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        <title>Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK Guide) v4.0a</title>
        <author>Hironori Washizaki (ed.), IEEE Computer Society</author>
        <date>2026-08</date>
        <url>https://ieeecs-media.computer.org/media/education/swebok/swebok-v4.pdf</url>
        <locator>Chapter 16; Introduction</locator>
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    <body>The Guide contrasts a programmer and a software engineer. A programmer turns a given algorithm into instructions and runs them. A software engineer studies the requirements, architects and designs the major system blocks, and identifies algorithms, communication mechanisms, performance criteria, test and acceptance plans, maintenance methods, and the engineering processes and methods appropriate to the application. This is one of the three foundation knowledge areas. It contains the computer-science material that bears directly on software engineering.[^s1]&#xA;&#xA;&#xA;The Guide&#39;s top-level topics for this knowledge area are:&#xA;&#xA;- Basic Concepts of a System or Solution&#xA;- Computer Architecture and Organization&#xA;- Data Structures and Algorithms&#xA;- Programming Fundamentals and Languages&#xA;- Operating Systems&#xA;- Database Management&#xA;- Computer Networks and Communications&#xA;- User and Developer Human Factors&#xA;- Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning</body>
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