing-emperor-ming-q10011.html en zh en 1507 1507 1567 1567 historical figure person_cn_q1004339 person fu-yi-q1004339 傅奕

Fu Yi (555–639), from Ye in Xiangzhou, was a Sui and Tang astronomer who served as director of the imperial observatory.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1004339 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E5%A5%95 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B779 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Fu Yi was director of the imperial observatory in the early Tang. This entry records his life as 555 to 639.[^wikidata] The Old Book of Tang gives his name simply as Fu Yi, and the cited Wikidata label is the same, with the surname Fu, so the title stays Fu Yi.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## From the Sui into the Tang The Old Book of Tang says he was from Ye in Xiangzhou and was especially learned in astronomy and calendrics. In the Kaihuang reign he served Prince Yang Liang of Han as a ceremonial officer. When the prince rebelled, he asked Fu Yi what it meant that Mars had entered the Well. Fu Yi answered that the celestial Well lies on the ecliptic, so Mars passing there was not strange, whereas a well on the ground would be an ill omen. The prince was displeased. After the revolt failed, Fu Yi was spared and moved to Fufeng. Emperor Gaozu, then prefect of Fufeng, treated him with respect and, after taking the throne, summoned him as vice director of the observatory. Director Yu Jian recommended him as his own replacement, and Fu Yi became director.[^zhengshi] ## Director of the observatory In the third year of Wude he submitted a new clepsydra method, which was put into use. In the seventh year he memorialized for the suppression of Buddhism, in very direct language, and sent eleven further memorials. Gaozu referred them to the court. Only Zhang Daoyuan, chamberlain of the imperial stud, called the proposal sound. Xiao Yu, president of the secretariat, argued that Fu Yi was defaming a sage and should be punished. Fu Yi replied that the Buddha had left his father by going forth from the city. Gaozu was close to following him when the abdication stopped the matter. In the fifth month of the ninth year of Wude, Fu Yi secretly reported that Venus had appeared in the astral division of Qin and that the Prince of Qin would possess the empire. Gaozu passed the report to Taizong. After Taizong's accession he received Fu Yi and said the earlier report had nearly implicated him, but that Fu Yi should still speak fully. When Taizong asked why he alone rejected Buddhism, Fu Yi said it had come from the Western Regions, did not help the people, and harmed the state. Taizong was inclined to agree.[^zhengshi] ## Death and writings The Old Book of Tang says he died in the thirteenth year of Zhenguan at the age of eighty-five. On his deathbed he told his sons to study Laozi, Zhuangzi, and the Six Classics, not the Buddhism then in fashion, and he asked for a plain burial. He did not call a doctor when ill. Once, while drunk, he wrote his own epitaph: he was Fu Yi, a man of green hills and white clouds. He annotated the Laozi, wrote a phonological commentary, and collected anti-Buddhist arguments from the Wei and Jin onward as Gaoshi zhuan in ten juan.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Fu Yi[^zhengshi] - Native place: Ye in Xiangzhou[^zhengshi] - Dates on this entry: 555–639[^wikidata] - Occupations: astronomer and political figure[^wikidata] - Realms recorded on this entry: Sui, Tang, and Northern Zhou[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q138001671|Fu Yi]] (a character in Journey to the West) /people/fu-yi-q1004339.html en zh en 555 555 639 639 historical figure person_cn_q10059 person longqing-emperor-q10059 明穆宗

Zhu Zaihou (1537–1572) was the twelfth emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Muzong and his era name was Longqing.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10059 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B719 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Zaihou was a Ming emperor. His temple name was Muzong and his era name was Longqing. This entry records his birth in 1537 and his death in 1572.[^wikidata] Juan 19 of the Ming History gives his personal name as Zaihou, and the cited Wikidata aliases give the full name Zhu Zaihou, surname Zhu, with the English form Zhu Zaihou.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Prince of Yu The Ming History says he was the third son of the Jiajing Emperor, and his mother was Consort Du, titled Kang. In the second month of the eighteenth year of Jiajing he was made Prince of Yu, invested on the same day as the heir apparent Zhuangjing and the Prince of Jing. After Zhuangjing died, the emperor regarded him as the eldest and capable son and the succession as settled, but suspicion remained at court, so the Prince of Jing was sent to his own domain.[^zhengshi] ## Accession In the twelfth month of the forty-fifth year of Jiajing, the Jiajing Emperor died and Zhu Zaihou took the throne. The next year was the first of Longqing, and a general amnesty was declared. Inconvenient policies of the previous reign were corrected under the testament. Officials punished for remonstrance were recalled, and those who had died were honored. Adepts were handed to the courts, and the alchemy workshops and extraordinary purchases were stopped. Half of the next year's land tax was remitted, together with arrears from before the forty-third year of Jiajing. Hai Rui of the Ministry of Revenue was released from prison.[^zhengshi] ## The early Longqing years In the first year of Longqing he ended the rite that associated Ruizong with the emperor in the Bright Hall, restored the title of Prince Zhu Houwan of Zheng, honored his mother as Empress Xiaoke, and installed Consort Chen as empress. Chen Yiqin and Zhang Juzheng entered the grand secretariat. In the third month the Jiajing Emperor was buried at the Yongling. That year Altan raided Datong and Shizhou, killed Prefect Wang Liangcai, looted Jiaocheng and Wenshui, and reached the Fen River, so the capital was placed on alert. The raiders withdrew in the winter. In the third month of the second year, his son Yijun was named heir apparent. The same juan goes on to the third year, when general Zhao Ke defeated Altan at Hongcizi. The extract read here does not reach a death scene, so the death year is left as the 1572 already stored on this entry.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Zaihou[^wikidata] - Temple name: Muzong[^zhengshi] - Era name: Longqing[^zhengshi] - Place in the dynasty: twelfth Ming emperor[^wikidata] - Realm: Ming[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_beijing|Beijing]][^wikidata] /people/longqing-emperor-q10059.html en zh en 1537 1537 1572 1572 historical figure person_cn_q10061 person wanli-q10061 明神宗

Zhu Yijun (1563–18 August 1620) was the thirteenth emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Shenzong and his era name was Wanli.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10061 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AE%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B720 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Yijun was a Ming emperor. His temple name was Shenzong and his era name was Wanli. This entry records his birth in 1563 and his death on 18 August 1620.[^wikidata] Juan 20 of the Ming History gives his personal name as Yijun. The cited Wikidata aliases give the full name Zhu Yijun.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Heir apparent The Ming History says he was the third son of the Longqing Emperor, and his mother was Consort Li. He was named heir apparent in the second year of Longqing, at the age of six. The annals say his bearing was uncommon. When the emperor told him to gallop a horse in the palace, he replied that the lord of the realm should not ride wildly, for fear of a fall. The emperor was pleased and dismounted to praise him. While Empress Chen was ill in a separate palace, he went each morning with the consort to ask after her. The empress rose when she heard their steps. He asked her about the classics, she answered, and the consort was glad. The two palaces grew more harmonious.[^zhengshi] ## Accession The Longqing Emperor died in the fifth month of his sixth year. On the jiazi day of the sixth month Zhu Yijun took the throne, named the next year the first of Wanli, and proclaimed an amnesty. Ministers who had died loyal to the Jianwen court were commemorated in their districts, and their descendants were recorded for honor. Gao Gong was dismissed that month. Gao Yi died. Minister of Rites Lü Tiaoyang entered the grand secretariat. In the seventh month grain transport was opened to Miyun, and the court was warned to drop old habits. The empress was honored as Empress Dowager Rensheng, and Consort Li as Empress Dowager Cisheng. In the ninth month the Longqing Emperor was buried at the Zhaoling. In the twelfth month, because the mourning period was not over, the lanterns of the next New Year and the palace banquet were cancelled.[^zhengshi] ## Scope of this juan Juan 20 is the first half of the Shenzong annals. Its sections run from the sixth year of Longqing through the twenty-fourth year of Wanli. The passage read here is the opening and the sixth year of Longqing. It does not reach a death scene in the forty-eighth year of Wanli, so none is added. The death date remains the 18 August 1620 already stored on this entry.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Yijun[^wikidata] - Temple name: Shenzong[^zhengshi] - Era name: Wanli[^zhengshi] - Place in the dynasty: thirteenth Ming emperor[^wikidata] - Realm: Ming[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_beijing|Beijing]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: poet[^wikidata] /people/wanli-q10061.html en zh en 1563 1563 1620 8 18 18 August 1620 historical figure person_cn_q10065 person taichang-emperor-q10065 明光宗

Zhu Changluo (1582–26 September 1620) was the fourteenth emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Guangzong and his era name was Taichang. He reigned for one month.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10065 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%85%89%E5%AE%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B721 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Changluo was a Ming emperor. His temple name was Guangzong and his era name was Taichang. This entry records his birth in 1582 and his death on 26 September 1620.[^wikidata] The simplified Chinese Wikidata alias is Zhu Changluo, distinct from the temple name Guangzong. The passage read in juan 21 of the Ming History calls him the heir apparent and, after accession, Guangzong. It does not spell out a taboo personal name.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Accession The Ming History says the Wanli Emperor died in the seventh month of his forty-eighth year. On the dingyou day the heir, following the testament, issued a million taels to reward the frontier, abolished the mining and commercial taxes, and restored officials who had been punished for remonstrance. On the jihai day another million taels were issued for the frontier. On the first day of the eighth month, bingwu, he took the throne, proclaimed an amnesty, named the next year the first of Taichang, and remitted taxes in provinces hit by disaster. Liaodong suffered a great drought. On the gengshen day the Yellow River at Lanzhou ran clear for three days. In that month Shi Jikai, Shen Que, He Zongyan, Liu Yijing, Han Kuang and Zhu Guozuo entered the grand secretariat, and Ye Xianggao was summoned.[^zhengshi] ## Death On the bingyin day the emperor was ill. On the wuchen day he received the Duke of Yingguo, Zhang Weixian, Grand Secretary Fang Congzhe and eleven others at the Qianqing Palace, and had his eldest son come out to see them. On the jiaxu day he was dying and again summoned Fang Congzhe and the others to receive his last charge. That same day Li Kezhuo of the Court of State Ceremonial presented a red pill. He died in the Qianqing Palace on the first day of the ninth month, yihai, after one month on the throne, at the age of thirty-nine. After the Tianqi Emperor succeeded, the court decided that the time from the eighth month of the forty-eighth year of Wanli would be called the first year of Taichang. In the tenth month he received his posthumous title and the temple name Guangzong, and was buried at the Qingling.[^zhengshi] The historian's comment at the end of the juan says Guangzong's virtue had long been known and the realm had looked to him, but he reigned only a month, his measures were never carried out, and the struggles over the three cases made the factional disaster worse.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Changluo[^wikidata] - Temple name: Guangzong[^zhengshi] - Era name: Taichang[^zhengshi] - Place in the dynasty: fourteenth Ming emperor[^wikidata] - Realm: Ming[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_beijing|Beijing]][^wikidata] /people/taichang-emperor-q10065.html en zh en 1582 1582 1620 9 26 26 September 1620 historical figure person_cn_q10066 person tianqi-emperor-q10066 明熹宗

Zhu Youxiao (23 December 1605–30 September 1627) was the fifteenth emperor of the Ming dynasty. His temple name was Xizong and his era name was Tianqi.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10066 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E7%86%B9%E5%AE%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B710 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Youxiao was a Ming emperor. His temple name was Xizong and his era name was Tianqi. The simplified Chinese Wikidata alias is Zhu Youxiao, and the English alias is the same spelling, so the title uses that personal name rather than the temple name.[^wikidata] This entry records his birth on 23 December 1605 and his death on 30 September 1627.[^wikidata] ## The cited history The Ming History juan attached to this entry is juan 10. Its heading is the former annals of Yingzong, and the opening gives that emperor's personal name as Qizhen, eldest son of the Xuande Emperor. The passage read there does not mention Xizong, the Tianqi era, or Zhu Youxiao. Those events are not transferred to this entry.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Youxiao[^wikidata] - Temple name: Xizong[^wikidata] - Era name: Tianqi[^wikidata] - Place in the dynasty: fifteenth Ming emperor[^wikidata] - Realm: Ming[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_beijing|Beijing]][^wikidata] /people/tianqi-emperor-q10066.html en zh en 1605 12 23 23 December 1605 1627 9 30 30 September 1627 historical figure person_cn_q10069 person chongzhen-emperor-q10069 崇祯帝

Zhu Youjian (6 February 1611–25 April 1644) was the last emperor of the Ming dynasty. His era name was Chongzhen.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10069 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E5%B8%9D zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B711 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Youjian was a Ming emperor. His era name was Chongzhen. The simplified Chinese Wikidata alias is Zhu Youjian, and the English alias is the same spelling, so the title uses that personal name.[^wikidata] This entry records his birth on 6 February 1611 and his death on 25 April 1644, and describes him as the last emperor of the Ming.[^wikidata] ## The cited history The Ming History juan attached to this entry is juan 11. Its heading is the annals of the Jing Emperor. The opening gives that emperor's personal name as Qiyu, the second son of the Xuande Emperor. The passage read there does not mention the Chongzhen era or Zhu Youjian. Those events are not transferred to this entry.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Youjian[^wikidata] - Era name: Chongzhen[^wikidata] - Description: last emperor of the Ming[^wikidata] - Realm: Ming[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_beijing|Beijing]][^wikidata] /people/chongzhen-emperor-q10069.html en zh en 1611 2 6 6 February 1611 1644 4 25 25 April 1644 historical figure person_cn_q10120073 person meng-jian-q10120073 孟建

Meng Jian, courtesy name Gongwei, was a Cao Wei official from Runan. He rose to inspector of Liang province and general of the eastern campaign.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10120073 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BB%BA 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Meng Jian was an official of Cao Wei. Wikidata uses Meng Jian as his name and records the courtesy name Gongwei, so the title stays the personal name.[^wikidata] ## Career The Chinese Wikipedia says he was from Runan, served Cao Wei, and held the posts of inspector of Liang province and general of the eastern campaign. The cited sources do not give birth or death years.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Meng Jian[^wikidata] - Courtesy name: Gongwei[^wikidata] - Native place: Runan[^zhwiki] - Description: Cao Wei official[^wikidata] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124120073|Meng Jian]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/meng-jian-q10120073.html en zh en historical figure person_cn_q10127095 person sun-zi-q10127095 孙资

Sun Zi (died 251), courtesy name Yanlong, was a Cao Wei official. He served as secretariat director and was later enfeoffed as Marquis of Zhongdu.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10127095 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E8%B3%87 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B714 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Sun Zi was an official of Cao Wei. Wikidata gives his name as Sun Zi, and this entry records his death in 251.[^wikidata] In juan 14 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms his biography is attached to that of Liu Fang. The separate note says his courtesy name was Yanlong, so the title stays the personal name.[^zhengshi] ## Early life The note says he showed promise as a child, lost both parents at three, and was raised by his elder brother and sister-in-law. He studied at the imperial academy and read widely. Wang Yun of his commandery thought him remarkable at first sight. When Cao Cao was minister of works he summoned Sun Zi, but Sun Zi's brother had been killed by a fellow villager. Sun Zi killed the man himself and took his family to Hedong, so he did not accept the summons. The commandery appointed him again and he declined on grounds of illness. His friend Jia Kui of Hedong persuaded him. He then served as a clerk in the bureau and was recommended as an accounting officer. Minister of the secretariat Xun Yu said the north had long been ruined and its able men scattered, and that he was now seeing Sun, the accounting officer, again. Xun Yu asked that Sun Zi be kept as a gentleman of the secretariat. Sun Zi declined because of the family feud and returned to Hedong.[^zhengshi] ## Keeper of confidential business After the state of Wei was founded he and Liu Fang became secretaries. Before that he had also been a county magistrate and had taken part in the counselor-in-chief's military affairs. When Emperor Wen took the throne they became left and right assistants. At the start of Huangchu the secretariat became the Central Secretariat. Liu Fang was its inspector and Sun Zi its director, each also a palace attendant. Liu Fang was made Marquis of Guannei and Sun Zi Marquis of Guanzhong, and they handled confidential matters. In the third year of Huangchu Sun Zi was advanced to Marquis of Guannei. Emperor Ming favored them still more. Both became mounted attendants, and Sun Zi was advanced to Marquis of Leyang. At the end of Taihe, Wu sent Zhou He by sea to entice Gongsun Yuan. Most of the court opposed a campaign. Only Sun Zi decided to send the army, and it won a great victory. He was advanced to Marquis of Zuoxiang. At the start of Qinglong both men became palace attendants and grand masters of splendor. In the second year of Jingchu, after Liaodong was pacified, he was enfeoffed with his own county as Marquis of Zhongdu.[^zhengshi] ## Last years After Prince of Qi, Cao Fang, took the throne, Sun Zi was made grand master of the right in the first year of Zhengshi. In the sixth year he became general of the guards and still headed the Central Secretariat. In the seventh year one of his sons was made a village marquis. Liu Fang died in the second year of Jiaping. Sun Zi again yielded his post and went home, was appointed general of the agile cavalry, and became a palace attendant. He died in the third year of Jiaping. His posthumous name was Marquis Zhen, and his son Sun Hong succeeded. That year matches the 251 recorded on this entry.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Basic facts - Name: Sun Zi[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Yanlong[^zhengshi] - Death: third year of Jiaping, recorded here as 251[^zhengshi][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124461406|Sun Zi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/sun-zi-q10127095.html en zh en 251 251 historical figure person_cn_q1036900 person geng-wu-q1036900 耿武

Geng Wu (died 191), courtesy name Wenwei, was a chief clerk under Han Fu at the end of the Eastern Han. He opposed ceding Jizhou to Yuan Shao and was killed when Yuan Shao arrived.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036900 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%BF%E6%AD%A6 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Geng Wu was a man of the late Eastern Han. Wikidata uses Geng Wu as his name. The cited Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Wenwei, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 191.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Life The page, following the histories, says he was an officer under Han Fu and served as chief clerk. When Han Fu planned to yield Jizhou to Yuan Shao, Geng Wu, together with Min Chun and Li Li, advised against it and was dismissed. When Yuan Shao was about to reach Jizhou, Geng Wu refused him and was killed.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Geng Wu[^wikidata] - Courtesy name: Wenwei[^zhwiki] - Death recorded on this entry: 191[^wikidata] - Realm recorded on this entry: China[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123678578|Geng Wu]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/geng-wu-q1036900.html en zh en 191 191 historical figure person_cn_q1039216 person xiahou-xuan-q1039216 夏侯玄

