# Concepts



- [中医诊疗法](/en/concepts/zhongyi-zhenliaofa.html)：中医诊疗法是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目（编号Ⅸ-2），是以中医理论为指导、运用望闻问切等诊法并结合多种传统疗法诊治疾病的知识与技艺体系，2006年入选第一批名录。
- [中医生命与疾病认知方法](/en/concepts/zhongyi-shengming-yu-jibing-renzhi-fangfa.html)：中医生命与疾病认知方法是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目（编号Ⅸ-1），是以阴阳、五行、脏象、经络等理论认识人体生命现象与疾病规律的传统医学知识体系。
- [苗医药](/en/concepts/miaoyiyao.html)：苗医药是苗族人民世代相传的传统医药，以“三本论”等理论与骨伤、蛇伤疗法为特色，项目编号Ⅸ-15，2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [瑶族医药](/en/concepts/yaozu-yiyao.html)：瑶族医药是流传在瑶族聚居地方的传统医学，以药浴疗法为代表，项目编号Ⅸ-14，2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [畲族医药](/en/concepts/shezu-yiyao.html)：畲族医药是畲族人民在长期生产生活实践中探索创造的传统医学，项目编号Ⅸ-13，2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [蒙医药](/en/concepts/mengyiyao.html)：蒙医药是蒙古族世代积累并延传下来的民族医药体系，项目编号Ⅸ-12，2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [传统中医药文化](/en/concepts/chuantong-zhongyiyao-wenhua.html)：传统中医药文化是以中医药知识体系、医德堂训、炮制技艺与老字号传统为核心的综合性文化，项目编号Ⅸ-11，2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [中医养生](/en/concepts/zhongyi-yangsheng.html)：中医养生是中医“治未病”思想指导下颐养生命、增强体质、预防疾病的传统实践，项目编号Ⅸ-10，2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [藏医药](/en/concepts/zangyiyao.html)：藏医药是藏族人民在青藏高原长期实践中形成的民族医药体系，项目编号Ⅸ-9，2006年列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录。
- [Computing Foundations](/en/concepts/computing-foundations.html)：Computing foundations are the computer-science concepts a software engineer is expected to apply, as distinct from turning a given algorithm into instructions.
- [Engineering Foundations](/en/concepts/engineering-foundations.html)：Engineering foundations are knowledge common to engineering disciplines and applicable to software engineering, included to support the other knowledge areas without repeating them.
- [Mathematical Foundations](/en/concepts/mathematical-foundations.html)：Mathematical foundations cover the logic and formal systems a software engineer uses for precise reasoning, rather than everyday arithmetic.
- [Software Engineering](/en/concepts/software-engineering.html)：Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of engineering to software.
- [Software Engineering Economics](/en/concepts/software-engineering-economics.html)：Software engineering economics uses applied microeconomics to judge whether committing limited resources to a technical effort is in the enterprise's interest compared with committing them elsewhere.
- [Software Engineering Models and Methods](/en/concepts/software-engineering-models-and-methods.html)：Software engineering models and methods impose structure on software engineering so that it is systematic, repeatable, and more likely to succeed.
- [Software Engineering Professional Practice](/en/concepts/software-engineering-professional-practice.html)：Software engineering professional practice is the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to practice software engineering in a professional, responsible, and ethical manner.
- [Software Quality](/en/concepts/software-quality.html)：Software quality can mean the characteristics a software product should have, the degree to which a product has them, and the processes, tools, and techniques used to achieve them.
- [Software Security](/en/concepts/software-security.html)：Software security is concerned with building security into software by established rules during development and with handling exploitable vulnerabilities during maintenance.
- [Software Architecture](/en/concepts/software-architecture.html)：SWEBOK Guide v4 makes software architecture its own knowledge area, covering architecture as a discipline, a process, and an outcome, together with description and evaluation.
- [Software Configuration Management](/en/concepts/software-configuration-management.html)：Software configuration management applies configuration management throughout the software life cycle so that configuration items stay complete and correct.
- [Software Construction](/en/concepts/software-construction.html)：Software construction is the detailed creation and maintenance of software through coding, verification, unit testing, integration testing, and debugging.
- [Software Design](/en/concepts/software-design.html)：Software design names a discipline, a set of processes, the result of those processes, and the life-cycle stage that produces the result.
- [Software Engineering Management](/en/concepts/software-engineering-management.html)：Software engineering management is the planning, estimating, measuring, controlling, coordinating, leading, and risk management that deliver software products and services efficiently, effectively, and to the stakeholders' benefit.
- [Software Engineering Operations](/en/concepts/software-engineering-operations.html)：Software engineering operations are the activities that deploy, operate, and support a software application or system while preserving its integrity and stability, until the software is retired.
- [Software Engineering Process](/en/concepts/software-engineering-process.html)：A software engineering process is the work software engineers do to build and operate software. No ideal process fits every project.
- [Software Maintenance](/en/concepts/software-maintenance.html)：Software maintenance is the whole of the activity by which software continues to evolve after it is in operation, in response to defects, changes in the operating environment, and new requirements.
- [Software Requirements](/en/concepts/software-requirements.html)：Software requirements are both a statement of the needs and constraints on a software product or project and the activities that develop and maintain those requirements.
- [Software Testing](/en/concepts/software-testing.html)：Software testing is the dynamic validation that a system under test shows expected behavior on a finite set of test cases selected from a usually infinite execution domain.
