{
  "contentStorage": "postgres",
  "title": "Engineering Foundations · Versions",
  "description": "Engineering foundations are knowledge common to engineering disciplines and applicable to software engineering, included to support the other knowledge areas without repeating them.",
  "url": "/en/concepts/engineering-foundations/versions.html",
  "entity": {
    "id": "concept_engineering_foundations",
    "type": "concept",
    "title": "Engineering Foundations",
    "slug": "engineering-foundations",
    "aliases": [
      "工程基础"
    ],
    "summary": "Engineering foundations are knowledge common to engineering disciplines and applicable to software engineering, included to support the other knowledge areas without repeating them.",
    "status": "published",
    "categories": [
      "category-science-technology"
    ],
    "tags": [],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "s1",
        "title": "Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK Guide) v4.0a",
        "author": "Hironori Washizaki (ed.), IEEE Computer Society",
        "date": "2026-08",
        "url": "https://ieeecs-media.computer.org/media/education/swebok/swebok-v4.pdf",
        "locator": "Chapter 18"
      }
    ],
    "createdAt": "2026-11-02T01:19:55+08:00",
    "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T01:19:55+08:00",
    "updatedBy": "user:admin",
    "revision": 2,
    "body": "The IEEE defines engineering as the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to structures, machines, products, systems, or processes. As the theory and practice of software engineering mature, the discipline rests more clearly on skills and knowledge shared with other engineering disciplines. This is one of the three foundation knowledge areas. The engineering process here corresponds to the decision steps in the Software Engineering Economics knowledge area, and it is necessarily iterative: knowledge gained at any step may send an earlier step back to be done again.[^s1]\n\n\nThe Guide's top-level topics for this knowledge area are:\n\n- The Engineering Process\n- Engineering Design\n- Abstraction and Encapsulation\n- Empirical Methods and Experimental Techniques\n- Statistical Analysis\n- Modeling, Simulation, and Prototyping\n- Measurement\n- Standards\n- Root Cause Analysis\n- Industry 4.0 and Software Engineering",
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    "scopeNote": "One knowledge area of SWEBOK Guide v4.0a."
  },
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  "versions": [
    {
      "revision": 2,
      "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T01:19:55+08:00",
      "message": "当前版本",
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      "url": "/en/concepts/engineering-foundations/at/2.html"
    }
  ],
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  "availableLangs": [
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      "key": "concept_kind",
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    {
      "key": "aliases",
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      "value": "工程基础"
    },
    {
      "key": "scope_note",
      "label": "Scope note",
      "value": "One knowledge area of SWEBOK Guide v4.0a."
    }
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}