Xiahou Xuan (209–254), courtesy name Taichu, was a leading Cao Wei official and the son of Xiahou Shang. In 254 he was executed after Li Feng's plot to make him regent, and he did not change color at the execution.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1039216 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E4%BE%AF%E7%8E%84 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B709 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Xiahou Xuan was a leading official of Cao Wei. Wikidata uses Xiahou Xuan as his name. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Taichu and that he was the son of Xiahou Shang, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 209 to 254.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early career He was famous young and, just after capping, became a mounted gentleman attendant of the yellow gate. Once, at an audience, he was seated with Mao Zeng, the empress's brother. He felt ashamed and did not hide it. Emperor Ming resented this and demoted him to supervisor of the feathered forest. At the start of Zhengshi, Cao Shuang held the regency. Xiahou Xuan was the son of Cao Shuang's paternal aunt and rose to mounted attendant and capital guard. He sent the grand tutor Sima Yi three discussions of the time: separating selection of officials from local reputation and from the secretariat's assessment, simplifying local posts and inspection, and reforming dress so as to check luxury. Sima Yi replied that the proposals were excellent but hard to impose on settled habit, and should wait for an able man. Xiahou Xuan wrote back that the moment to change was not a moment to wait.[^zhengshi] ## The western command and the fall He was soon made general who campaigns in the west, with credentials to supervise military affairs in Yong and Liang provinces. With Cao Shuang he launched the campaign through Luogu, and contemporaries mocked it. After Cao Shuang was killed, Xiahou Xuan was summoned as grand herald and, some years later, moved to the ministry of ceremonies. He was unhappy at the suppression of Cao Shuang's party. Li Feng, director of the secretariat, outwardly close to Sima Shi, privately joined the empress's father Zhang Ji and planned to make Xiahou Xuan regent. In the second month of the sixth year of Jiaping they meant to kill the general-in-chief when a noble lady was received and the palace gates were under restricted troops, and to put Xiahou Xuan in his place. Sima Shi heard something of the plot, summoned Li Feng, and killed him when he came unaware. Xiahou Xuan, Zhang Ji, Su Shuo, Yue Dun and Liu Xian were sent to the commandant of justice.[^zhengshi] ## Execution The Records say his capacity was broad. When he was taken to the eastern market for execution his color did not change and his movements stayed composed. He was forty-six. In the Zhengyuan era the heirs of meritorious officials were restored, and Xiahou Ben, a junior descendant of Xiahou Shang, was made Marquis of Changling so as to continue Xiahou Shang's sacrifices.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Xiahou Xuan[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Taichu[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 209–254[^wikidata] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124635133|Xiahou Xuan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xiahou-xuan-q1039216.html en zh en 209 209 254 254 historical figure person_cn_q1039517 person zhu-huan-q1039517 朱桓

Zhu Huan (177–238), courtesy name Xiumu, was a Wu commander from Wu commandery. He defeated Cao Ren at Ruxu in 222 and died in the first year of Chiwu.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1039517 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A1%93 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B756 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Zhu Huan was a commander of Eastern Wu. Wikidata uses Zhu Huan as his name. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Xiumu and that he was from Wu in Wu commandery, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 177 to 238.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Rise When Sun Quan was a general, Zhu Huan served in his headquarters and was later made chief of Yuyao. An epidemic struck and grain became scarce. He assigned capable clerks, saw to medicine himself, and kept porridge coming, so the people were grateful. He then became colonel who sweeps away raiders, with two thousand soldiers, and in a year gathered more than ten thousand scattered people in Wu and Kuaiji. When hill bandits in Danyang and Poyang took towns and killed officials, he led the generals and put them down. He rose to assistant general, was made Marquis of Xincheng, and later replaced Zhou Tai as supervisor at Ruxu.[^zhengshi] ## The battle at Ruxu In the first year of Huangwu, Cao Ren of Wei led several tens of thousands toward Ruxu and first announced an attack on Xianxi. Zhu Huan sent troops there, but Cao Ren advanced to within seventy li of Ruxu. Zhu Huan had only five thousand men, and his generals were afraid. He recalled the Xianxi force, but Cao Ren arrived first. Zhu Huan hid his banners to look weak and drew Cao Ren's son Cao Tai against the city, while Chang Diao, Zhuge Qian and Wang Shuang took oil-boats against Zhongzhou. Zhu Huan himself held Cao Tai. Cao Tai burned his camp and retreated. Zhuge Qian was killed, Wang Shuang was captured and sent to Wuchang, and more than a thousand were cut down or drowned. Sun Quan enfeoffed Zhu Huan as Marquis of Jiaxing, made him martial-fury general, and gave him the chancellorship of Pengcheng.[^zhengshi] ## Last years In the seventh year of Huangwu, Zhou Fang, governor of Poyang, lured Cao Xiu of Wei. Lu Xun was commander, and Quan Cong and Zhu Huan the left and right supervisors, each with thirty thousand men. Zhu Huan asked to cut Cao Xiu off on the dangerous roads at Jiashi and Guache and to capture him himself. Lu Xun refused, and the plan was not used. In the first year of Huanglong he was made front general, shepherd of Qing province, with credentials. In the sixth year of Jiahe, Lü Xi, a clerk of Lujiang in Wei, asked Wu to receive him. Zhu Huan and Quan Cong went, the plot leaked, and the army withdrew. A broad stream lay outside the city. When the army was half across, Zhu Huan stayed in the rear, and the Wei troops did not dare come out. He later killed the assistant general Hu Zong in anger. Sun Quan valued his ability and did not punish him, sending Zhu Huan's son Zhu Yi to take the troops while Zhu Huan was treated for several months and then returned to Zhongzhou. He died in the first year of Chiwu at sixty-two. The family had no surplus wealth, and Sun Quan gave five thousand hu of salt for the funeral. Zhu Yi succeeded him.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Huan[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Xiumu[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 177–238[^wikidata] - Realm: Eastern Wu[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_suzhou|Suzhou]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124145907|Zhu Huan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/zhu-huan-q1039517.html en zh en 177 177 238 238 historical figure person_cn_q1041894 person yan-gang-q1041894 严纲

Yan Gang (died 192) was an officer of Gongsun Zan at the end of the Eastern Han and was made inspector of Ji province. At the battle of Jieqiao he led the cavalry vanguard and was killed by Qu Yi on Yuan Shao's side.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041894 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%B1 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Yan Gang was a commander at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Yan Gang, and the English label is Yan Gang, so the title stays the personal name. He served Gongsun Zan and was made inspector of Ji province. This entry dates his death to 192 and records his realm as China.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Jieqiao At the battle of Jieqiao he led a picked cavalry vanguard. Yuan Shao sent Qu Yi forward with eight hundred picked men and, according to the article, a thousand strong crossbows on the two flanks. Gongsun Zan thought the enemy few and ordered a cavalry charge. Qu Yi's men covered themselves with shields and did not move. When the lines were less than a dozen paces apart, the crossbows fired together and Gongsun Zan's army broke. Qu Yi killed Yan Gang, and Qu Yi's men cut down more than a thousand others.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Yan Gang[^wikidata] - Death year recorded on this entry: 192[^wikidata] - Realm: this entry says China; the article places him under Gongsun Zan at the end of the Eastern Han[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123679934|Yan Gang]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yan-gang-q1041894.html en zh en 192 192 historical figure person_cn_q1042908 person qiao-rui-q1042908 桥蕤

Qiao Rui (died 197) was a general of Yuan Shu at the end of the Eastern Han, given the rank of grand general. In 197 Cao Cao marched in person, Yuan Shu fled, and Qiao Rui was among the generals left behind and killed. The cited article says he is the same man as the form written with the surname character 乔, so the title stays Qiao Rui.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1042908 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E8%95%A4 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Qiao Rui was a commander under Yuan Shu at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Qiao Rui, and the English label is Qiao Rui. The cited article says that this Qiao Rui and the same name written with the surname character 乔 are one person, so the title stays Qiao Rui. This entry dates his death to 197.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Under Yuan Shu Yuan Shu made him grand general. In the fourth year of Chuping (193) he joined Yuan Shu in attacking Qiyang, in Cao Cao's territory. Yuan Shu wanted to send He Kui to urge a surrender. He Kui refused and hid on Qian Mountain. In the first year of Xingping (194) Sun Ce attached himself to Yuan Shu, who returned Sun Jian's old troops to him. Qiao Rui and Zhang Xun both treated Sun Ce with respect.[^zhwiki] ## The second year of Jian'an In the second year of Jian'an (197) Yuan Shu took the imperial title in Huainan and called his regime Zhongjia. He sought a marriage alliance with Lü Bu, and Lü Bu first agreed. The envoy Han Yin announced the imperial claim and came to fetch the bride. Chen Gui, chancellor of Pei, feared a union of Xu province and Yang province and persuaded Lü Bu to refuse. Lü Bu also resented Yuan Shu's earlier failure to help him. He recalled the daughter already on the road, sent Han Yin in custody to Xu, and Cao Cao had Han Yin beheaded. Yuan Shu sent his generals Zhang Xun and Qiao Rui, with the White Wave leaders Han Xian and Yang Feng, in seven columns of infantry and cavalry against Lü Bu. Lü Bu had few troops. On Chen Gui's plan he wrote to Han Xian and Yang Feng, urging them to turn on Yuan Shu, and he sent them military supplies. They were pleased, joined Lü Bu, and smashed Zhang Xun at Xiapi. Cao Cao then marched in person. When Yuan Shu heard it he abandoned his army and fled back to Huainan, leaving Qiao Rui, Li Feng, Liang Gang, and Yue Jiu. The article says Cao Cao's general Yu Jin captured these four alive and beheaded them all. The rest scattered, and nearly all were killed, wounded, or drowned.[^zhwiki] ## A different death in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms tells another story. When Cao Cao attacked Yuan Shu, Yuan Shu ordered Qiao Rui to hold the border of Shouchun with fifty thousand men. Qiao Rui rode out to duel Xiahou Dun and was speared to death in fewer than three bouts. That is the novel, not the account above. The portrayal is [[person_cn_q123786584|Qiao Rui]].[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Qiao Rui[^wikidata] - Death year recorded on this entry: 197[^wikidata] - Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123786584|Qiao Rui]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/qiao-rui-q1042908.html en zh en 197 197 historical figure person_cn_q1044418 person li-feng-q1044418 李丰

Li Feng (died 254), courtesy name Anguo, or Xuan'guo in another account, was from Dong county in Fengyi and served Cao Wei as prefect of the palace secretariat. In the second month of 254 Sima Shi killed him with the iron ring of a knife handle. This entry dates his death to 254.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044418 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%B0_(%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F) 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Li Feng was an official of Cao Wei. Wikidata names him Li Feng, so the title stays the personal name. The cited article gives his courtesy name as Anguo, and in another account as Xuanguo. The courtesy name is disputed, so it does not replace the title. He was from Dong county in Fengyi, and this entry places his birthplace at [[place_cn_610523|Dali County]]. His father, Li Yi (the name written 义), was commandant of the guards. Li Feng rose to prefect of the palace secretariat. This entry dates his death to 254 and records him as a political figure.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Early reputation In the Huangchu years he was summoned to follow the army because of his father's appointment. He was then seventeen or eighteen, living at Ye, known for integrity and for judging men, and his reputation soon reached Xuchang. His father made him shut his door and study, away from guests. After Cao Rui became emperor he asked a man who had come over from Wu which notable of the central plains he had heard of. The man said he knew only Li Anguo. Cao Rui later asked his attendants who Li Anguo was, and they said it was Li Feng's courtesy name. Li Feng served as gentleman of the yellow gate, commandant of cavalry, and palace attendant. After Cao Rui died he became coachman of Yongning. The article says his fame outran his ability, so he was not given great trust.[^zhwiki] ## After Zhengshi In the Zhengshi years he became attendant within the palace and vice director of the secretariat, and he often pleaded illness. A hundred days of sick leave stopped the salary, so for several years he was ill for a few days, recovered, and fell ill again. When his son Li Tao was chosen to marry a princess, Li Feng refused in public and agreed in private. His younger brothers, Li Yi (the name written 翼) and Li Wei, were grand administrators for many years. While Sima Yi was long ill, Li Wei drank and mismanaged Xinping and Fufeng, and Li Feng did nothing. People thought he relied on favor. While Cao Shuang held power, Li Feng tried to please both Cao Shuang and Sima Yi. A jingle compared Cao Shuang to hot soup, the grand tutor to cold slurry, and the Li brothers to the spirit Youguang. On the day Sima Yi destroyed Cao Shuang, he stopped his chariot at court and told Li Feng. Li Feng was so frightened that he crouched on the ground and could not rise. After Sima Yi died, the prefecture of the secretariat was vacant. Someone recommended Li Feng to Sima Shi. Li Feng thought of his marriage tie to Cao Fang and did not decline. He privately favored Xiahou Xuan and joined Zhang Ji, the empress's father, who had been removed from a commandery. They meant to overthrow Sima Shi and make Xiahou Xuan general-in-chief. Li Feng secretly had his younger brother Li Yi (翼) ask to enter court with troops. The requests were not granted.[^zhwiki] ## Death The article places the plot in the second month of 254, when a noble lady was to be received at court. Li Feng planned to use the imperial carriage's arrival, have the emperor's troops at the gates kill Sima Shi, replace him with Xiahou Xuan, and make Zhang Ji general of the agile cavalry. The plotters included Su Shuo, supervisor of the yellow gate, Le Dun, prefect of the Yongning office, and Liu Xian, servant of the attendants. Sima Shi heard of it and sent Wang Yang with a carriage to fetch Li Feng. Under questioning Li Feng knew the plot was exposed and cursed Sima Shi aloud. Sima Shi, in anger, killed him with the iron ring on a knife handle. That night the body was sent to the commandant of justice. Zhong Yu first refused it, saying it was not a case for the judge, and accepted it only after the edict arrived. Zhang Ji was ordered to die. Zhong Yu reported that Li Feng and the others had meant to seize the emperor and kill Sima Shi on their own authority. After the ministers and the commandant deliberated, Li Tao, Xiahou Xuan, Su Shuo, Le Dun, Liu Xian, and others were beheaded and their three kindred groups destroyed. The remaining dependents were moved to Lelang. A separate edict spared the three sons of Princess Qi the Elder because she was a daughter of the late emperor. Li Feng's daughter Li Wan, already married to Jia Chong, was exiled and separated from her husband, and was pardoned only after the Western Jin was founded. Cao Fang was furious at Li Feng's death and asked how he had died. Empress Dowager Guo, afraid, called Cao Fang inside, and the questioning stopped. Cao Fang was deposed in the ninth month.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Li Feng[^wikidata] - Courtesy name: Anguo, or Xuanguo in another account[^zhwiki] - Death year recorded on this entry: 254[^wikidata] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_610523|Dali County]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124635251|Li Feng]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/li-feng-q1044418.html en zh en 254 254 historical figure person_cn_q1044471 person sun-li-q1044471 孙礼

Sun Li (died 250 in this entry), courtesy name Deda, was from Rongcheng in Zhuo commandery. He became minister of works under Cao Wei, with the posthumous title Marquis Jing. The Records of the Three Kingdoms do not give the year of his death.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044471 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E7%A6%AE zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B724 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Sun Li was a minister of Cao Wei. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Sun Li, and the English label is Sun Li. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Deda and that he was from Rongcheng in Zhuo commandery, so the title stays the personal name. This entry dates his death to 250 and records him as a political figure, with his birthplace at [[place_cn_130629|Rongcheng County]]. The cited encyclopedia says 250 or 251. The Records say only that he died and was given the posthumous title Marquis Jing. They do not give the month or year.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi] ## Rise During the troubles he was separated from his mother. Ma Tai of the same commandery found her, and Sun Li gave Ma Tai the whole family property. After Cao Cao pacified You province, he summoned Sun Li as a counselor on the staff of the minister of works. Ma Tai was later condemned to death. Sun Li privately showed him how to escape over the prison wall, then said a subject had no right to flee, and went straight to Wen Hui, the clerk who investigated crime, to give himself up. Wen Hui told Cao Cao. Both men had their death sentences reduced by one degree. Sun Li then became assistant in Hejian and gradually commandant of Xingyang. Several hundred bandits in the hills of Lu held the passes and harmed the people, and the court moved him to be chancellor of Lu. He brought out salary grain, raised clerks and people, offered rewards for heads, and also took in those who surrendered, sending them back as agents. The district was soon quiet. He governed Shanyang, Pingyuan, Pingchang, and Langye. When he followed the grand marshal Cao Xiu against Wu at Jiashi, he advised Cao Xiu not to go deep. Cao Xiu did not listen and was defeated. Sun Li then became governor of Yangping and, at court, a master of writing.[^zhengshi] ## Under the Ming emperor The Ming emperor was building palaces while the seasons were disordered and grain was short. Sun Li argued hard, and the labor was stopped. The edict said the frank advice was accepted and the people should be sent home, but the supervisor Li Hui asked to keep them another month to finish the work. Sun Li went to the site, made no further memorial, and dismissed the workers in the emperor's name. The emperor thought the intention remarkable and did not punish him. When the emperor hunted on Dashi Mountain, a tiger rushed the carriage. Sun Li threw down his whip, dismounted, and meant to strike the tiger with his sword. The emperor ordered him back onto the horse. As the Ming emperor was dying, he made Cao Shuang general-in-chief and, receiving the testamentary edict by the bed, appointed Sun Li chief clerk of the general-in-chief and cavalier attendant. Sun Li was upright and would not bend. Cao Shuang found that inconvenient and sent him out as inspector of Yang province, wave-subduing general, and marquis within the passes.[^zhengshi] ## Shaopei and Jizhou The Wu general Quan Cong invaded with tens of thousands. Most of the provincial troops were away, and few remained. Sun Li led the guards himself and fought at Shaopei from dawn until evening. More than half the officers and men were killed or wounded. His horse took several wounds. He held the drumstick and went among the blades, and the Wu force withdrew. The court granted seven hundred bolts of silk. He mourned the dead and gave all the silk to their families. He was later called in as steward of the lesser treasury, went out as inspector of Jing province, and then became shepherd of Ji province. Sima Yi told him that Qinghe and Pingyuan had disputed their border for eight years and that two inspectors had failed to settle it. Sun Li said the map from the time the founder first enfeoffed Pingyuan should decide the case. When he arrived he followed the map and assigned the land to Pingyuan. Cao Shuang believed Qinghe and wrote that the map could not be used and that other views should be weighed. Sun Li memorialized, put on his sash and shoes, and waited in his carriage to be dismissed. Cao Shuang was furious, charged him with resentment, and sentenced him to five years. After a year at home, and after many people spoke for him, he was made colonel of the city gates.[^zhengshi] ## Last years The Xiongnu king Liu Jing was strong, and the Xianbei often raided the frontier. The court made Sun Li inspector of Bing province, martial-awe general, holder of credentials, and protector of the Xiongnu. He visited Sima Yi with an angry face and said nothing. Sima Yi thought he found Bing province too small, or still resented the border decision. Sun Li said he was not thinking of rank or of the old case. What grieved him was that the altars were in danger. He wept. Sima Yi told him to endure what was hard to endure. After Cao Shuang was killed, Sun Li became colonel-director of retainers. He had charge, in all, of seven commanderies and five provinces, and in each he had authority. He was promoted to minister of works and enfeoffed as Marquis of Daliting, with a hundred households. He and Lu Yu were of the same commandery and the same generation, but they were not close. Their reputations and ranks were roughly equal. The Records say he died, was posthumously titled Marquis Jing, and was succeeded by his grandson Sun Yuan.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Sun Li[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Deda[^zhengshi] - Death year recorded on this entry: 250; the Records give no year, and the encyclopedia says 250 or 251[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_130629|Rongcheng County]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Posthumous title: Marquis Jing[^zhengshi] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124460602|Sun Li]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/sun-li-q1044471.html en zh en 250 250 historical figure person_cn_q1046417 person yang-chou-q1046417 杨丑