- [IEEE 标准](/en/concepts/ieee-standards.html)：IEEE 标准是电气电子工程师学会发布的技术标准文献集合，涵盖通信、电力、计算与电磁兼容等领域；公开目录以 KBART 列表提供编号、题名、状态与 IEEE Xplore 题录链接。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士](/en/concepts/guangzhou-autonomous-bus.html)：广州自动驾驶巴士是由广州巴士集团等运营、以 L4 级自动驾驶小巴/巴士在划定区域提供公交化载客服务的示范与商业运营项目；2023 年底起规模化示范应用，技术合作方主要包括文远知行，线路覆盖黄埔、海珠、天河、南沙、越秀等区域。
- [广州南沙31路支线（自动驾驶）](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-nansha31-branch.html)：南沙31路支线是广州巴士集团在南沙投放自动驾驶小巴的常规公交环线，2025年报道称正式运营，起讫蕉门公交总站，全长约9公里，票价2元，配备安全员。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士BRT文园—棠下村环线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-brt-wenyuan-tangxia.html)：BRT文园—棠下村环线是文远知行与广州巴士集团推出的天河段 BRT 自动驾驶夜间便民线，单向约9公里，运营时间约21:30–22:30。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士BRT夏园—文园线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-brt-xiayuan-wenyuan.html)：BRT夏园—文园线是广州巴士集团在黄埔区 BRT 走廊运营的自动驾驶巴士线路，2023年12月起试运行，连接 BRT 夏园站与 BRT 文园站（地铁双岗站）。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士琶洲环线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-pazhou.html)：琶洲环线是广州巴士集团在海珠区琶洲一带运营的 L4 自动驾驶便民环线，2023年12月30日起示范应用收费，线路长约8.5公里，票价2元。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士广州塔路线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-canton-tower.html)：广州塔路线是广州巴士集团运营的 L4 自动驾驶便民/文旅线路，2023年12月30日起示范应用收费；途经广州塔与阅江西路一带，票价2元。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士知识城雍景湾便民线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-yongjingwan.html)：知识城雍景湾便民线是广州巴士集团在中新广州知识城运营的 L4 自动驾驶便民环线，2023年12月30日起示范应用收费，线路长约7.5公里，票价2元。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士生物岛2线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-shengwudao2.html)：广州自动驾驶巴士生物岛2线是广州巴士集团在生物岛运营的 L4 自动驾驶便民环线，2023年12月30日起示范应用收费，线路长6公里，票价2元。
- [广州自动驾驶巴士生物岛1线](/en/concepts/guangzhou-robobus-shengwudao1.html)：广州自动驾驶巴士生物岛1线是广州巴士集团运营的 L4 自动驾驶便民环线，2023年12月30日起示范应用收费，主要服务广州国际生物岛（官洲）区域，票价2元。
- [Robobus（自动驾驶巴士）](/en/concepts/robobus.html)：Robobus（自动驾驶巴士）指以 L4 级自动驾驶系统执行动态驾驶任务、在划定区域内按公交或微循环线路载客运营的巴士或小巴服务；与按需呼叫的 Robotaxi 不同，通常定点定线、刷卡乘车，并常配备随车安全员。
- [Changchun Metro Line 4](/en/concepts/changchun-metro-line-4.html)：Changchun Metro Line 4 is a metro line with 21 stations.
- [XO sauce](/en/concepts/xo-sauce.html)：XO sauce is a chilli condiment that emerged in Hong Kong in the 1980s and is commonly made with dried scallops, Jinhua ham, shrimp and chillies.
- [轨道交通资阳线](/en/concepts/chengdu-metro-line-s3.html)：轨道交通资阳线连接成都福田与资阳北站，于2024年9月29日开通初期运营。
- [Line 2 (Foshan Metro)](/en/concepts/foshan-metro-line-2.html)：Line 2 (Foshan Metro) is a metro line, opened on 28 December 2021, 32.41 km long, with 17 stations.
- [Paris Metro](/en/concepts/paris-metro.html)：The Paris Metro is a rapid transit system serving Paris and the Île-de-France region. It opened in 1900 and comprises 16 lines, including the 3bis and 7bis branches.
- [徐州地铁6号线](/en/concepts/xuzhou-metro-line-6.html)：徐州地铁6号线一期连接徐州东站与铜山中医院，2025年9月28日开通初期运营。
- [Line 1 (Hohhot Metro)](/en/concepts/hohhot-metro-line-1.html)：Line 1 is a metro line in Hohhot, China.
- [The Nobel Prize in Physics](/en/concepts/nobel-prize-in-physics.html)：The Nobel Prize in Physics is one of the Nobel Prizes, awarded since 1901 by decision of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
- [Line 6 (Qingdao Metro)](/en/concepts/qingdao-metro-line-6.html)：Line 6 (Qingdao Metro) is a metro line, opened on 26 April 2024, with 31 stations.
- [Line 11 (Beijing Subway)](/en/concepts/beijing-metro-line-11.html)：The western section of Beijing Subway Line 11 runs from Moshikou to Xinshougang, with four stations and 3.9 km of track following the 2023 extension.
- [纽约地铁4号线](/en/concepts/nyc-subway-4.html)：纽约地铁4号线是纽约市地铁的一条快速服务线路，连接布朗克斯伍德劳恩与布鲁克林弗拉特布什大道–布鲁克林学院。

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