Yang Chou was an officer of Zhang Yang at the end of the Eastern Han. In 198, when Zhang Yang meant to rescue Lü Bu from Cao Cao, Yang Chou killed Zhang Yang and tried to take the troops over to Cao Cao. Sui Gu, another of Zhang Yang's men, killed him first. This entry records his life as 159 to 198. The article gives only the death year.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046417 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E9%86%9C 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Yang Chou was an officer under Zhang Yang at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Yang Chou, and the English label is Yang Chou, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his birth in 159 and his death in 198, his realm as the Eastern Han, and his occupation as a military commander. The cited article gives only the death in 198 and no birth year, so the birth year is repeated from the entry alone.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## The third year of Jian'an In the third year of Jian'an (198), Cao Cao attacked Lü Bu, and Zhang Yang meant to go to the rescue. Yang Chou killed Zhang Yang and planned to lead Zhang Yang's men over to Cao Cao. Before this was done, Sui Gu, another of Zhang Yang's officers, killed him.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Yang Chou[^wikidata] - Dates recorded on this entry: 159–198; the article states only the death in 198[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: military commander[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123905312|Yang Chou]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yang-chou-q1046417.html en zh en 159 159 198 198 historical figure person_cn_q1046427 person yuan-yi-q1046427 袁遗

Yuan Yi (died 192 in this entry), courtesy name Boye, was a cousin of Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu. He served as prefect of Chang'an, governor of Shanyang, and inspector of Yang province. After Yuan Shu defeated him, his own men killed him as he fled toward Pei. The article marks 192 with a question mark.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046427 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%81%E9%81%BA 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Yuan Yi was an official at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Yuan Yi, and the English label is Yuan Yi. The cited article gives his courtesy name as Boye. The courtesy name does not replace the title. He was a cousin of Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu. His mother was of the He family and was He Kui's cousin-aunt. This entry dates his death to 192, records his realm as China and his occupation as a political figure, and places his birthplace at [[place_cn_411623|Shangshui County]]. The article writes the death year as 192 with a question mark.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Career Zhang Chao of Hejian recommended him to the grand commandant Zhu Jun, praising his capacity, honesty, and learning, and saying that he had read widely, could compose fu, and could name what he saw. Yuan Yi served as prefect of Chang'an, governor of Shanyang, and inspector of Yang province. Yuan Shu defeated him at the end. While he was fleeing toward Pei, his own subordinates betrayed and killed him. Cao Cao said that, of men who could still study hard after they had grown, there were only himself and Yuan Boye.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Yuan Yi[^wikidata] - Courtesy name: Boye[^zhwiki] - Death year recorded on this entry: 192; the article writes 192 with a question mark[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Realm recorded on this entry: China[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_411623|Shangshui County]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123644342|Yuan Yi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yuan-yi-q1046427.html en zh en 192 192 historical figure person_cn_q1046433 person lu-weihuang-q1046433 吕威璜

Lü Weihuang (died 200) was an officer of Yuan Shao at the end of the Eastern Han and a cavalry commander. At Guandu he and Chunyu Qiong escorted the grain. When Cao Cao burned Wuchao, Lü Weihuang was killed.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046433 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%A8%81%E7%92%9C 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Lü Weihuang was an officer of Yuan Shao at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Lü Weihuang, and the English label is Lü Weihuang, so the title stays the personal name. He was a cavalry commander in the army. This entry dates his death to 200 and records his realm as China.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Wuchao In the battle of Guandu in 200, he and Chunyu Qiong were charged with escorting the grain. Cao Cao sent men to burn the granary at Wuchao, and Lü Weihuang was killed.[^zhwiki] ## The novel Chapter 30 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms says Chunyu Qiong supervised Sui Yuanjin, Han Juzi, Lü Weihuang, Zhao Rui, and others in guarding the granary, and that they failed in the guard. Lü Weihuang and the other commanders were killed by Cao Cao's raiders at Wuchao. The portrayal is [[person_cn_q124034359|Lü Weihuang]].[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Lü Weihuang[^wikidata] - Death year recorded on this entry: 200[^wikidata] - Realm recorded on this entry: China[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124034359|Lü Weihuang]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/lu-weihuang-q1046433.html en zh en 200 200 historical figure person_cn_q1048253 person yang-biao-q1048253 杨彪

Yang Biao (142–225), courtesy name Wenxian, of Huayin in Hongnong, was a minister at the end of the Eastern Han and the fourth grand commandant in the Yang line after Yang Zhen. His son was Yang Xiu. He opposed Dong Zhuo's move of the capital and later refused the commandantship offered by Cao Pi. He died in 225 at eighty-four.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048253 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%BD%AA 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Yang Biao was a minister at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Yang Biao, and the English label is Yang Biao. The cited article gives his courtesy name as Wenxian and his home as Huayin in Hongnong. The courtesy name does not replace the title. He belonged to the Yang clan of Hongnong. From Yang Zhen to Yang Biao, four generations served as grand commandant. His son was Yang Xiu. This entry dates him from 142 to 225, records his realm as Cao Wei, and records him as a political figure.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Family and early office The article traces a distant ancestor, Yang Xi, as a fierce general under Emperor Gao of Han, and an ancestor Yang Chang as chancellor under Emperor Zhao, Marquis of Anping, who married a daughter of Sima Qian. It also says Yang Bao once saved a yellow sparrow and was repaid with a jade ring. As a youth Yang Biao was shaped by the family learning. He was first recommended as filial and incorrupt, the province then recommended him as an abundant talent, and the offices summoned him. He declined all of these. In the Xiping years he was called in as a gentleman-consultant because of his knowledge of old records. With Ma Midi, Cai Yong, Lu Zhi, Han Shuo, and others he continued the Han Record of the Eastern Lodge, and he became palace attendant and governor of the capital district. In the second year of Guanghe (179) the yellow-gate prefect Wang Fu had his clients extort more than seventy million from the commanderies. Yang Biao exposed it to Yang Qiu, colonel-director of retainers. Yang Qiu memorialized, and Wang Fu was killed. Yang Biao then served again as palace attendant and leader of the five offices, governed Yingchuan and Nanyang, and passed through palace attendant, steward of the Yongle palace, coachman, and commandant of the guards. In the sixth year of Zhongping (189) he replaced Dong Zhuo as minister of works, and that winter replaced Huang Wan as minister over the masses.[^zhwiki] ## The move of the capital, and the flight In the first year of Chuping (190) the east of the passes rose against Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo planned to move the capital to Chang'an and cited the Stone Bundle prophecy. The officials dared not speak. Yang Biao said a move was a great matter, that after Wang Mang's chaos almost no one in Guanzhong had survived, and that to abandon the temples and tombs for no cause would shake the people. He called the prophecy a deviant book. Dong Zhuo changed color. The grand commandant Huang Wan supported Yang Biao. Xun Shuang, minister of works, saw that Dong Zhuo would not bend, agreed aloud, and privately told Yang Biao that further argument would bring disaster. On the fifth day of the second month Dong Zhuo had Xuan Fan, colonel-director of retainers, cite omens and memorialize the dismissal of Huang Wan, Yang Biao, and others. In the third month of the second year of Xingping (195), Li Xian, a nephew of Li Jue, surrounded the palace with several thousand men to seize Emperor Xian. Yang Biao said emperors had never lived in a minister's house. Li Xian would not listen, and Yang Biao went with the emperor. The emperor sent him and the ministers to Guo Si's camp to urge peace. Guo Si held Yang Biao, Zhang Xi, Zhu Jun, Shisun Rui, Han Rong, and others as hostages. Yang Biao said to his face that one man seizing the emperor and another taking the ministers hostage could not be allowed. Guo Si meant to kill him. Yang Biao answered that if Guo Si would not serve the emperor, he himself need not seek to live. The leader of court gentlemen Yang Mi persuaded Guo Si to stop. After the emperor returned to Luoyang, Yang Biao acted as prefect of the masters of writing.[^zhwiki] ## Last years In the first year of Jian'an (196) he followed Emperor Xian to Xu. At a banquet Cao Cao saw that his face was unhappy, pleaded illness, and returned to camp. In the ninth month Yang Biao was dismissed for illness. After Yuan Shu took the imperial title in Huainan, Cao Cao, because Yang Biao was Yuan Shu's kin, jailed him on a charge of plotting with Yuan Shu to depose the emperor. Kong Rong went to protest before he could put on court dress, saying the Yang house had four generations of pure virtue and could not be condemned for the Yuans. Man Chong, prefect of Xu, who conducted the interrogation, told Cao Cao that no proof had been beaten out of him and that killing so famous a man without proof would lose the people's hearts. Cao Cao released him. The article says he was again made minister of ceremonies in the fourth year of Jian'an, dismissed in the tenth year, and stripped of his nobility the next year. Seeing the Han about to fail, he claimed a cramp in the leg and stayed at home. After Cao Cao killed his son Yang Xiu, Cao Cao asked why he was so thin. Yang Biao said he was ashamed not to have had Jin Midi's foresight in killing his own son, and that he still had an old cow's care for its calf. Cao Cao's expression changed. After Cao Pi became emperor he wanted Yang Biao as grand commandant. Yang Biao said he had already been one of the Han three excellencies, was old and ill, and could not take office under the new dynasty. Cao Pi made him grand master of splendor and specially advanced, treated him as a guest, gave him a longevity staff and an armrest, and allowed a deer-skin cap. Yang Biao declined and came in a plain robe and leather cap. Cao Pi also set a barrier and clerks at the Yang house. Yang Biao died in the fifth year of Huangchu (225), at the age of eighty-four.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Yang Biao[^wikidata] - Courtesy name: Wenxian[^zhwiki] - Dates recorded on this entry: 142–225[^wikidata] - Realm recorded on this entry: Cao Wei; the article calls him a minister of the late Eastern Han[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123596396|Yang Biao]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yang-biao-q1048253.html en zh en 142 142 225 225 historical figure person_cn_q1048629 person fu-jia-q1048629 傅嘏

Fu Jia (209–255), courtesy name Lanshi, of Niyang in Beidi, was a master of writing under Cao Wei. He opposed a rash attack on Wu and urged Sima Shi to lead the army against Guanqiu Jian in person. The Records say he died that year at forty-seven, with the posthumous title Marquis Yuan. The encyclopedia also records the courtesy name Zhaoxian.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048629 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E5%98%8F zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B721 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Fu Jia was an official of Cao Wei. Wikidata's simplified Chinese label is Fu Jia, and the English label is Fu Jia. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Lanshi and that he was from Niyang in Beidi, a descendant of Fu Jiezi. The cited encyclopedia also records the courtesy name Zhaoxian. Both accounts stand, so the title stays Fu Jia. This entry dates him from 209 to 255, records his realm as Cao Wei and the Eastern Han, records him as a political figure, and places his birthplace at [[place_cn_610204|Yaozhou District]].[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi] ## Entry into office He was already known around the age of twenty. Chen Qun, minister of works, appointed him to his staff. When Liu Shao, cavalier attendant, proposed a law for appraising officials and the matter was sent to the three offices, Fu Jia objected. He argued that Wei, coming after Qin and Han, could not yet judge men by the ancient system, that selection already rested with the ministry of personnel, and that an appraisal set up first would not separate the worthy from the foolish. At the start of Zhengshi he became a gentleman of the masters of writing and then gentleman-attendant of the yellow gate. Cao Shuang held power, and He Yan was minister of personnel. Fu Jia told Cao Xi, Cao Shuang's brother, that He Yan looked quiet and was inwardly sharp and greedy, and that he would first mislead the brothers, drive good men away, and ruin the court. He Yan turned against him and had him dismissed over a small matter. He was then made governor of Xingyang and did not go. Sima Yi, the grand tutor, made him attendant gentleman. After Cao Shuang was killed he became governor of Henan and then a master of writing. He often thought the offices since Qin and Han differed from antiquity and wanted to correct them from the root, and he also said the imperial house had too many troubles for the change to be made. The encyclopedia adds that in his youth he refused the friendship of He Yan, Deng Yang, and Xiahou Xuan. Xun Can thought this strange. Fu Jia said the three were corrupt in conduct and that closeness would later implicate him.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## The debate on attacking Wu Some proposed an attack on Wu. Wang Chang, Hu Zun, and Guanqiu Jian memorialized, each with a different plan. An edict asked Fu Jia. He opposed an immediate crossing of the Yangtze. He thought the sounder course was to advance military colonies, press the enemy, and strike when a gap appeared. Sima Biao's Strategies records the reply at greater length, including seven advantages. The court did not follow him. In the eleventh month of that year Wang Chang and the others were ordered out, and in the first month of the next year Zhuge Ke smashed the Wei army at Dongguan. Zhuge Ke then announced that he would move toward Qing and Xu. Fu Jia said the sea was not a road for a light advance. When Sun Quan had sent troops to sea they were almost all lost, and Zhuge Ke would not stake his root on the flood. At most he would send a wing commander used to naval war up the Huai as a feint and bring his own mass toward Huainan. Zhuge Ke did attack Xincheng and went home without taking it.[^zhengshi] ## Last years He often discussed whether talent and nature were the same or different, and Zhong Hui collected the discussion. At the end of Jiaping he was made a marquis within the passes. When Cao Mao, the duke of Gaogui district, took the throne, Fu Jia was advanced to Marquis of Wuxiang. In the spring Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin rebelled. Some said Sima Shi should not go himself and that the grand commandant Sima Fu could be sent. Only Fu Jia and Wang Su urged Sima Shi to go. Sima Shi went east, left Fu Jia as acting vice director of the masters of writing, and took him along. The rebels were defeated, and Fu Jia had a part in the plans. When Sima Shi died, Fu Jia and Sima Zhao returned directly to Luoyang, and Sima Zhao thus took the regency. The details are in the biography of Zhong Hui. Zhong Hui then looked pleased with himself. Fu Jia warned him that his ambition was larger than his capacity, that such merit was hard to complete, and that he must be careful. For his service Fu Jia was advanced to Marquis of Yangxiang. His fief grew by six hundred households, one thousand two hundred with what he already held. He died that year at forty-seven, was posthumously made minister of ceremonies, and was titled Marquis Yuan. His son Fu Zhi succeeded. When the five ranks were opened in the Xianxi years, Fu Zhi was re-enfeoffed as Viscount of Jingyuan because of Fu Jia's merit in the previous reign.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Fu Jia[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Lanshi; the encyclopedia also records Zhaoxian[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] - Dates recorded on this entry: 209–255; the Records say he died that year at forty-seven[^wikidata][^zhengshi] - Realm recorded on this entry: Cao Wei and the Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_610204|Yaozhou District]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Posthumous title: Marquis Yuan[^zhengshi] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124628012|Fu Jia]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/fu-jia-q1048629.html en zh en 209 209 255 255 historical figure person_cn_q1051287 person bi-gan-q1051287 比干

Bi Gan, of the Zi clan, from Mei in Yin-Shang, was a son of Wen Ding and an uncle of King Zhou. He rose to junior preceptor. Confucius says he died for his remonstrance. The article also records a cut-out heart, death by drowning, death in the fighting, and stele texts that would put his death more than ten years after King Zhou. This entry gives no birth or death year.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051287 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B9%B2 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Bi Gan was a prince of the Shang house. Wikidata names him Bi Gan. The record also has the later form Lord Lin the Grand Preceptor, which does not replace the title. The article says he was of the Zi clan, from Mei in Yin-Shang, which it identifies with present-day Weihui in Henan. He was a son of King Wen Ding, a younger brother of Di Yi, and an uncle of King Zhou. He was clever and hardworking as a child and rose to junior preceptor. Confucius names Weizi, Jizi, and Bi Gan the three benevolent men of Yin, and says Bi Gan died because he remonstrated. He is also treated as the ancestor of the Lin surname and as a god of wealth. This entry records no birth or death year and lists him as a political figure. The article likewise gives only question marks for the years.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Accounts of his death Death for remonstrance is the early account. The article says the story that his heart was cut out is first recorded in the Spring and Autumn period, long after the event, and that the texts make King Zhou more cruel as time goes on, so later embroidery cannot be ruled out. A Hunan Television summary of the Xia-Shang-Zhou chronology project says some steles in Bi Gan temples put his death more than ten years after King Zhou, which would mean King Zhou did not kill him. The article calls this short of proof and still a doubt. In the Warring States period another account, close to the story of Qu Yuan, says Bi Gan drowned. The modern scholar Gu Jiegang also argued that Bi Gan was both King Zhou's uncle and King Wu of Zhou's maternal uncle, that he tried to mediate, and that he died in the confusion of the battle when mediation failed. King Wu buried him hastily on the field and built a great tomb only after Shang had fallen. That would explain the record of the tomb. These accounts do not agree, and this entry does not choose one death.[^zhwiki] ## Honors, cult, and the novel Emperor Taizong of Tang gave him the posthumous office of grand preceptor and the title Duke of Loyal Ardor. Emperor Shun of Yuan added Renxian, making him the Duke of Manifest Benevolence and Loyal Ardor. A Daoist collection of audiences of the god of wealth calls him the Perfected Bi who Guards Wealth and Stores the True. In Investiture of the Gods, Jiang Ziya enfeoffs him as the star lord of Wenqu. Weihui in Henan has a Bi Gan temple, with the stele Confucius is said to have cut with a sword, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei's lament for Bi Gan, and more than a hundred other steles. The temple was founded in 494. Qi county in Henan, according to the Qi county gazetteer, has a temple of the three benevolent men, for Bi Gan, Jizi, and Weizi. In the novel he has a heart with seven openings. For three days and nights at the Star-Plucking Terrace he blames Daji for throwing the realm into disorder and tells King Zhou that disaster is near if he abandons the former kings' rules and listens only to a woman. Daji, the nine-tailed fox, already hates him for the burning of the fox den. King Zhou has his heart cut out. The terrace at Qi county was later renamed the Heart-Plucking Terrace. The novel says Jiang Ziya's charm lets him live after the heart is gone, until he meets a woman selling hollow-heart vegetables. She says a person without a heart dies, and he dies at once. He is then called the first loyal minister of all time. The portrayal is [[person_cn_q12476179|Bi Gan]]. The article also lists screen performers. Those names are not copied out here.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Bi Gan[^wikidata] - Clan: Zi[^zhwiki] - Description: a noble of the Shang[^wikidata] - Later form of address: Lord Lin the Grand Preceptor[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q12476179|Bi Gan]] (a character in Investiture of the Gods) /people/bi-gan-q1051287.html en zh en historical figure person_cn_q10556169 person q10556169

邴原（158年—？），字根矩，北海朱虚人，东汉末年的名士。他早年与管宁同以操守著称，避乱辽东，后被曹操征辟，因拒绝为曹冲合葬而闻名，最后随曹操征吴，卒于途中。

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10556169 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%B4%E5%8E%9F zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B711 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 5 邴原是东汉末年的名士。《三国志》说他字根矩，是北海朱虚人，维基数据的中文标签也是邴原，所以标题保持不变。结构化资料记他生于158年，没有给出卒年。[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## 早年与避乱 《三国志》说，他年轻时和管宁都以操守出名，州府征召，他都不就。黄巾起事之后，他带着家属入海，住在郁洲山中。当时孔融任北海相，举他为有道。邴原觉得黄巾势力正盛，就去了辽东，和同郡的刘政一样，都被认为有勇略。[^zhengshi] ## 在辽东救刘政 辽东太守公孙度畏恶刘政，想杀他，收捕了他全家，只有刘政逃脱。公孙度还向各县下令，敢藏匿刘政的人同罪。刘政走投无路，投奔邴原，邴原把他藏了一个多月，正好东莱的太史慈要回去，就把刘政托付给太史慈。之后邴原去对公孙度说，当初想杀刘政，是因为怕他为害，如今他已远走，不如赦免他的家人，免得结下重怨。公孙度于是放了刘政一家，邴原还资助他们回到故郡。邴原在辽东，一年之内前来投奔居住的有数百家，游学之士聚集，授课之声不断。[^zhengshi] ## 在曹操手下 回到中原后，曹操征辟他为司空掾。邴原的女儿早亡，当时曹操的爱子曹冲也去世，曹操想让两人合葬。邴原推辞说，合葬不合礼，自己之所以能被曹操容纳、被善待，正是因为能守训典而不改，若听从命令，就成了凡庸之人。曹操于是作罢，改让他做丞相征事。崔琰在东曹掾任上写的推荐记，称邴原与张范德行纯正美好，是国家的重宝。后来他代替涼茂做五官将长史，闭门自守，非公事不出。[^zhengshi] ## 去世 曹操征吴，邴原随军同行，死于途中。《三国志》的记述到此为止，没有写具体年月。中文维基百科把卒年写成208年并带问号，属于不确定的推断。[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## 裴松之注中的轶事 《三国志》裴松之注引的《邴原别传》另记了一些故事。邴原十一岁丧父，家贫，路过邻家书塾时哭泣，老师同情他，不收学费让他读书，他一冬就诵完《孝经》《论语》。曹丕任五官中郎将时宾客如云，邴原却独守常道，曹操暗中派人问他缘故，他以“国危不事冢宰，君去不奉世子”作答，只肯守礼。曹丕宴客时问：君与父同患重病，只有一丸药，救哪个？众人议论纷纷，邴原一人勃然回答：“父也。”曹丕没有再为难他。这些是裴注引用的传记材料，不出于陈寿正文。[^zhengshi] ## 后世评价 中文维基百科引陈寿评语，把袁涣、邴原、张范并称，说他们亲身践行清高之道，进退合乎道义，可与贡禹、龚胜、龚舍相比。[^zhwiki] ## 基本信息 - 姓名：邴原，字根矩[^zhengshi] - 籍贯：北海朱虚[^zhengshi] - 生年：158年[^wikidata] - 所属朝代或国家：东汉[^wikidata] - 衍生形象：[[person_cn_q124354887|邴原]]（《三国演义》人物） /people/q10556169.html en true zh 158 158年 政治人物 历史人物 person_cn_q1061289 person king-wu-zhou-q1061289 周武王

Ji Fa, known as King Wu of Zhou, founded the Western Zhou and was its first Son of Heaven, the second son of King Wen and Tai Si. He defeated the last Shang king at the Battle of Muye, ended Shang and founded Zhou, and died not long afterwards, to be succeeded by his son King Cheng.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061289 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Ji Fa was the founder of the Western Zhou and its first Son of Heaven, generally called King Wu of Zhou, where Wu is a posthumous title. Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that his surname was Ji and his given name Fa. Wikidata lists Ji Fa among his Chinese aliases and gives Ji Fa as an English alias, so the title is Ji Fa. He was the second son by the main wife of the Count of the West Chang, later honored as King Wen, and Tai Si, and his chief wife was Yi Jiang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## The fall of Shang Chinese Wikipedia says he carried out King Wen's wish and marched east against Shang around the middle of the eleventh century BC. Around the eleventh year of his mandate the last Shang king, Di Xin, had worn out the state by repeated wars against the eastern and southeastern peoples. Ji Fa judged the time ripe, allied with the Yong, Shu, Qiang, Mao, Lu, Peng and Pu peoples, and personally led three hundred chariots, three thousand elite guards and forty-five thousand armored soldiers against Zhaoge, the secondary Shang capital, and fought at Muye. The article cites the Book of Documents line on blood floating pestles, and the Lunheng's doubts about it. The Shang troops turned their weapons around on the field, the king burned himself on the Deer Terrace, and Ji Fa cut the body with a battle-axe, which is called the conquest of Yin. The article also sets out scholars' differing views on the turn-about, either slaves hastily armed or a revolt of nobles.[^zhwiki] ## Founding the Zhou After the conquest Ji Fa founded the Zhou and made Haojing his capital. He honored his father the Count of the West as King Wen, reburied Bi Gan, who had been wrongly killed by the Shang king, and freed the imprisoned Jizi. Since the Shang remnants were still strong, he followed a policy of conciliation and enfeoffed the Shang king's son Wu Geng at Yin, then enfeoffed three of his own younger brothers, Guan Shuxian, Cai Shudu and Huo Shuchu, at Guan, Cai and Huo to keep watch over Wu Geng, an arrangement called the Three Overseers. The article adds that he enfeoffed descendants of Shennong, the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun and the Xia at places such as Jiao, Zhu, Ji, Chen and Qi, and that meritorious followers such as Duke Shao were enfeoffed at Yan and Taigong Wang at Qi. A full enfeoffment system took shape only under King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou's regency.[^zhwiki] ## Death and age The article says he died three years after the conquest, about 1043 BC, and King Cheng succeeded him. He was buried at Bi in the sixth month of the first year, with the Duke of Zhou, Duke Shao and Taigong Wang assisting. The article lists several traditions about his age at death: ninety-four in the current text of the Bamboo Annals, ninety-three in the Book of Rites, more than sixty in the Records of the Grand Historian, fifty-four in the Annotated Bamboo Annals, and forty-five in Tao Hongjing's Zhengao. The article's own estimate, based on King Cheng's age, puts his birth around 1076 BC and his age at thirty-four. Wikidata gives his birth as 1150 BC, which does not agree, so both are noted here without choosing. The article also mentions that the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project dates his reign to 1046 to 1043 BC and that the Cambridge History of China suggests about 1049 to 1043 BC.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## The Ten Ministers and his family The Book of Documents has him say that he has ten ministers of one mind, and later writers use the Ten Ministers for the men who helped him govern. The article lists the Duke of Zhou, Duke Shao, Taigong Wang, Duke Bi Gao, Rong Bo, Tai Dian, Hong Yao, San Yisheng, Nangong Kuo, and the Mother Wen, who is either his mother Tai Si or, on another view, his wife Yi Jiang. Among his family, the article names his wife Yi Jiang, daughter of Lu Shang, Taigong of Qi. King Cheng Song and Tang Shuyu were his sons by Yi Jiang, and further children are Yu Shu, the Marquis of Ying, the Marquis of Han, and his eldest daughter Da Ji, wife of Duke Hu of Chen. His brothers include Bo Yikao, Guan Shuxian, the Duke of Zhou, Cai Shudu and Huo Shuchu.[^zhwiki] ## Variant writing The article notes that in some histories in the Sinitic cultural sphere the name was written as King Hu of Zhou because of taboo avoidance or copying habits. Goryeo works such as the Samguk Yusa and the Jewang Un'gi changed Wu to the homophone Hu to avoid the name of King Hyejong, Wang Mu. Wikidata also keeps the variant forms King Hu of Zhou and King Wu among its aliases.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Ji Fa (surname Ji, given name Fa); posthumous title Wu; generally called King Wu of Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Parents: King Wen and Tai Si[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Spouse: Yi Jiang[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Died: about 1043 BC[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Dynasty or state: Zhou[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_610000|Shaanxi]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q131914606|King Wu of Zhou]] (character in Investiture of the Gods) /people/king-wu-zhou-q1061289.html en zh en -1042 1042 BC historical figure person_cn_q1062761 person guan-lu-q1062761 管辂

Guan Lu (209–256), courtesy name Gongming, from Pingyuan, was a diviner of Cao Wei known for divination, physiognomy and astronomy. He foretold the deaths of He Yan and Deng Yang, who were killed soon after in the Gaoping Tombs coup, and said himself that he would not live past forty-seven or forty-eight; he died aged forty-eight.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062761 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%BC%85 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B729 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 5 Guan Lu was a diviner of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say that his courtesy name was Gongming and that he came from Pingyuan. Wikidata's Chinese label is 管輅, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata and Chinese Wikipedia both give his life as 209 to 256.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Appearance and temperament Chen Shou writes that he was coarse and ugly in looks, had no dignified bearing and loved wine, and ate, drank and joked without choosing his company, so that people mostly liked him but did not respect him.[^zhengshi] ## Youth The Separate Biography of Guan Lu, quoted in Pei Songzhi's commentary, says that at eight or nine he loved to look up at the stars, asked everyone for their names and would not sleep at night, and that his parents' bans could not stop him. He said that though he was small his eyes liked to watch the heavens, and that household chickens and wild swans know the hour, so why not people. He drew the sky, sun, moon and stars in the dirt with the children next door. The biography adds that at fifteen he went to study at his father's post in Jiqiu in Langye. The governor Shan Zichun gathered more than a hundred guests to meet the boy. Guan Lu first asked for three measures of clear wine, then argued with the whole company, answering every challenge with something to spare, and Shan Zichun praised the grandeur of his speech, so that Xuzhou began to call him a prodigy. As an adult he mastered the Book of Changes and was skilled at reading the sky, wind-augury, divination and physiognomy, and the biography calls him generous and inclined to return kindness for injury.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Prophecies The Records tell of several of his predictions. His father served as an official at Licao, where the three Guo En brothers were all lame and asked him to divine the cause. Guan Lu said that the hexagram showed a family grave with a woman's ghost, an aunt who had been thrown down a well for a few measures of grain, and the brothers wept and confessed. Liu Fenglin's wife in Guangping was dying and a coffin had been bought. Guan Lu said her fate would come at noon on the xinmao day in the eighth month, and so it did. When Wang Ji, governor of Anping, asked him to divine three omens, he said they were the mischief of old goblins in a house, not an evil sign, and no harm followed. When women in the household of the magistrate of Xindu were sick with fright, he pointed to the bones of two dead men in the wall of the north hall, and they recovered once the bones were moved. Travelling west with the army he passed the Guanqiu Jian tomb, leaned on a tree and sighed, saying that by the rules of geomancy the family was due to be wiped out within two years, and the Records say it came about as he said. When the governor of Qinghe asked him about rain during a drought, he said it would rain that night, and in spite of a dry day heavy rain fell at night.[^zhengshi] ## Foretelling the death of He Yan and Deng Yang He Yan invited him, with Deng Yang present. He Yan asked whether he would rise to the highest ministers, and about a dream of dozens of blue flies settling on his nose and refusing to leave. Guan Lu answered that He Yan's rank was as heavy as a mountain and his power like thunder, yet few were grateful and many were afraid, which was not the way to much blessing; that the nose is the mountain at the center of the face, and that foul flies gathering on it were a warning to think of rise and fall. He urged him to follow King Wen's lines and Confucius's judgments, and then the highest office could be won and the flies driven off. Deng Yang called this an old scholar's commonplace, and Guan Lu replied that the old scholar sees what is not born and the commonplace sees what is not spoken. He Yan said they would meet again after the new year. Guan Lu told his uncle, who rebuked him for speaking so sharply, and Guan Lu said, "Why fear to speak to dead men?" After the new year came the news that He Yan and Deng Yang had been executed, and his uncle then gave way. This corresponds to the Gaoping Tombs coup of the tenth year of Zhengshi.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Death In the second year of Zhengyuan his younger brother Guan Chen asked whether the regent's good treatment meant wealth was coming. Guan Lu sighed that Heaven had given him intelligence but not years, that he feared he would not live past forty-seven or forty-eight, and that he was likely to govern ghosts on Mount Tai rather than the living. That year in the eighth month he became deputy of the Ministry of the Privy Purse, and he died in the second month of the following year at the age of forty-eight. Chen Shou places him in the same fascicle as Hua Tuo, Du Kui, Zhu Jianping and Zhou Xuan, and Chinese Wikipedia quotes Chen Shou's praise of these men for their mysterious skill and extraordinary art.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Guan Lu, courtesy name Gongming[^zhengshi] - Origin: Pingyuan[^zhengshi] - Life: 209 to 256[^wikidata] - Occupation: diviner[^zhwiki] - Family: younger brothers Guan Chen and Guan Jiru, cousin Guan Xiaoguo[^zhwiki] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_371426|Pingyuan County]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124359954|管辂]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/guan-lu-q1062761.html en zh en 209 209 256 256 historical figure person_cn_q1062887 person mao-jie-q1062887 毛玠

Mao Jie (died 216), courtesy name Xiaoxian, from Pingqiu in Chenliu, was an adviser and selecting official under Cao Cao at the end of the Han. He urged Cao Cao to receive the emperor, promote farming and store supplies, then with Cui Yan ran appointments and was known for his integrity. In 216 he was jailed on a charge of slander and, after Huan Jie and He Qia pleaded for him, was only dismissed, dying at home soon afterwards.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062887 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%8E%A0 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B712 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Mao Jie was an adviser and selecting official under Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Xiaoxian and that he came from Pingqiu in Chenliu. Wikidata's label is the same, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 216, and Chinese Wikipedia says he was born in the second century with no exact year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Early years and advice The Records say that as a young man he served as a county clerk and was known for incorruptibility. He meant to flee the troubles to Jingzhou but, hearing on the way that Liu Biao's orders were unclear, went to Luyang instead. When Cao Cao took charge of Yan province, he called Mao Jie as chief of the records. Mao Jie told Cao Cao that the realm was breaking apart, the sovereign had been moved, people had lost their livelihoods, the state had no reserve for even a year and the people had no settled purpose, so this could not last. Yuan Shao and Liu Biao, though they had many soldiers and subjects, had no far-sighted plan and had not laid a foundation. He advised receiving the Son of Heaven to command those who would not submit, promoting farming and storing supplies, so that the work of a hegemon could be completed. Cao Cao respected the advice, adopted it and made him a senior clerk of his headquarters.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Running appointments Later, as aide of the Eastern Bureau in the Ministry of Works, he and Cui Yan ran the selection of officials, and everyone they recommended was honest and upright, while men with a fine name but bad conduct were passed over. He himself was incorruptible and it set a tone, so even favored ministers dared not dress or ride too lavishly. Cao Cao praised him, saying that if people were chosen like this and the world governed itself, there would be nothing left for him to do. Cao Pi, then Commander of the Five Offices, visited him in person and asked him to look after a relative. Mao Jie replied that he had avoided guilt only by keeping to his duty, that the man named lacked the qualification to be promoted, and that he did not dare obey. When the army returned to Ye and the staff was to be reduced, some who feared him wanted to abolish his Eastern Bureau on the ground that by old rule it ranked below the Western Bureau, but Cao Cao said that sun and moon both rise in the east, so why abolish the east, and abolished the Western Bureau instead. After Cao Cao's northern campaign took Liucheng, he picked an ancient plain screen and an ancient plain armrest from the spoils and gave them to Mao Jie, who he thought had the bearing of the ancients.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## The Wei state and the succession In 213, when Cao Cao became Duke of Wei and set up the state of Wei, Mao Jie became the senior secretary of the masters of writing and again had charge of selection. Cao Zhi was then Cao Cao's favorite, and Mao Jie privately cautioned that Yuan Shao had ruined himself by not distinguishing heirs by main wife and concubine, and that to depose and install an heir was a grave matter he did not want to hear of. Later at a gathering of officials, when Mao Jie left to relieve himself, Cao Cao watched him go and said this was what the ancients called the upright minister of the state, his own Zhou Chang.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Prison and death In 216 Cui Yan was accused of proud and resentful words, angered Cao Cao and was ordered to commit suicide, and Mao Jie was deeply unhappy about it. Someone then reported that Mao Jie, on seeing a man tattooed for treason whose wife and children had been taken into official servitude, had said that this was probably why Heaven sent no rain, and the remark was called slander of Cao Cao. Cao Cao flew into a rage and had him jailed. Zhong Yao questioned him at length about the ancient practice of punishing a man's family, and demanded when, to whom and where he had spoken. Mao Jie replied by citing Xiao Wangzhi, Bai Qi, Chao Cuo and Wu Yuan as men who were killed through envy or slander, said that in youth he had been a clerk, had held a post in the central secretariat for a long time, had refused every request made through private favor however powerful the person, and that the slanderous men were like flies acting without cause, and asked, as Wangshu Chensheng once did before Fan Xuanzi, to be confronted with his accuser. With Huan Jie and He Qia pleading, he was only dismissed. He later died at home, and Cao Cao gave a coffin and silk and made his son Mao Ji a gentleman of the palace.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Character and judgments Chinese Wikipedia says he was known for incorruptibility and lived plainly even at the height of favor, wearing cloth and eating vegetables, raising his dead brother's son as his own and often helping poor relatives, so that his house had nothing left over. The article quotes Chen Shou's verdict that he walked in purity and fairness, as well as Cao Cao's words that he was the upright minister of the state, the Biographies of Former Worthies' account of him choosing the honest and dismissing the showy and flattering, a remark of Fu Xian that Cao Cao once sighed that his own laws were not equal to Minister Mao's, and Liang Qichao's use of Mao Jie and Cui Yan as an example of the old way of choosing officials.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Mao Jie, courtesy name Xiaoxian[^zhengshi] - Origin: Pingqiu in Chenliu[^zhengshi] - Died: 216[^wikidata] - Offices: chief of the records, aide of the Eastern Bureau, senior secretary of the masters of writing, among others[^zhengshi] - Family: son Mao Ji[^zhwiki] - Dynasty or state: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_410727|Fengqiu County]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123702748|毛玠]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/mao-jie-q1062887.html en zh en 216 216 historical figure person_cn_q1064069 person lady-gan-q1064069 昭烈皇后

Gan Mei (died 210), by the Chinese Wikipedia account of the Gan family and given name Mei, came from Pei and was taken as a concubine by Liu Bei at Xiaopei, bearing the later ruler Liu Shan. She was saved by Zhao Yun at Changban, was buried in Nan commandery, and was posthumously titled Empress Zhaolie at Zhuge Liang's request, to be buried with Liu Bei.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064069 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E7%83%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2) zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B734 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 5 Gan Mei was a concubine of Liu Bei and the mother of Liu Shan, later honored as Empress Zhaolie. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say only that the First Lord's Empress Gan was from Pei, and give no personal name for her. The opening of the Chinese Wikipedia article says that she was of the Gan family and named Mei, and notes that the Gazetteer of Kuizhou Prefecture gives the name Gan Mei. This name appears in a local gazetteer and not in the standard history, so it is used here as the article records it, with that qualification stated first. Wikidata's Chinese label is 昭烈皇后, with Lady Gan as an alias, and it records her death in 210 and birthplace Pei County. Zhaolie is a posthumous title and Lady Gan is a kin form of address, so neither is a personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Taken as a concubine The Records say that when Liu Bei was governor of Yu province and stayed at Xiaopei, he took her as a concubine. Liu Bei lost his principal wives several times, and she often managed the household. She followed him to Jingzhou and bore the later ruler Liu Shan. The article dates Liu Shan's birth to the twelfth year of Jian'an, 207.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Changban at Dangyang When Cao Cao's army caught up with Liu Bei at Changban in Dangyang, the situation was desperate and Liu Bei abandoned her and the infant, and they were saved only through the protection of Zhao Yun.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Death and posthumous titles The Records say that she later died and was buried in Nan commandery. In the second year of Zhangwu, 222, she was posthumously titled Lady Huangsi, and was to be moved to Shu, but Liu Bei died at Baidi before her coffin arrived. The chancellor Zhuge Liang submitted that Lady Huangsi had conducted herself with virtue and cultivated and guarded her person, that by the principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals a mother is honored through her son, and, citing precedents such as the high emperor's honoring of his mother and Emperor He's reburial of Lady Liang, proposed with Lai Gong, the minister of ceremonies, the title Empress Zhaolie under the rules for posthumous names, and asked that she be buried with Liu Bei. The edict approved. Wikidata records her place of death as Gong'an County and the year as 210.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Other statements in the article Chinese Wikipedia also notes that a tomb of Lady Gan stands in today's Fengjie County, so some hold that Liu Bei was also buried at Fengjie and not returned to Chengdu, and it says that the Zizhi Tongjian's note under Yanxi 8 that Empress Dowager Gan died is a mistake, since the dowager who died that year must have been Liu Shan's stepmother, Empress Dowager Wu. It also cites the Shiyi Ji, which says she was poor but outstandingly beautiful, was taken as a concubine by Liu Bei at eighteen, and urged him to remove a jade statue so as not to waste his will on a toy, while adding that this report is doubtful because Wu and Wei had not yet been founded when she died.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: of the Gan family, given name Mei (from the Gazetteer of Kuizhou Prefecture, as cited in Chinese Wikipedia)[^zhwiki] - Titles: Empress Zhaolie (posthumous), Lady Huangsi; kin form of address: Lady Gan[^zhengshi][^wikidata] - Origin: Pei[^zhengshi] - Spouse: Liu Bei; child: Liu Shan[^wikidata][^zhengshi] - Died: 210[^wikidata] - Dynasty or state: Shu Han[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_320322|Pei County]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123771083|昭烈皇后]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/lady-gan-q1064069.html en zh en 210 210 historical figure person_cn_q1066825 person xi-zheng-q1066825 郤正

Xi Zheng (died 278), courtesy name Lingxian, from Yanshi in Henan and originally named Zuan, was a Shu Han official who rose to director of the secretariat and was known for his writing. He drafted the letter of surrender when Shu fell, left his family to accompany Liu Shan to Luoyang, served the Jin as magistrate of Anyang and governor of Baxi, and died in 278.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066825 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A4%E6%AD%A3 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B742 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Xi Zheng was an official of Shu Han known for his writing. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say that his courtesy name was Lingxian, that he came from Yanshi in Henan, and that his original name was Zuan, later changed to Zheng. Wikidata's label is the same, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 278.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Family and youth The Records say his grandfather Xi Jian was governor of Yi province at the end of Emperor Ling's reign and was killed by bandits, and in the chaos his father Xi Yi stayed in Shu. Xi Yi served under the general Meng Da, surrendered to Wei with him and became a clerk of the secretariat. Xi Zheng lost his father young and his mother remarried, so he stood alone, but he was content in poverty, loved study and read widely in the classics. At twenty he could write well, entered the court as a secretariat clerk, moved up to clerk, then to gentleman, and finally to director.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Detachment and writings He cared little for honors and especially loved literature. He sought out and read nearly everything from the surviving writings of Sima Xiangru, Wang Bao, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu, Fu Yi, Zhang Heng and Cai Yong to the fine books and discussions of his own day that existed in Yi province. He held an inner post and lived next door to the eunuch Huang Hao for thirty years, during which Huang Hao rose from lowly to powerful and abused his authority. Xi Zheng was neither loved nor hated by Huang Hao, and so he never rose above a rank of 600 bushels but escaped trouble. Following the old scholars and borrowing others' phrases to say what he meant, he wrote the Explaining the Reproach, to follow Cui Yin's Reaching the Purpose. The Records say his poems, essays and rhapsodies came to nearly a hundred pieces.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## The letter of surrender In 263, Liu Shan followed Qiao Zhou's plan and sent envoys to surrender to Deng Ai, and the letter was written by Xi Zheng. In the first month of the following year Zhong Hui rebelled in Chengdu and Liu Shan was moved east to Luoyang in confusion. None of the great ministers of Shu were willing to go with him except Xi Zheng and the palace commandant Zhang Tong of Runan, who left their families and went alone. Liu Shan, guided correctly by Xi Zheng, made no mistakes in his conduct and sighed that he regretted knowing Xi Zheng so late, and contemporaries approved of Xi Zheng. He was enfeoffed as Marquis within the Passes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Under the Jin In the Taishi era he became magistrate of Anyang and was then promoted to governor of Baxi. The edict of 272 praised him for having kept to duty in the troubled days in Chengdu, not departing from loyalty, and, once employed, for working with all his heart and showing a record of good governance, and named him governor of Baxi. He died in 278. Chen Shou's verdict is that Xi Zheng's writing is brilliant, with the manner of Zhang Heng and Cai Yong, that his conduct is worth emulating, and that he and Qiao Zhou had little to do in the Jin and much in Shu, so they were placed in the Shu volumes.[^zhengshi] ## Happy and not thinking of Shu Chinese Wikipedia also records a story. After Liu Shan came to Luoyang, Sima Zhao gave a banquet at which the old Shu ministers wept, but Liu Shan was unmoved and said, "I am happy here and do not think of Shu." Xi Zheng told him, while he was out of the hall, that if asked again he should close his eyes for a moment and then say earnestly, "My ancestors' graves are far away in Shu and not a day passes without my thinking of them." Liu Shan repeated this and Sima Zhao replied that it sounded like something Xi Zheng would say. Liu Shan was astonished, Sima Zhao and his attendants laughed, and he ceased to suspect him. This is the origin of the idiom about being happy and not thinking of Shu. The story does not appear in the biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms summarized above, and the article gives it only as a tale.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xi Zheng, courtesy name Lingxian, originally named Zuan[^zhengshi] - Origin: Yanshi in Henan[^zhengshi] - Died: 278[^wikidata] - Offices: director of the secretariat in Shu; magistrate of Anyang and governor of Baxi under the Jin[^zhengshi] - Dynasty or state: Shu Han[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_410307|Yanshi District]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124438430|郤正]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xi-zheng-q1066825.html en zh en 278 278 historical figure person_cn_q1066842 person ma-tie-q1066842 马铁

Ma Tie (179–211) was a son of Ma Teng, a brother of Ma Chao and a general of the northwest in the Three Kingdoms period. When Ma Chao rose against Cao Cao, Cao Cao put Ma Teng and his family to death, and Ma Tie died at that time.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066842 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%90%B5 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Ma Tie was a son of Ma Teng, a general of the northwest in the Three Kingdoms period, and a brother of Ma Chao. Wikidata's Chinese label is 馬鐵, written 马铁 in simplified characters, with the English alias Ma Tit, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 馬鐵, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his birth as 179, his death as 211, and the manner of death as capital punishment.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Family and the move Chinese Wikipedia says that when Cao Cao was made chancellor he wanted to bring Ma Chao to the capital as a subordinate, and Ma Chao did not accept. Cao Cao then summoned Ma Teng to the capital under the title of Commandant of the Guards, and Ma Chao was made General of the Flank and Marquis of Duting. Ma Tie moved with the family to Ye.[^zhwiki] ## Death The article says that in 211 Ma Chao rose in revolt against Cao Cao, and Cao Cao put Ma Teng and his family and brothers to death, and Ma Tie died at that time. The opening line of the same article gives his death year as 212, which does not match the 211 of its body text, while Wikidata records 211. The article lists the Records of the Three Kingdoms as its reference but gives no further detail, so nothing more is told here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Ma Tie (馬鐵)[^wikidata] - Father: Ma Teng; brother: Ma Chao[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Life: 179 to 211 (the article's opening line has 212)[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Manner of death: capital punishment[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124326121|马铁]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/ma-tie-q1066842.html en zh en 179 179 211 211 historical figure person_cn_q1067200 person xu-zhi-q1067200 徐质

Xu Zhi (died 254) was a general of late Cao Wei. In 254, after the magistrate of Dao, Li Jian, surrendered his city to Shu Han, Xu Zhi engaged the Shu Han army, and he was beheaded in the fighting with Jiang Wei at Xiangwu.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067200 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%B3%AA 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Xu Zhi was a general of late Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label is 徐質, written 徐质 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 徐質, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata describes him as a military leader of Cao Wei and records his death in 254. The sources support little more, so only what is available is told below.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## The campaign of 254 Chinese Wikipedia says that in the first year of Zhengyuan, 254, Li Jian, the magistrate of Dao in Cao Wei, surrendered the city to Shu Han and led its officials and people out to welcome the Shu Han army. The Wei general Xu Zhi, who was at the front, met the Shu Han forces, and the article records that the Shu Han general Zhang Ni was killed in the battle and the Han troops then withdrew. Jiang Wei afterwards advanced and besieged Xiangwu and fought Xu Zhi again, and Xu Zhi was beheaded and the Wei army retreated. The article leaves its source section empty and names no specific record, so these events are told only as the article gives them.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xu Zhi (徐質)[^wikidata] - Role: Cao Wei general, military leader[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Died: 254[^wikidata] - Dynasty or state: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124633883|徐质]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xu-zhi-q1067200.html en zh en 254 254 historical figure person_cn_q1068320 person kuai-liang-q1068320 蒯良

Kuai Liang, courtesy name Zirou, from Zhonglu in Xiangyang, Nan commandery in Jing province, was an important adviser to Liu Biao, governor of Jing province, at the end of the Eastern Han. Liu Biao praised his advice to calm the people through benevolence and righteousness as the argument of Yong Ji. His death is placed in 192 by Wikidata and before about 208 by Chinese Wikipedia.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068320 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%AF%E8%89%AF 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Kuai Liang, courtesy name Zirou, came from Zhonglu in Xiangyang, Nan commandery of Jing province, at the end of the Eastern Han. He was an important adviser to Liu Biao, governor of Jing province, and is named together with Kuai Yue. Wikidata's label and the Chinese Wikipedia article both give the name as 蒯良, with the courtesy name Zirou, so the title is unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## The argument of Yong Ji Chinese Wikipedia says that in 190, when Liu Biao arrived to take over as governor of Jing province, he was worried about how to calm the unrest and consulted Kuai Liang and Kuai Yue at Yicheng. He said that powerful clan bandits were rampant, the people did not rally to him, Yuan Shu was stirring in Nanyang, and he wanted to raise troops but feared the people would refuse. Kuai Liang answered first. People do not rally because officials lack benevolence, he said, and they rally yet do not prosper because officials lack righteousness. If benevolence and righteousness go together, the people will come like water flowing downhill, so why worry or ask about conscription. Kuai Yue disagreed, holding that benevolence and righteousness suit peaceful times while troubled times need stratagems. Liu Biao liked Kuai Yue's plan very much and called it the scheme of Jiu Fan, but he also praised Kuai Liang's advice as the argument of Yong Ji, and made him chief secretary. The article notes that after Jing province was pacified, Kuai Liang's name no longer appears in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhwiki] ## Dispute over his life and death Wikidata records his death in 192. Chinese Wikipedia says that because Kuai Liang's name is absent from the list of officials who surrendered when Cao Cao took over Jing province, later historians hold that he died before about 208, and its opening line gives his dates as unknown. On the other hand, the Shishuo Xinyu, quoting the Jin Yangqiu in a note, says that Kuai Liang once served as minister of personnel and had a son, Kuai Jun, whose daughter married Sun Xiu, a grand-nephew of Sun Quan. The article suggests that he might have answered Cao Cao's summons in the Han court's name early and served as the minister of personnel in the imperial secretariat, or that the histories simply lack the record. These accounts do not agree and the sources give no verdict, so they are set out side by side. Wikidata also records his son as Kuai Jun.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## In the novel In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Kuai Liang is the elder brother of Kuai Yue, and in the battle of Xianshan between Sun Jian and Liu Biao he helps Liu Biao turn the defeat into a victory. He advises Huang Zu and Lu Gong to feign a retreat to Xianshan and set an ambush there, and the plan works, with Huang Zu shooting Sun Jian dead and the crisis of Liu Biao's new regime ended. In chapter 34 Kuai Yue mentions that Kuai Liang was skilled at judging horses and had died before the twelfth year of Jian'an, 207.[^zhwiki] ## Anecdote The article cites the Fuzi, which says that Kuai Yue was a descendant of Kuai Tong, a persuader of the early Western Han, and by the same reasoning Kuai Liang would be one also.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Kuai Liang, courtesy name Zirou[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Origin: Zhonglu in Xiangyang, Nan commandery, Jing province[^zhwiki] - Died: 192 (Wikidata); another view puts it before about 208[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Family: Kuai Yue (his younger brother in the novel), son Kuai Jun[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Birthplace: Nan Commandery[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123670521|蒯良]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/kuai-liang-q1068320.html en zh en 192 192 historical figure person_cn_q1068338 person wang-jun-q1068338 王濬

Wang Jun (206–286), courtesy name Shizhi and childhood name Atong, from Hu county in Hongnong, was a general of the Western Jin. As governor of Yi province he built ships for the invasion of Wu, was named General of the Dragon Charge in 279, sailed down the Yangtze and broke the iron chains, and received Sun Hao's surrender; afterwards he quarrelled with Wang Hun over credit and was repeatedly shielded by Emperor Wu of Jin. He was given the posthumous title Marquis Wu.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068338 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%BF%AC zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7042 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Wang Jun was a general of the Western Jin. The Book of Jin says that his courtesy name was Shizhi and that he came from Hu county in Hongnong, and Chinese Wikipedia adds that his childhood name was Atong. Wikidata's label is 王濬, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his life as 206 to 286 and the posthumous name as Wu.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Youth and early career The Book of Jin says that his family had held posts at the two-thousand-bushel rank for generations, that he read the old classics and was handsome, but that he did not cultivate his reputation and was not praised in his village, and that only late did his manner change, becoming open and far-sighted and filled with large ambition. Once he built a house and opened the road in front of the gate dozens of paces wide. When people said this was excessive, he answered that he wanted it to hold long halberds and banners, and when they all laughed he said that, as Chen Sheng had said, swallows and sparrows cannot know the aims of swans. The province called him as a clerk of Hedong, and corrupt local officials left of their own accord. Chinese Wikipedia adds that the governor Xu Miao's daughter was talented and unmarried, and Xu Miao had his subordinates gather while she watched in secret, and she chose Wang Jun, whom he then married to her. Yang Ji, brother of Yang Hu, judged that Wang Jun had large aims but extravagant habits and should not be given sole charge, while Yang Hu held that he had great ability and would be useful in carrying out his own aims.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Governing Ba and Yi He later became a senior clerk to the general of chariots and cavalry, then governor of Ba commandery, which bordered Wu. Labor service in Shu was so heavy that many families did not even raise their newborn sons, and Wang Jun, moved by this, tightened the regulations and lightened the burdens so that those who bore children could recover. The article says that several thousand children were saved. He then moved to be governor of Guanghan and gave generous governance there. He once dreamed of three knives hung on the beam of his bedroom, and soon a fourth was added. His chief secretary Li Yi interpreted it: three knives make the character for province, and one more on the beam means addition to Liang, that is, he would be shepherd of Yi province. When the rebel Zhang Hong killed Huangfu Yan, the inspector of Yi province, the court appointed Wang Jun inspector there. He killed Zhang Hong and others by strategy, was enfeoffed as Marquis within the Passes, and drew many peoples from beyond the frontier to submit. Yang Hu thought him a man of rare strategy and secretly petitioned to keep him in Yi province.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## The conquest of Wu The article says that Yang Hu, Du Yu, Zhang Hua and others urged an attack on Wu and Emperor Wu of Jin agreed, so Wang Jun was ordered to build many ships in Yi province, which took nearly ten years. In the fourth month of 279, when court officials were opposed and the emperor hesitated, Wang Jun, then nearly seventy, wrote asking to march. He said Sun Hao was dissolute and cruel, all the wise and foolish of Jing and Yang lamented, and the ships in Yi had begun to rot, so that if the attack were delayed until Wu had a wise ruler or he himself had died, Wu would no longer be easy to take. The emperor agreed and made him General of the Dragon Charge to advance down the Yangtze. The children he had saved in Ba were now grown and had become his trusted troops. He broke through the iron chains on the river and took Xiling, Xiakou and Wuchang one after another, and reached Jianye, where Sun Hao came out and surrendered.[^zhwiki] ## The quarrel with Wang Hun The article says Wang Jun was supposed to be under the command of Wang Hun, whose army had already taken Moling but did not dare advance and told him to wait. Wang Jun, citing high wind on the river that prevented mooring, set out anyway, forced Sun Hao to surrender and won the chief credit. Wang Hun accused him of disobeying orders, and the authorities wished to imprison him. Emperor Wu did not agree but issued a rebuke. Wang Jun answered that the emperor's own edict had put the commanders under Jia Chong, not also under Wang Hun, and when Wang Hun accused him of taking treasures of the Wu palace, he defended himself again. Back at the capital, the officials charged him with great disrespect and, separately, with burning more than three hundred captured Wu ships without approval, and the emperor stopped both. He made Wang Jun General Who Assists the State with the post of colonel of the infantry, enfeoffed him Marquis of Xiangyang with ten thousand households, made his youngest son Wang Yi a village-pavilion marquis, and gave ten thousand rolls of silk and other rewards. The article says that whenever Wang Jun saw the emperor he could not stop recounting his achievements and grievances and sometimes left in anger without taking leave, and that the emperor, generous by nature, forgave him each time. His relative Fan Tong advised him never again to mention the conquest of Wu, and if anyone did, to say that it was owed to the emperor's virtue and the efforts of the generals. He did so, and the court came to see him as under-rewarded. The scholar Qin Xiu and others petitioned for him, and the emperor promoted him to General Who Guards the Army with the office of attendant-in-ordinary and commander of the rear army.[^zhwiki] ## Death In 285 he was given the rank of Specially Advanced with the rights of a minister of the three offices, and on the gengzi day of the twelfth month, 28 January 286, he died, was buried at Baigu Mountain, was given the posthumous title Marquis Wu, and was said to be eighty. His son Wang Ju inherited the title. In the chaos after Emperor Huai's reign only two grandsons fled south into the Eastern Jin, and the family register was lost. Huan Wen later petitioned for his descendants to be sought out, but both grandsons were past sixty and died before they were employed.[^zhwiki] ## Judgments The article quotes Yang Hu, that he had great ability and would be useful; Yang Ji, that his ambition was large and his luxury unrestrained so that he should not be given sole charge; Fan Tong, that his merit was fine but the way he held it was not fully good; and Fang Xuanling, that of the two Wangs, Wang Hun had harmed the good and Wang Jun had boasted of his merit.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Wang Jun, courtesy name Shizhi, childhood name Atong[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] - Origin: Hu county in Hongnong[^zhengshi] - Life: 206 to 286[^wikidata] - Offices: governor of Yi province, General of the Dragon Charge, and others[^zhwiki] - Posthumous name: Wu[^wikidata] - Dynasty or state: Western Jin[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_411282|Lingbao]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124737015|王濬]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/wang-jun-q1068338.html en zh en 206 206 286 286 historical figure person_cn_q1068917 person kebineng-q1068917 轲比能

Kebineng (172–235) was a Xianbei chieftain of the Three Kingdoms period. He came from a minor Xianbei clan and was chosen as great leader for his courage and fairness, holding the area of Dai and Shanggu commanderies and eventually commanding over a hundred thousand archers. He alternated between submission and revolt against Cao Wei, was made King Who Submits to Righteousness by Cao Pi, and in 235 was killed by an assassin sent by Wang Xiong, governor of You province.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068917 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%BB%E6%AF%94%E8%83%BD 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Kebineng was one of the Xianbei chieftains of the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label is 軻比能, written 轲比能 in simplified characters, with the variant 柯比能, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 軻比能, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his life as 172 to 235, his manner of death as homicide, and his ethnic group as Xianbei.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Rise Chinese Wikipedia says that after the death of Tanshihuai, the leader of the Xianbei confederation, the confederation broke up. Kebineng came from a minor Xianbei clan and was described as brave and strong, fair in judgment and not greedy, so the people chose him as great leader. He held the area of Dai and Shanggu commanderies. His tribe lay near the northern border of Han, and after Yuan Shao took Hebei, many Han people fled beyond the frontier to join him, taught the Xianbei to make weapons, armor and shields, and taught them writing. He ruled his people on the Chinese pattern, set up laws, and hung banners when he went out hunting, directing advance and retreat by drum.[^zhwiki] ## Relations with Cao Wei The article says that in the Jian'an years he sent tribute to Cao Cao and asked for trade. He helped Cao Cao put down local revolts, but he also raided Han territory and helped the Wuhuan of Dai commandery harass the border, and was heavily defeated by Cao Zhang and driven beyond the frontier, after which he again sent tribute. In 220 he sent envoys with horses, and Cao Pi made him King Who Submits to Righteousness, and Xianbei and Wei traded in peace. He later fought Suli, the great leader of the eastern Xianbei, and Budugen, grandson of Tanshihuai, and forced Budugen back to Taiyuan and Yanmen. In 224 he attacked Suli again, Wei sent troops to intervene and defeated his subordinate Suonu, and he wrote to Wei to explain. After an attack by Tian Yu, colonel who protects the Wuhuan, he rebelled against Wei and raided You and Bing provinces.[^zhwiki] ## Power and end Afterwards his people grew strong and were said to have over a hundred thousand mounted archers. Whatever plunder he took he shared equally with the others and kept nothing for himself, so his men were ready to die for him and the other great leaders feared and respected him, though he never matched the strength of Tanshihuai. In 228 his son-in-law Yuzhujian was attacked by Tian Yu, and Kebineng sent thirty thousand cavalry to help, surrounding Tian Yu at Macheng, and left only when Yan Zhi persuaded him. In 233 he lured Budugen into a marriage alliance, Budugen joined him, and together they raided Bing province and were defeated by the Wei general Qin Lang and withdrew north of the desert. Kebineng later killed Budugen, absorbed the Xianbei groups and unified most of the land south of the desert. In 235 Wang Xiong, governor of You province in Wei, sent the assassin Han Long, who killed him, and his younger brother was set up as leader. The article also notes that the Book of Jin calls his descendants the Khitan.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Kebineng (軻比能), also written 柯比能[^wikidata] - Role: Xianbei chieftain[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Life: 172 to 235[^wikidata] - Manner of death: homicide, killed by an assassin[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124415807|轲比能]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/kebineng-q1068917.html en zh en 172 172 235 235 historical figure person_cn_q1068930 person xu-gong-q1068930 许贡

Xu Gong (died about 197) was a late Han official who served as commandant and then governor of Wu commandery. After Sun Ce defeated him he petitioned the court to summon Sun Ce to the capital, the petition was intercepted, and Sun Ce had him strangled. Wikidata records his death year as 200, while Chinese Wikipedia argues it was no later than 197; his retainers later wounded Sun Ce in revenge.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068930 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E8%B2%A2 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Xu Gong was an official of Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label is 許貢, written 许贡 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 許貢, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his manner of death as capital punishment and his death year as 200, while Chinese Wikipedia dates his life as unknown to about 197. The two do not agree and are set out side by side below.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Offices in Wu commandery Chinese Wikipedia says that in the Chuping years, 190 to 193, he served as commandant of Wu commandery and was a friend of the noted scholar Xu Jing, who had fled Dong Zhuo's disorder to Jiangdong and was sheltered by Xu Gong and others. His superior was the governor of Wu, Sheng Xian of Kuaiji. When Yuan Shu's forces entered Yang province, the Zhou brothers of Kuaiji were defeated by Yuan Shu, and one of them, Zhou Yong, was killed by Xu Gong on the road home to Kuaiji. Around 194, Sheng Xian left office because of illness and Xu Gong became governor, while Zhu Zhi, an old subordinate of Sun Jian, became commandant. After taking up the post Xu Gong tried to persecute his predecessor Sheng Xian. The noted Wu man Gao Dai helped Sheng Xian hide in the house of Xu Gong's subordinate Xu Zhao, so Xu Gong seized Gao Dai's mother to lure him out and harm him, and Gao Dai escaped with the help of friends.[^zhwiki] ## Defeat by Sun Ce The article says that in 195 Sun Ce used the pretext of striking at Liu Yao, who held Jiangdong against Yuan Shu, to break away from Yuan Shu, defeated Liu Yao and pacified Danyang and Wu. After Xu Gong was beaten at Youquan, he went to the mountain bandit chief Yan Baihu, who held Wucheng. Yan Baihu was soon beaten by Sun Ce too and went to Xu Zhao at Yuhang, and Xu Gong could not go with him. Sun Ce said that Xu Zhao was loyal to his old lord and sincere to a former friend, which was the resolve of a man, and so did not wipe him out.[^zhwiki] ## The petition and his death After losing power Xu Gong still looked for a chance to retake Wu commandery. He sent a memorial to the court saying Sun Ce was fierce and valiant like Xiang Yu, should be given honors and summoned to the capital, and that if left outside he would surely become a long-term danger. The memorial was intercepted by Sun Ce's watchers, and Sun Ce summoned him for questioning. Xu Gong denied having written it, and Sun Ce ordered his guards to strangle him. The article notes that since the court had already appointed Chen Yu as the new governor of Wu in the summer of 197, Xu Gong's death cannot have been later than 197.[^zhwiki] ## Afterwards In 200, because he had killed Xu Gong, Sun Ce was attacked by three of Xu Gong's retainers, including Xu Zhao, and died of his wounds. The article also describes how, when Sun Ce was hunting, three men claiming to be soldiers of Han Dang appeared. Sun Ce shot one of them, the other two shot him in the cheek, and his soldiers then arrived and killed all three retainers. It adds that the manga Huofeng Liaoyuan makes him a subordinate and disciple of Yu Ji.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xu Gong (許貢)[^wikidata] - Offices: commandant and governor of Wu commandery[^zhwiki] - Died: 200 in Wikidata; about 197, no later than the second year of Jian'an, in Chinese Wikipedia[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Manner of death: strangled by order of Sun Ce (capital punishment in Wikidata)[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124023604|许贡]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xu-gong-q1068930.html en zh en 200 200 historical figure person_cn_q1068940 person yan-yu-q1068940 严舆

Yan Yu (died 196) was from Wucheng in Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han, a younger brother of the bandit chief Yan Baihu and reputedly a man of great strength. When Sun Ce attacked Yan Baihu, Yan Yu went to Sun Ce's camp to sue for peace and was killed on the spot with a hand-halberd.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068940 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E8%BC%BF 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Yan Yu was a man of Wucheng county in Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han and a younger brother of the bandit chief Yan Baihu. Wikidata's Chinese label is 嚴輿, written 严舆 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 嚴輿, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his death in 196 and lists Yan Baihu as his sibling, and the opening of the Chinese Wikipedia article dates his life from the second century to 196.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Killed by Sun Ce Chinese Wikipedia says that Yan Yu was strong and agile and was said to be able to leap up from a seated position. When Sun Ce attacked Yan Baihu, Yan Yu went at his brother's order to Sun Ce's camp to sue for peace. At their meeting Sun Ce struck the mat with a sharp blade and Yan Yu flinched. Sun Ce laughed and said he had heard Yan Yu could leap from a seat and was nimble and was only joking. Yan Yu answered that the sight of a weapon always made him do that. Hearing this, Sun Ce knew that he was in fact a poor fighter and immediately killed him with a hand-halberd. Yan Baihu and the others were terrified when they heard that Yan Yu, famed for his strength, had been killed. The article credits this account to the Wu Lu quoted in the commentary to the Biography of Sun Ce in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhwiki] ## In the novel The article also records that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms he first appears ordered by his brother Yan Baihu to resist Sun Ce and is driven back by Jiang Qin and Chen Wu. Later, in a negotiation over wine with Sun Ce, he is asked what Yan Baihu intends and answers that his brother demands to share Jiangdong equally. Sun Ce angrily says that a rat dares to treat him as an equal and orders him killed. Yan Yu stands up and draws his sword, and Sun Ce kills him with a thrown sword and has his head sent into the city. The article cites chapter 15 of the novel.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Yan Yu (嚴輿)[^wikidata] - Origin: Wucheng county, Wu commandery[^zhwiki] - Brother: Yan Baihu[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Died: 196[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123785355|严舆]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yan-yu-q1068940.html en zh en 196 196 historical figure person_cn_q1069276 person wang-lei-q1069276 王累

Wang Lei (died 211), from Xindu county in Guanghan commandery, Yi province, was a staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province, at the end of the Eastern Han. When Liu Zhang, on Zhang Song's advice, decided to welcome Liu Bei into Shu, Wang Lei hung himself upside down at the city gate to dissuade him, and when Liu Zhang would not listen he ended his own life; Wikidata records the manner of death as suicide.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069276 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%B4%AF 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Wang Lei was a staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province, at the end of the Eastern Han, from Xindu county in Guanghan commandery, Yi province. Wikidata's Chinese label is 王累, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 王累, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his death in 211 and the manner of death as suicide, and lists Wong Lui as an English alias.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## In the histories Chinese Wikipedia says that the histories record little about him, mentioning him only in the Book of the Later Han, the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Chronicles of Huayang. In all of them the setting is that Liu Zhang, on the advice of his assistant Zhang Song, made an alliance with Liu Bei against Zhang Lu. Wang Lei then hung himself upside down from the city gate by a rope to urge Liu Zhang not to welcome Liu Bei into Shu. Liu Zhang would not listen, and Wang Lei cut his own throat at the gate.[^zhwiki] ## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms The article says that the novel's account is broadly the same as the history, except for the manner of his death after Liu Zhang rejects his plea, which changes from cutting his throat to cutting the rope himself and falling to his death.[^zhwiki] ## Scope of the sources The two sources behind this entry contain only this episode, with no information on his family or his birth year beyond what is shown above, so nothing more is said here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Wang Lei[^wikidata] - Origin: Xindu county, Guanghan commandery, Yi province[^zhwiki] - Office: staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province[^zhwiki] - Died: 211[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Manner of death: suicide[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124334642|王累]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/wang-lei-q1069276.html en zh en 211 211 historical figure person_cn_q1069286 person xin-pi-q1069286 辛毗

Xin Pi (died about 235), courtesy name Zuozhi, from Yangzhai in Yingchuan, first followed Yuan Shao with his brother Xin Ping, later joined Cao Cao and became a leading minister of Cao Wei. He was known for blunt remonstrance under both Cao Pi and Cao Rui, and in 234, when Zhuge Liang came out to the south of the Wei River, he served with credentials as army adviser to the general-in-chief and kept Sima Yi from fighting. He was given the posthumous title Marquis Su.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069286 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%AF%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B725 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Xin Pi was a leading minister of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Zuozhi and that he came from Yangzhai in Yingchuan. Wikidata's label is 辛毗, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 235, Chinese Wikipedia writes it as 235 with a question mark, and the Records say only that after Zhuge Liang's death he returned to the post of commandant of the guards and then died, being given the posthumous title Marquis Su, without giving a year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Origin and joining Cao Cao The Records say his ancestors had moved east from Longxi in the Jianwu years of the Eastern Han and that he followed Yuan Shao with his brother Xin Ping. When Cao Cao was minister of works he called Xin Pi, who could not accept. Later, when Yuan Shang attacked his brother Yuan Tan at Pingyuan, Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi to sue to Cao Cao for peace. Cao Cao was about to campaign against Jing province and was pleased at the message, but a few days later wished to take Jing province first and let the Yuan brothers wear each other down. Xin Pi sensed the change and told Guo Jia, who passed it on to Cao Cao. Cao Cao asked whether Yuan Tan could be trusted and whether Yuan Shang could surely be beaten. Xin Pi replied that it was pointless to ask whether Yuan Tan was honest or deceitful and that only the situation mattered. The Yuan brothers were fighting each other, years of war and then drought, locusts and famine had emptied their granaries, and this was the moment heaven destroyed Yuan Shang, whereas Jing province was rich and had no weakness, and of all the enemies in the four directions Hebei was the greatest, so that to pacify Hebei would strengthen the six armies and shake the realm. Cao Cao said it was good and accepted Yuan Tan's request for peace. The next year he took Ye and recommended Xin Pi as a palace counselor.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## The family's vengeance Chinese Wikipedia adds that Xin Ping's household had been put to death by Shen Pei because Xin Pi had gone over to Cao Cao. When the gates of Ye opened, Xin Pi rushed straight to the prison and found them all killed. When Shen Pei was captured, Xin Pi lashed his head with a horsewhip and the two cursed each other. Cao Cao, moved by Shen Pei's loyalty, wanted to free him, but Xin Pi and others wept and demanded his execution, and Cao Cao agreed.[^zhwiki] ## Under Cao Pi and Cao Rui The Records say that when Cao Cao sent the protector-general Cao Hong to pacify Xiabian he had Xin Pi and Cao Xiu take part, saying that in the past the high emperor loved wealth and women and Zhang Liang and Chen Ping corrected his faults, and that now the duty of Xin Pi and Cao Xiu was not light. After the army returned Xin Pi became senior clerk to the chancellor. Under Emperor Wen he became palace attendant and Marquis within the Passes. When the court discussed changing the calendar, he argued that the house of Wei followed the line of Shun and Yu and answered heaven and the people, and that only Tang and Wu, who won by war, had needed to change the calendar, and the emperor agreed. He served as army adviser to Cao Zhen against Zhu Ran at Jiangling and was enfeoffed Marquis of Guangping Pavilion. Under Emperor Ming he was advanced to Marquis of Yingxiang with three hundred households.[^zhengshi] ## Frank remonstrance The Records tell that Emperor Wen wished to move a hundred thousand warrior families of Ji province to Henan. Locusts and hunger afflicted the people, all the officials thought it wrong, and the emperor was very set on it. Xin Pi and the other officials asked for an audience, and the emperor, knowing they would remonstrate, put on a stern face and none dared speak. Xin Pi asked what his plan for moving them was, and said he spoke not from private interest but out of concern for the state. When the emperor rose to leave he followed and caught his robe, and the emperor said, "Zuozhi, why do you press me so hard?" Xin Pi said the move would lose the people's hearts and there would be nothing to feed them. The emperor moved half. Another time, hunting pheasant with the emperor, who said it was a joy, Xin Pi said it was a joy for His Majesty and a hardship for the others, and the emperor fell silent and went out hunting less. When the emperor wished to launch a great campaign against Wu, he advised first nurturing the people and settling soldiers on farms for ten years, but the emperor attacked Wu anyway and turned back at the river.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Refusing to flatter the powerful Under Emperor Ming, the director of the secretariat Liu Fang and its chief Sun Zi were trusted, and all the great ministers befriended them, but Xin Pi did not. His son Xin Chang urged him to soften, and Xin Pi replied sternly that he had his own principles, that disagreement with Liu and Sun would at most keep him from being one of the three highest ministers, and that a man could not ruin his integrity to become one. When Bi Gui recommended him to replace Wang Si as senior secretary, Liu Fang and Sun Zi told the emperor that Xin Pi was upright but stiff and willful, and the emperor did not use him and sent him out as commandant of the guards. He also petitioned against the emperor's palace building when the people were worn out, and objected to levelling Mount Beimang to build a terrace.[^zhengshi] ## The second year of Qinglong and his death In 234, when Zhuge Liang led his army out to the south of the Wei River, the general-in-chief Sima Yi repeatedly asked to fight, and Emperor Ming never allowed it. Fearing Sima Yi could not be held back, the emperor made Xin Pi army adviser to the general-in-chief with credentials, and the six armies became orderly and obeyed his command, none daring to disobey. After Zhuge Liang died he returned to be commandant of the guards. After his death he was given the posthumous title Marquis Su and his son Xin Chang inherited the title. The Records give no year for his death.[^zhengshi] ## Family and judgment Chinese Wikipedia says his brother was Xin Ping, his daughter Xin Xianying married the minister of ceremonies Yang Dan, and his son Xin Chang inherited the Marquis of Duxiang title and rose to commandant of the guards. When Cao Pi was made heir he lost his composure with joy and hugged Xin Pi's neck, asking whether he knew how happy he was, and Xin Pi told his daughter, who sighed that the heir takes the place of the sovereign in the ancestral temple and the state and should feel anxiety, not joy, at such a time, and that it could not last. The article cites Chen Shou's verdict that Xin Pi and Yang Fu were firm, bright, public-spirited and straight, and that their upright remonstrance came close to the high character of Ji An.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xin Pi, courtesy name Zuozhi[^zhengshi] - Origin: Yangzhai in Yingchuan[^zhengshi] - Died: about 235[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Posthumous title: Marquis Su[^zhengshi] - Family: brother Xin Ping, son Xin Chang, daughter Xin Xianying[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Dynasty or state: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_411081|Yuzhou]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124049062|辛毗]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xin-pi-q1069286.html en zh en 235 235 historical figure person_cn_q1069307 person tadun-q1069307 蹋顿

Tadun (died 207) was a Wuhuan chieftain in the Liaoxi region at the end of the Han. He served as chanyu in place of the young Louban and later backed Yuan Shang against Cao Cao. He was killed after the defeat at Mount Bailang in 207.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069307 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B9%8B%E9%A0%93 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Tadun was a Wuhuan chieftain active around Liaoxi commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Tadun, and the name is also written with a variant second character, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death in 207; his birth year is not known.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Serving as chanyu In the Chuping years of Emperor Xian, the chanyu Qiuliju died and his son Louban was still a child. His nephew Tadun had courage and good judgment, so he was set up as chanyu in Louban's place and commanded the Wuhuan tribes of Liaoxi, Youbeiping and Liaodong. All the tribes obeyed his orders. In 199, while Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan were at war, Tadun sent troops to help Yuan Shao and broke Gongsun Zan. Yuan Shao then used an imperial edict in the court's name to grant the title and seals of chanyu to Tadun and to the three kings Nanlou of Shanggu, Supuyan of Liaodong and Wuyan of Youbeiping. When Louban grew up, Nanlou and Supuyan led their followers in setting him up as chanyu, and Tadun stepped down to be king while still managing Wuhuan affairs.[^zhwiki] ## Backing Yuan Shang and the defeat at Mount Bailang After Yuan Shao died, Yuan Shang was beaten by Cao Cao in 205 and turned to Tadun. More than a hundred thousand households of officials and commoners from You and Ji provinces had fled to the Wuhuan, and Yuan Shang hoped to use these people to win back Hebei. The Wuhuan troops of the three commanderies attacked Guangping, were beaten by Cao Cao, and withdrew. In 207 Cao Cao took the field himself. In the eighth month he routed the combined Wuhuan and Yuan army at Mount Bailang near Liucheng, in what is now northwest Jinxi in Liaoning. The Tiger and Leopard cavalry under Cao Chun captured Tadun, and Zhang Liao killed him in the battle. Cao Cao pressed the pursuit and received the surrender of more than two hundred thousand Hu and Han people, who were all moved inland. The Wuhuan gradually merged with the Han afterwards.[^zhwiki] ## Assessment The Chinese Wikipedia article quotes Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms as saying that Tadun was also fierce and martial, that elders on the frontier compared him with Modun, and that he relied on his remote position to take in fugitives and lord it over the various peoples. It also quotes Fan Ye's History of the Later Han on his savagery and his hold on the land of Liaoxi, and Ye Shi's remark that Cao Cao killed him in a single battle. The article also notes that chapter 33 of the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms has him keep helping Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi against Cao Cao after their defeat, and be cut down from his horse by Zhang Liao.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Tadun, also written with a variant character[^zhwiki] - Died: 207[^wikidata] - Affiliation: Wuhuan[^zhwiki] - Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q1069307_q70806|Tadun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/tadun-q1069307.html en zh en 207 207 historical figure person_cn_q1069312 person kuai-yue-q1069312 蒯越

Kuai Yue (died 214), courtesy name Yidu, was a leading adviser to Liu Biao in Jing province at the end of the Han. He planned the luring and killing of local bandit leaders for Liu Biao, and later urged Liu Cong to surrender to Cao Cao, who said he was happier to gain Kuai Yue than to gain Jing province.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069312 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%AF%E8%B6%8A 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Kuai Yue was an adviser to Liu Biao in Jing province at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Kuai Yue, and the article gives his courtesy name as Yidu, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 214 and his birthplace in the Xiangyang area.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Early career According to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Kuai Yue came from a leading family of Nan commandery in Jing province and had a good name while young. The general-in-chief He Jin heard that he was skilled at planning and made him a clerk of the eastern bureau. Kuai Yue urged He Jin to strike first and kill the eunuchs. He Jin hesitated, and Kuai Yue, expecting his ruin, asked to be sent out as magistrate of Ruyang. He Jin was indeed killed by the eunuchs, and Kuai Yue came through safely.[^zhwiki] ## Serving Liu Biao In 190 Liu Biao took up his post as inspector of Jing province and called Kuai Yue, Kuai Liang and Cai Mao to Yicheng for advice. He worried that local bandit chiefs were running wild, that the people did not follow him, and that Yuan Shu was stirring in Nanyang. Kuai Liang advised ruling with benevolence, so that the people would come over of themselves. Kuai Yue disagreed. In troubled times, he said, a ruler needs stratagem; soldiers should be chosen for quality, not number; Yuan Shu was brave but lacked judgment and was not to be feared; and most bandit chiefs were greedy and cruel, so men could be sent to lure them with gain, after which the cruel ones could be killed and their followers taken in. Liu Biao could then hold Jiangling and guard Xiangyang, and the eight commanderies of Jing province would submit on the strength of a proclamation. Liu Biao praised the plan as worthy of Jiufan and adopted it. The article says Kuai Yue lured in fifty-five bandit leaders (another account says fifteen), who were killed and their men absorbed. Zhang Hu and Chen Sheng of Jiangxia still held Xiangyang, so Liu Biao sent Kuai Yue and Pang Ji to persuade them, and they agreed to surrender. Liu Biao thus gained broad control of Jing province and based himself at Xiangyang. For this Kuai Yue was made grand administrator of Zhangling and enfeoffed as Marquis of Fanting.[^zhwiki] ## Urging submission to Cao Cao The article describes Kuai Yue and Cai Mao as the well-known pro-Cao party in Jing province. In 200, while Yuan Shao and Cao Cao faced each other at Guandu, he advised Liu Biao not to back Yuan Shao but to court Cao Cao. In 208 Sun Quan marched west and killed Huang Zu, which sharply weakened the anti-Cao side. That autumn Liu Biao died, and Kuai Yue and Cai Mao set up his younger son Liu Cong. When Cao Cao reached Xinye, Liu Cong at first meant to join Liu Qi and Liu Bei against him, but Kuai Yue, Fu Xun and others opposed this, and Liu Cong surrendered. Cao Cao wrote to Xun Yu that he was happy not because he had gained Jing province but because he had gained Yidu. After settling Jiangling, Cao Cao rewarded his supporters, and Kuai Yue was made superintendent of the imperial household, one of the nine ministers.[^zhwiki] ## Death The article says that after surrendering to Cao Cao, Kuai Yue did little of note. In 214 he fell gravely ill and wrote to ask Cao Cao to look after his family. Cao Cao replied that he would not fail the trust.[^zhwiki] ## Assessment The article quotes Liu Biao calling Kuai Yue's plans the plans of Jiufan, and quotes Fu Xuan's Fuzi, which calls him a descendant of Kuai Tong, deep and resourceful, a man of striking stature and bearing.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Kuai Yue[^zhwiki] - Courtesy name: Yidu[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Died: 214[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_420600|Xiangyang]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123670591|Kuai Yue]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/kuai-yue-q1069312.html en zh en 214 214 historical figure person_cn_q1069834 person wu-can-q1069834 吾粲

Wu Can (187–245), courtesy name Kongxiu, was an official of Eastern Wu from Wucheng in Wu commandery. Rising from a minor clerk, he insisted on rescuing drowning soldiers at Dongkou, later became grand administrator of Kuaiji and grand tutor to the heir. In the dispute between the two palaces he held to the rule of legitimate succession and was slandered by Sun Ba and Yang Zhu, then jailed and executed.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069834 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E7%B2%B2 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Wu Can was an official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Kongxiu and that he came from Wucheng in Wu commandery. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Wu Can, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 187 to 245, with a birthplace in the Huzhou area.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Origins and early career The Records say that when Sun He was a county chief, Wu Can was a minor clerk and Sun He thought highly of him. When Sun He later became a general and could choose his own senior officials, he recommended Wu Can as assistant of Quwu and then promoted him to chief clerk, with a reputation for good administration. Though he rose from an obscure family, he stood level in reputation with fellow townsmen such as Lu Xun and Bu Jing. When Sun Quan was general of chariots and cavalry he called Wu Can as record keeper, then sent him out as magistrate of Shanyin and recalled him as colonel of staff. Pei Songzhi's note quotes the Wu Lu that when Wu Can was a few years old a woman saw him and told his mother that the boy had the bones of a minister.[^zhengshi] ## Dongkou In the first year of Huangwu, Wu Can, Lu Fan, He Qi and others held off the Wei general Cao Xiu at Dongkou with the fleet. A great wind snapped the ships' cables. Many drifted ashore and were captured by Wei, or capsized. Around the large ships that were left, people in the water clung on and cried out, but other officers and soldiers, fearing the ships would capsize, beat them off with spears. Only Wu Can and Huang Yuan had their crews haul the people aboard. Their attendants said the ship was heavy and must go down. Wu Can replied that if the ship sank they would die together, and that when people were at their last limit one could not abandon them. Wu Can and Huang Yuan saved more than a hundred.[^zhengshi] ## Provincial and court posts On his return he became grand administrator of Kuaiji. He called the retired scholar Xie Tan to be his bureau head. Xie Tan pleaded illness, and Wu Can sent him a note urging him not to hide himself so deep. Wu Can also raised troops and was made colonel who exemplifies righteousness. With Lü Dai he put down the Shanyue, then came to court as colonel of the cavalry garrison and minister of the household, and was promoted to grand tutor of the heir.[^zhengshi] ## The dispute of the two palaces and his death When the affair of the two palaces broke out, Wu Can spoke out and held to what was correct, insisting on the distinction between the legitimate heir and the other son. He wanted Sun Ba, Prince of Lu, to be sent to garrison Xiakou, and Yang Zhu not to be allowed to stay in the capital. He also repeatedly passed news to Lu Xun, then stationed at Wuchang, who sent memorial after memorial in protest. For this Sun Ba, Yang Zhu and others slandered him, and he was put in prison and executed. In his closing comment Chen Shou pairs him with Zhu Ju: both met hard times and lost their lives for standing on the right, and he calls it sad.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Wu Can[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Kongxiu[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 187–245[^wikidata] - Home: Wucheng, Wu commandery[^zhengshi] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_330500|Huzhou]][^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q1069834_q70806|Wu Can]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/wu-can-q1069834.html en zh en 187 187 245 245 historical figure person_cn_q1069914 person lu-you-q1069914 陆游

Lu You (1125–1210), courtesy name Wuguan, from Shanyin in Yuezhou, was a poet of the Southern Song. He was struck from the list by Qin Hui in his youth, then served under Emperor Xiaozong, in Sichuan on Wang Yan's staff and under Fan Chengda, always urging a campaign north. He retired to Shanyin and died in 1210 at the age of eighty-five.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069914 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E6%B8%B8 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7395 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Lu You was a poet of the Southern Song. The History of Song says his courtesy name was Wuguan and that he came from Shanyin in Yuezhou. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Lu You, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 1125 to 1210 and gives Kaifeng as his birthplace.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early years The History of Song says he could write poetry and prose at twelve and was made a gentleman by hereditary privilege. In the special examination for officials already in post he was recommended first, but Qin Hui's grandson Qin Xun placed just below him. Qin Hui was furious and even punished the examiners. The next year, in the ministry of rites examination, the examiners again placed Lu You among the top, and Qin Hui openly struck him out, so that he was hated by Qin Hui from then on. Only after Qin Hui died did he go to Ningde in Fuzhou as a registrar, and on recommendation he became an editor in the bureau of edicts. The Chinese Wikipedia article dates the Ningde post to 1158 and adds that he learned swordsmanship and read military books in youth, with a mind set on recovering the north.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## At court and in posts outside The History of Song records that he argued strongly against Yang Cunzhong's long hold on the imperial guard, which the emperor praised, and Yang was dismissed. He also memorialized against eunuchs buying northern curios for the throne. When Emperor Xiaozong took the throne he became a compiler in the privy council. Shi Hao and Huang Zushun recommended him as skilled in literary composition and versed in precedent. Xiaozong received him, said he had learned much and spoke to the point, and conferred a jinshi degree on him. Later, when Long Dayuan and Zeng Di were seizing influence, he spoke of it to the privy councillor Zhang Dao. The matter reached the emperor, who was angered and sent Lu You out as vice-prefect of Jiankang, soon moved to Longxing. Critics then charged him with befriending the censors, stirring up controversy and pressing Zhang Jun to make war, and he was dismissed. After a long time he became vice-prefect of Kuizhou.[^zhengshi] ## Sichuan and later posts When Wang Yan was pacification commissioner of Sichuan and Shaanxi, he took Lu You on as a staff officer. Lu You laid out a plan of advance: any campaign in the central plains should begin from Chang'an, and Chang'an should be taken by way of Longyou, with grain stored and troops trained, attacking when an opening came and holding otherwise. When Fan Chengda governed Shu, Lu You was a staff counsellor. They were friends through writing, and Lu You paid little heed to etiquette. People mocked him as dissolute, so he called himself Fangweng. He rose to supervisor of the ever-normal granaries in Jiangxi, and during a flood there memorialized to release grain from the charity granaries. He then governed Yanzhou and became junior director of armaments. In the first year of Shaoxi he became director in the ministry of rites and compiler in the veritable records office. In 1202, because the records of the Xiaozong and Guangzong reigns and the history of three reigns were unfinished, he was ordered to take part in compiling the national history, not required to attend court, and was soon made director of the palace library. When the work was done the next year, he was raised to scholar awaiting orders of the Baozhang pavilion and retired.[^zhengshi] ## His poetry and death The History of Song says his talent was soaring and that he excelled above all at poetry. In old age he came out again and wrote the Nanyuan record and the record of the Yuegu spring for Han Tuozhou, which drew criticism. Zhu Xi once said that his ability was too high and his footprints too near, and he feared Lu You would be pulled along by the powerful and not keep his late integrity. Lu You died in the second year of Jiading at the age of eighty-five. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives the date as 26 January 1210, says he wrote the poem Shi Er (To My Sons) near the end, and lists among his works the Jiannan poem manuscript, the Weinan collected writings and the Laoxue'an notes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Lu You[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Wuguan[^zhengshi] - Sobriquet: Fangweng[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 1125–1210[^wikidata] - Era: Southern Song[^wikidata] - Birthplace according to Wikidata: [[place_cn_410200|Kaifeng]][^wikidata] /people/lu-you-q1069914.html en zh en 1125 1125 1210 1210 historical figure person_cn_q1071424 person lun-zhi-q1071424 伦直

Lun Zhi (died 238) was a general under Gongsun Yuan in the Three Kingdoms period, and appears in Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a staff officer. He agreed with Jia Fan and spoke out against rebelling against Cao Wei, and was beheaded by Gongsun Yuan together with Jia Fan.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071424 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%9B%B4 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Lun Zhi was a subordinate of Gongsun Yuan in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lun Zhi, though the article text also writes the name with a variant first character, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death in 238; his birth year is not known, and the entry places him under Cao Wei.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Account According to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Lun Zhi was a general under Gongsun Yuan, and the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms makes him a staff officer. When Gongsun Yuan was about to rebel against Cao Wei, Lun Zhi agreed with Jia Fan and spoke out plainly, saying Gongsun Yuan should not rebel. Gongsun Yuan did not listen, and had him beheaded together with Jia Fan. The article adds that after Sima Yi entered Xiangping city, he treated Lun Zhi's descendants generously. The article gives little more, and no place of origin, courtesy name or birth year, so nothing further is added here.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Lun Zhi, also written with a variant first character in the article[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Died: 238[^wikidata] - Affiliation: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124613486|Lun Zhi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/lun-zhi-q1071424.html en zh en 238 238 historical figure person_cn_q1072396 person toregene-khatun-q1072396 昭慈皇后

Töregene (died around 1246), of the Naimazhen clan, was the wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei and the mother of Güyük. After Ögedei's death she ruled as regent for about five years, brought about Güyük's accession, and then lost power as mother and son fell out. She was later given the posthumous title Empress Zhaoci.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072396 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%85%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7114 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Töregene was a wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei. The History of Yuan says in its biographies of empresses: Empress Zhaoci of Taizong, named Tuoliegena (Töregene), of the Naimazhen clan, who bore Dingzong. Zhaoci is a title given afterwards, and Töregene is her own name, so the heading uses the name. Wikidata gives two death years, 1246 and 1247, the Chinese Wikipedia article gives 1246, and Wikidata gives her birth year as 1185.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi] ## Family and arrival at court The Chinese Wikipedia article says the clan name Naimazhen, with the personal name Töregene, appears in the History of Yuan's table of empresses as Tunajina and in the Secret History of the Mongols as Dorege'ne, which are different renderings of the same name. Naimazhen means a woman of the Naiman. She was first the consort of Quduu, eldest son of the Merkit chief Toqto'a. When Genghis Khan destroyed the Merkit, he noticed an attractive woman among the captives, learned who she was, and gave her to Ögedei, who took her as his wife. She later bore Güyük. The article adds that she was a follower of the Nestorian church and treated Christians visiting the court with courtesy.[^zhwiki] ## Regency The History of Yuan records that Taizong died in the eleventh month of the xinchou year and that she ruled in her own right for five years. In the bingwu year she gathered the princes and officials to discuss who should become Dingzong, and court affairs largely came from her. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives more detail. Ögedei died in the winter of 1241, and in the spring of the next year she won the agreement of Chagatai and other kin and ruled as regent. Her rank among the empresses had not been high, but she had five sons and was shrewd, and became the most powerful empress. She won over the princes and nobles with lavish gifts. She clashed with Ögedei's old ministers such as Mahmud Yalavach and Chinqai, and favored Fatima and Abd al-Rahman. Yelü Chucai opposed Abd al-Rahman's rise and the article says he died of depression. The article also mentions that Temüge Otchigin once marched on Karakorum; she raised troops for defense and sent envoys to ask his reasons, and he withdrew. In 1245 she sent troops against the area of Huaixi, Sizhou and Yangzhou, and they withdrew when the Song commissioner Zhao Kui asked for peace.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Güyük's accession and her last years The article says Ögedei had named his grandson Širemün as heir, but Töregene did not want to follow this, courted the princes, and sought to put her own son Güyük on the throne. In the spring of 1246 the princes and officials held a quriltai near Karakorum and agreed on Güyük, who took the throne in the seventh month. She kept hold of power afterwards, and mother and son fell out. Güyük had her favorite Fatima seized and killed, had Abd al-Rahman executed, and brought back Chinqai and Mahmud Yalavach. The article says she was filled with regret and died soon afterwards. The History of Yuan says she died in the second year of Zhiyuan and was posthumously named Empress Zhaoci and placed in Taizong's temple, and its collation note says that second year should read third year, and quotes Rashid al-Din's Jami al-tawarikh that she died two or three months after Güyük took the throne, so the records on her death do not agree. The article quotes the History of Yuan as saying she trusted treacherous men and let government fall into disorder, and notes that neither Chinese nor Western sources praise her rule.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Töregene (Tuoliegena), of the Naimazhen clan[^zhengshi] - Posthumous title: Empress Zhaoci[^zhengshi] - Born: 1185[^wikidata] - Died: 1246 and 1247 are both recorded in Wikidata; the Chinese Wikipedia article gives 1246[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Family: wife of Taizong Ögedei, mother of Dingzong Güyük[^zhengshi] /people/toregene-khatun-q1072396.html en zh en 1185 1185 1247 1247 historical figure person_cn_q1074366 person liu-pi-q1074366 刘辟

Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders around Runan in the late Eastern Han. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao and was driven back by Cao Ren. The Records of the Three Kingdoms contain two conflicting accounts of when he died, and this entry follows Wikidata in giving 201.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074366 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E8%BE%9F_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89) 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Liu Pi, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death as 201 and his birth as around 150. The article notes that his death year is given as either 196 or 201 in conflicting accounts.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Career The Chinese Wikipedia article says that after Zhang Jue died and Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao were killed by Huangfu Song, the main Yellow Turban force was destroyed. Liu Pi led his followers into Runan commandery as bandits, while the remnants of the Yellow Turbans rose in revolt elsewhere. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao and helped Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to support him, and Cao Ren drove them back. What happened to him afterwards is unclear.[^zhwiki] ## The conflicting accounts of his death The article points out that Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms is inconsistent on his death. The annals of Emperor Wu say that in the first year of Jian'an the Yellow Turbans of Runan and Yingchuan, He Yi, Liu Pi, Huang Shao, He Man and others, each with tens of thousands of followers, at first answered Yuan Shu and then attached themselves to Sun Jian. In the second month Cao Cao advanced, broke them and beheaded Liu Pi and Huang Shao. Yet the biography of the First Lord says that when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao faced each other at Guandu, the Yellow Turban Liu Pi and others in Runan turned on Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao, and Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei with troops to raid the Xu area with Liu Pi. The annals of Emperor Wu also record, for the eighth month of Jian'an 5, that surrendered rebels in Runan under Liu Pi revolted for Yuan Shao and that Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to defeat them, which would put his death after Jian'an 5. The article says the two accounts contradict each other and that it is not known which is right. Another account says he fell in battle after Cao Ren defeated him, and another that he was killed in 196 after Cao Cao broke Runan. Because the sources disagree, this entry follows only Wikidata in giving 201.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## In the novel The article records that in chapter 31 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when Gao Lan attacks Runan, Liu Pi shields Liu Bei as he breaks out and is killed by Gao Lan, who is in turn killed by Zhao Yun.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Liu Pi[^wikidata] - Died: recorded as 201 on this entry, with a conflicting account of 196[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123991779|Liu Pi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/liu-pi-q1074366.html en zh en 201 201 historical figure person_cn_q1074409 person sima-lang-q1074409 司马朗

Sima Lang (171–217), courtesy name Boda, from Wen in Henei, was an elder brother of Sima Yi and an official under Cao Cao who rose to inspector of Yan province. In 217, on the campaign against Wu, a plague broke out at Chaoxiang. He visited the sick soldiers, caught the illness himself and died at forty-seven.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074409 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%97 zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B715 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Sima Lang was an official under Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han and an elder brother of Sima Yi. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Boda and that he came from Wen in Henei. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Sima Lang, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 171 to 217, with a birthplace at present-day Wen county in Henan.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Youth and the troubled times The Sima Biao Xuzhuan quoted in the notes names his grandfather as Sima Jun and his father as Sima Fang, and says he was the eldest of Sima Fang's eight sons, the second being the later Emperor Xuan of Jin, Sima Yi. The Records say that at nine, when a guest addressed his father by his courtesy name, he said that one who treats another's parent lightly shows no respect for his own, and the guest apologized. At twelve he passed the examination in the classics and became a boy gentleman. The examiner thought him too big for his age and suspected him of understating it. He answered that his family had grown tall for generations and that cutting years off his age to get ahead early was no aim of his, and the examiner was impressed. When armies rose in the east, Li Shao, a former inspector of Ji province, wanted to move from Yewang to Wen. Sima Lang warned that moving would unsettle the people. Li Shao did not listen, and the people of the hill border did indeed riot.[^zhengshi] ## Meeting Dong Zhuo and the flight from war When Dong Zhuo moved the emperor to Chang'an, Sima Lang's father was a censor and had to go west. With the land in turmoil, he sent Sima Lang home with the family. Someone denounced Sima Lang as trying to flee and he was brought to Dong Zhuo, who said that he was the same age as his dead son and that he had nearly been betrayed. Sima Lang used the chance to speak of the rising troubles, the boiling provinces and the fleeing people, and begged Dong Zhuo to think again. Knowing Dong Zhuo would fall, and afraid of being held, he gave goods to Dong Zhuo's officials and won leave to go home. At Wen he urged the village elders to move east to Liyang while the roads were still open, where a marriage relative, Zhao Weisun, commanded troops. The elders were attached to the old place and none followed, except Zhao Zi of the same county, who went with his family. A few months later the armies of the east rose, tens of thousands strong, and gathered at Xingyang and Henei. The generals could not agree, soldiers plundered, and nearly half the people died. When the eastern armies dispersed and Cao Cao and Lü Bu faced each other at Puyang, he returned home. A great famine followed, people ate each other, and he looked after his clan and taught his brothers so that the family did not fall in a failing age.[^zhengshi] ## Under Cao Cao At twenty-two he was summoned by Cao Cao as a clerk in the office of the minister of works, made magistrate of Chenggao, left because of illness, and then served as chief of Tangyang. His rule was lenient: he used no flogging, and the people did not break the rules. When the county had to build boats, the people who had been moved away came back on their own to help. He then became magistrate of Yuancheng and entered the court as a record keeper to the chancellor. He argued that the collapse of the realm followed from Qin's abolition of the five ranks of nobility and from the commanderies lacking any preparation for drill, and proposed that provinces and commanderies keep troops against the four barbarians and against the disloyal, and also that the well-field system be revived. The proposals were not carried out, though keeping troops in the provinces had been his intention. He became inspector of Yan province, where his government was widely effective. Even on campaign he wore coarse clothes and ate plain food as an example. When Zhong Yao and Wang Can wrote that only a sage can bring about peace, he held that figures like Yi Yin and Yan Hui, though not sages, could bring peace if they were followed by several generations. The note quoting the Wei Shu says Emperor Wen liked his argument and had it copied by the secretaries.[^zhengshi] ## Death and descendants In 217 he joined Xiahou Dun, Zang Ba and others in the campaign against Wu. At Chaoxiang a great plague broke out among the soldiers. He went round to see them in person and provided medicine, caught the illness himself, and died at forty-seven. He left orders to be buried in plain cloth and a headscarf in everyday clothes, and the people of Yan province remembered him. When Emperor Ming took the throne, Sima Lang's son Sima Yi (written 遗, a different character from his brother's name) was made Marquis of Changwu with a hundred households. His brother Sima Fu then gave his own son Sima Wang to succeed Sima Lang. After that son died, Sima Wang's son Sima Hong inherited the line. Chen Shou's closing comment praises this group of officials as ones whose reputations matched their substance.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Sima Lang[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Boda[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 171–217[^wikidata] - Home: Wen, Henei[^zhengshi] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_410825|Wen county]][^wikidata] - Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124155359|Sima Lang]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/sima-lang-q1074409.html en zh en 171 171 217 217 historical figure person_cn_q1074543 person dong-jue-q1074543 董厥

Dong Jue, courtesy name Gongxi, from Yiyang in Jing province, was an important official of late Shu Han. He began on Zhuge Liang's staff, rose to director of the masters of writing and general who supports the state, and after Shu fell surrendered to Wei and was moved to Luoyang.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074543 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%8E%A5 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Dong Jue was an important official in the last years of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Dong Jue, and the article gives his courtesy name as Gongxi, so the heading stays the personal name. Wikidata records his birth as 204, with a birthplace in the Zaoyang area; the article gives his dates as unknown.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## In the chancellor's office and the secretariat According to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Dong Jue served early on in the staff of the chancellor Zhuge Liang, as a clerk and later a record keeper. Zhuge Liang called him a good man and said his judgment in discussion was careful and fitting. After Zhuge Liang died he moved step by step into the masters of writing, and at the end of the Yanxi era became vice director. After Chen Zhi died in 259 he rose from vice director to director, with Zhuge Zhan as vice director, and they ran the secretariat together. In 261 he became general who supports the state and Marquis of Nanxiang, still in charge of the secretariat's business, and he, Zhuge Zhan and Fan Jian handled affairs of state together. The article says that the eunuch Huang Hao held power then, that neither Dong Jue nor Zhuge Zhan was able to correct it, and that Chen Shou criticized them for being unable to set things right.[^zhwiki] ## Jiang Wei and the fall of Shu In 262 Jiang Wei was beaten by Deng Ai at Houhe. According to the article, Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue and others judged that Jiang Wei's yearly campaigns had achieved nothing and exhausted the country, and sent a memorial asking the emperor to recall Jiang Wei to Chengdu and strip him of his command. Huang Hao also wanted to remove Jiang Wei from his post as grand general and replace him with Yan Yu. Jiang Wei became afraid and stationed part of the Shu army at Tazhong rather than going back to Chengdu. In 263 Zhong Hui and Deng Ai invaded Shu in force. Dong Jue and Zhang Yi went to defend around the Yang'an pass and later withdrew with Jiang Wei to Jiange. After the front failed the Shu defenses quickly collapsed, and Jiang Wei and others, on the emperor's order, laid down their arms at Qixian. Dong Jue surrendered with them.[^zhwiki] ## After joining Wei The article records that in 264, the year after Shu fell, Dong Jue and Fan Jian and others were moved to Luoyang, where he served as adviser to the chancellor, later holding the additional post of mounted attendant, and was sent to pacify and visit the Shu lands. Little is recorded of his later life, and his death year is not found in the standard histories.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Dong Jue[^zhwiki] - Courtesy name: Gongxi[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Born: recorded as 204 on this entry[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_420683|Zaoyang]][^wikidata] - Affiliation: Shu Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124424922|Dong Jue]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/dong-jue-q1074543.html en zh en 204 204 historical figure person_cn_q1074774 person xin-ping-q1074774 辛评

Xin Ping (died 204), courtesy name Zhongzhi, from Yangdi in Yingchuan, was an adviser to Yuan Shao and then Yuan Tan at the end of the Eastern Han, and the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. He sided with Yuan Tan in the quarrel with Yuan Shang, and in 204 his whole clan was killed in Ye by Shen Pei.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074774 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E8%A9%95 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Xin Ping was an adviser on the Yuan side at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Xin Ping, and the article says his courtesy name was Zhongzhi, that he came from Yangdi in Yingchuan, and that he was the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. The heading therefore stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 204, his birth only to the second century, and a birthplace in the Yuzhou area.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## From Han Fu to Yuan Shao According to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Xin Ping was first a subordinate of Han Fu. In 191 he, Xun Chen and Guo Tu together persuaded Han Fu to give up the governorship of Ji province to Yuan Shao, and Xin Ping was then invited to serve under Yuan Shao. After Guandu, two sons of Shen Pei were captured, and when someone slandered Shen Pei to Yuan Shao, Guo Tu and Xin Ping agreed with the charge, and Yuan Shao had Meng Dai take over Shen Pei's guard of Ye.[^zhwiki] ## Supporting Yuan Tan Yuan Shao died in anger and worry in 202. He had wanted to name Yuan Shang, who was handsome and loved by his later wife Lady Liu, but had not said so formally. Many wished to make the eldest son Yuan Tan heir. The party of Feng Ji and Shen Pei was at odds with the party of Xin Ping, Guo Tu and Yuan Tan, and Feng Ji and his allies, fearing harm from Yuan Tan once he took power, secretly altered Yuan Shao's last wishes to put Yuan Shang in his place. Yuan Tan could not succeed, called himself general of chariots and cavalry, and camped at Liyang.[^zhwiki] ## Death of his clan The article says that Xin Ping and Guo Tu urged Yuan Tan to attack Yuan Shang, were defeated and fell back to Nanpi. His generals deserted, Yuan Shang attacked in force, and Yuan Tan withdrew to Pingyuan. While Yuan Shang besieged the city, Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi to ask Cao Cao for help, but Xin Pi instead advised Cao Cao to use the chance to take over Hebei, and Cao Cao sent a large army against Yuan Shang, who hurried back to Ye. Xin Pi urged Xin Ping to surrender to Cao Cao. He refused, yet Yuan Tan came to distrust him because his brother had gone over to Cao Cao. Shen Pei, angry at Xin Pi's betrayal, sent troops to kill the Xin clan in Ye. After the gates opened, Xin Pi ran straight to the prison to look for Xin Ping's family and found them all dead. The article adds that the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms invents a scene in which Xin Ping, distrusted by Yuan Tan and stung by his words, dies of anger, to Yuan Tan's regret.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xin Ping[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Courtesy name: Zhongzhi[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Died: 204[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_411081|Yuzhou]][^wikidata] - Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123678395|Xin Ping]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xin-ping-q1074774.html en zh en 204 204 historical figure person_cn_q1077571 person yu-fan-q1077571 虞翻

Yu Fan (164–233), courtesy name Zhongxiang, from Yuyao in Kuaiji, was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu, learned in the Book of Changes and also skilled in medicine. His blunt remonstrance offended Sun Quan; he was exiled to Jing county in Danyang and later to Jiaozhou, where he taught for more than ten years and died at seventy.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077571 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9E%E7%BF%BB zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 5 Yu Fan was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Zhongxiang and that he came from Yuyao in Kuaiji. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Yu Fan, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 164 to 233, with a birthplace at present-day Yuyao in Zhejiang.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early years and Sun Ce The Records say that Wang Lang, grand administrator of Kuaiji, made him a clerk of merit. When Sun Ce marched on Kuaiji Yu Fan was in mourning for his father. He came to the office gate in mourning dress, took it off to go in, and urged Wang Lang to avoid Sun Ce. Wang Lang would not listen, was defeated and fled by sea. Yu Fan followed and protected him as far as Houguan, where the county chief shut the gates until Yu Fan went and persuaded him to let them in. Wang Lang then told Yu Fan that he had an old mother and should go home. After he returned, Sun Ce reappointed him clerk of merit and treated him as a friend, even visiting his house. Sun Ce liked riding out to hunt, and Yu Fan warned him that a ruler who is not grave has no authority; Sun Ce agreed that he was right. Yu Fan later became chief of Fuchun. When Sun Ce died and the officials of the counties all wanted to go to the funeral, Yu Fan said hill people in neighboring counties might cause trouble and stayed to mourn in his own county. The other counties followed, and the region stayed calm. The province later recommended him as a talented scholar, the Han court summoned him as imperial censor, and Cao Cao called him to the office of the minister of works, but he took none of these posts.[^zhengshi] ## Under Sun Quan Sun Quan made him cavalry commandant. He repeatedly remonstrated to Sun Quan's face and Sun Quan was not pleased. He was also out of step with the customs of the day and was often slandered, and was exiled to Jing county in Danyang. When Lü Meng planned to take Guan Yu's territory, he feigned illness and went back to Jianye, and asked to take Yu Fan along on the grounds that Yu Fan knew medicine, which was also a way to have him released. When Lü Meng's army went up west and the grand administrator of Nan commandery, Mi Fang, opened the city to surrender, Lü Meng played music on the sand before taking the city. Yu Fan reminded him that not everyone in the city could be trusted and that he should go in and take control first. Lü Meng followed this, and there turned out to be an ambush in the city that his warning prevented. After Guan Yu's defeat Sun Quan had him divine, and he said that within two days Guan Yu would be beheaded, which came true. Sun Quan said he was no match for Fu Xi but could be compared to Dongfang Shuo.[^zhengshi] ## Blunt speech and its cost The Records tell how the Wei general Yu Jin had been taken prisoner by Guan Yu, and Sun Quan freed him and rode out with him side by side. Yu Fan rebuked Yu Jin as a surrendered captive who dared ride level with his lord and was about to strike him with a whip, but Sun Quan stopped him. Later Yu Jin wept at the music at a banquet on the ship, and Yu Fan said he was seeking pardon by pretense, which displeased Sun Quan. After Sun Quan became King of Wu, at the end of a feast he rose to pour wine himself, and Yu Fan lay on the floor pretending to be drunk and would not take it. When Sun Quan left, Yu Fan got up and sat again. Sun Quan was furious and drew his sword to strike him. The minister of agriculture Liu Ji got up and held him back with a remonstrance, and Yu Fan was spared. Meeting Mi Fang on the river, he once shouted at him that one who had lost loyalty and good faith had no right to serve a lord, and when a gate was shut against his carriage at Mi Fang's camp, he again protested, so that Mi Fang looked ashamed. He was open and had many lapses when drunk. When Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao spoke of immortals, he pointed at Zhang Zhao and said they were all dead men talking about immortals, and that there were no immortals in the world. Sun Quan's anger had piled up over time, and he finally moved Yu Fan to Jiaozhou.[^zhengshi] ## Exile and death The Records say that although he was in exile he never tired of teaching, and often had several hundred pupils. He also wrote commentaries on the Laozi, the Analects and the Guoyu that were passed down. The notes quote the Fan Biezhuan with his memorial on his own commentary on the Changes and another pointing out errors in Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Book of Documents. He spent more than ten years in the south and died at seventy. His body was returned to his old grave and his wife and children were allowed to go home. The Jiangbiao zhuan in the notes says that when Sun Quan's expedition to Liaodong lost many men in a storm, he regretted it, called Yu Fan a straight speaker and the Zhou She of the state, and ordered him found, but Yu Fan had already died.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Yu Fan[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Zhongxiang[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 164–233[^wikidata] - Home: Yuyao, Kuaiji[^zhengshi] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_330281|Yuyao]][^wikidata] - Affiliation: Eastern Wu[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123785755|Yu Fan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yu-fan-q1077571.html en zh en 164 164 233 233 historical figure person_cn_q10884675 person ren-jun-q10884675 任峻

Ren Jun (died 204), courtesy name Boda, was a man of Zhongmu in Henan who joined Cao Cao at the end of the Han. He managed arms and grain transport at Guandu and, as director of agricultural colonies, ran the military farming that filled Cao Cao's granaries. He died in the ninth year of Jian'an and was later given the posthumous title Marquis Cheng.

published category-history tag-ancient-china wikidata https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10884675 zhwiki https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%B3%BB zhengshi https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B716 2026-10-25 2026-10-25 user:admin 3 Ren Jun was an official who followed Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han. Chapter sixteen of the Records of the Three Kingdoms opens with the words that Ren Jun, courtesy name Boda, was a man of Zhongmu in Henan, and Wikidata's name is also Ren Jun, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his death as 204, with no birth year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Joining Cao Cao When the Han fell into disorder, Yang Yuan, magistrate of Zhongmu, grew frightened and wanted to abandon his post. Ren Jun told him that Dong Zhuo had begun the chaos, that the whole realm watched him with anger, and that nobody had yet dared to move first. If the magistrate would lead, others would answer. He proposed that Yang Yuan act provisionally as governor of Henan and combine the men fit for service in the dozen or so counties east of the pass. Yang Yuan followed the plan and made him registrar. Ren Jun drafted the memorial for Yang Yuan to act as governor, had the counties hold fast, and raised troops. Cao Cao then rose in the east and entered Zhongmu. While others did not know whom to follow, Ren Jun alone discussed it with Zhang Fen of the same commandery, and they brought the whole commandery over to Cao Cao. Ren Jun also gathered several hundred household soldiers from his kin and retainers and followed Cao Cao. Cao Cao was delighted, recommended him as cavalry commandant, gave him a cousin in marriage, and held him in close trust.[^zhengshi] ## Colonies and army grain Whenever Cao Cao went on campaign, Ren Jun usually stayed behind and supplied the army. In a year of famine and drought the army's grain ran short. The Forest of Feathers Commandant Zao Zhi proposed military farming colonies, and Cao Cao made Ren Jun director of agricultural colonies. He recruited commoners to farm at Xu and obtained a million hu of grain. Farm officials were set up in every commandery and kingdom, and within a few years grain was stored everywhere and the granaries were full. At Guandu, Cao Cao put him in charge of arms and grain transport. The enemy raided and cut the supply route again and again, so Ren Jun grouped a thousand carts into one unit, moved ten columns side by side, and made a layered formation to guard them. The enemy did not dare come near. The Records say the abundance of the state began with Zao Zhi and was completed by Ren Jun. Because his merit was great, Cao Cao recommended him as Marquis of Duting with three hundred households and promoted him to colonel of the Changshui cavalry.[^zhengshi] ## Character and afterwards The Records describe him as generous and measured, and clear about the principles of affairs. Cao Cao usually approved what he proposed. In the famine he took in and supported the orphans of his friends and poor kin inside and outside the family, and he was praised for his good faith. He died in the ninth year of Jian'an, and Cao Cao wept for a long time. His son Ren Xian inherited the title. When Ren Xian died without a son, the fief was abolished. Emperor Wen later recorded the merits of the old officials, gave Ren Jun the posthumous title Marquis Cheng, and made his middle son Ren Lan a marquis within the passes.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Ren Jun[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Boda[^zhengshi] - Death year: 204[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_410122|Zhongmu County]][^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer under Cao Cao[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123759548|Ren Jun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/ren-jun-q10884675.html en zh en 204 204 historical figure en 1 50 883 18 /en/categories/history-2.xml?category=category-history