{ "contentStorage": "postgres", "title": "Hot", "description": "Ranked by recent page views (last 7 days) when traffic stats exist; otherwise entries tagged hot or featured, or those with the most relations.", "url": "/en/hot-465.html", "entities": [ { "id": "place_us_in_wells_county", "type": "place", "title": "Wells County", "slug": "in-wells-county", "summary": "Wells County is a county of Indiana, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:32:34+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:32:34+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nWells County is a county of [[place_us_in|Indiana]], United States (FIPS in179), with a population of about 28,180[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 40.7292, -85.2212\n- Time zone: America/Indiana/Indianapolis", "url": "/places/in-wells-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 40.72919, "longitude": -85.22122 }, "adminArea": "United States · Indiana · Wells County" }, { "id": "place_us_va_westmoreland_county", "type": "place", "title": "Westmoreland County", "slug": "va-westmoreland-county", "summary": "Westmoreland County is a county of Virginia, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:32:08+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:32:08+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nWestmoreland County is a county of [[place_us_va|Virginia]], United States (FIPS va193), with a population of about 17,454[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 38.1128, -76.7999\n- Time zone: America/New_York", "url": "/places/va-westmoreland-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 38.11282, "longitude": -76.79991 }, "adminArea": "United States · Virginia · Westmoreland County" }, { "id": "place_us_nc_tyrrell_county", "type": "place", "title": "Tyrrell County", "slug": "nc-tyrrell-county", "summary": "Tyrrell County is a county of North Carolina, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:31:12+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:31:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nTyrrell County is a county of [[place_us_nc|North Carolina]], United States (FIPS nc177), with a population of about 4,407[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 35.8702, -76.1701\n- Time zone: America/New_York", "url": "/places/nc-tyrrell-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 35.87018, "longitude": -76.17005 }, "adminArea": "United States · North Carolina · Tyrrell County" }, { "id": "place_us_la_madison_county", "type": "place", "title": "Madison Parish", "slug": "la-madison-county", "summary": "Madison Parish is a county of Louisiana, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:39+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:39+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nMadison Parish is a county of [[place_us_la|Louisiana]], United States (FIPS la065), with a population of about 12,093[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 32.3644, -91.2426\n- Time zone: America/Chicago", "url": "/places/la-madison-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 32.3644, "longitude": -91.24258 }, "adminArea": "United States · Louisiana · Madison Parish" }, { "id": "place_us_ks_rice_county", "type": "place", "title": "Rice County", "slug": "ks-rice-county", "summary": "Rice County is a county of Kansas, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:23+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:23+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nRice County is a county of [[place_us_ks|Kansas]], United States (FIPS ks159), with a population of about 9,427[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 38.3471, -98.2010\n- Time zone: America/Chicago", "url": "/places/ks-rice-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 38.34714, "longitude": -98.20103 }, "adminArea": "United States · Kansas · Rice County" }, { "id": "place_us_ks_cloud_county", "type": "place", "title": "Cloud County", "slug": "ks-cloud-county", "summary": "Cloud County is a county of Kansas, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:19+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nCloud County is a county of [[place_us_ks|Kansas]], United States (FIPS ks029), with a population of about 9,032[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 39.4803, -97.6493\n- Time zone: America/Chicago", "url": "/places/ks-cloud-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 39.4803, "longitude": -97.64928 }, "adminArea": "United States · Kansas · Cloud County" }, { "id": "place_us_il_saline_county", "type": "place", "title": "Saline County", "slug": "il-saline-county", "summary": "Saline County is a county of Illinois, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:09+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:30:09+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nSaline County is a county of [[place_us_il|Illinois]], United States (FIPS il165), with a population of about 23,768[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 37.7532, -88.5408\n- Time zone: America/Chicago", "url": "/places/il-saline-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 37.75318, "longitude": -88.5408 }, "adminArea": "United States · Illinois · Saline County" }, { "id": "place_us_ga_newton_county", "type": "place", "title": "Newton County", "slug": "ga-newton-county", "summary": "Newton County is a county of Georgia, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:29:59+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:29:59+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nNewton County is a county of [[place_us_ga|Georgia]], United States (FIPS ga217), with a population of about 109,541[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 33.5551, -83.8502\n- Time zone: America/New_York", "url": "/places/ga-newton-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 33.55505, "longitude": -83.85019 }, "adminArea": "United States · Georgia · Newton County" }, { "id": "place_us_ga_grady_county", "type": "place", "title": "Grady County", "slug": "ga-grady-county", "summary": "Grady County is a county of Georgia, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:29:53+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T10:29:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## Overview\n\nGrady County is a county of [[place_us_ga|Georgia]], United States (FIPS ga131), with a population of about 24,748[^geonames].\n\n## Geography\n\n- Coordinates: 30.8747, -84.2344\n- Time zone: America/New_York", "url": "/places/ga-grady-county.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 30.87467, "longitude": -84.23443 }, "adminArea": "United States · Georgia · Grady County" }, { "id": "place_us_ca_san_diego", "type": "place", "title": "San Diego", "slug": "ca-san-diego", "aliases": [ "圣迭戈" ], "summary": "San Diego is a city in California, United States.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "enwiki", "title": "San Diego (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego" }, { "id": "uscb2023", "title": "U.S. Census Bureau 2023 FIPS state and county codes", "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T03:05:47+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T03:05:47+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "## Administrative divisions\n\nSan Diego is a city in California, United States[^uscb2023].\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- State: [[place_us_ca|California]]\n- County: San Diego County[^enwiki]\n- Population: about 1,386,932 (2023 estimate)[^uscb2023]\n- Division level: city[^uscb2023]\n\n## Parent division\n\nLocated in [[place_us_ca|California]].\n\n## Subdivisions\n\nMajor neighborhoods: [[place_us_ca_san_diego_gaslamp_quarter|Gaslamp Quarter]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_hillcrest|Hillcrest]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_north_park|North Park]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_pacific_beach|Pacific Beach]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_la_jolla|La Jolla]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_old_town|Old Town]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_barrio_logan|Barrio Logan]], [[place_us_ca_san_diego_little_italy|Little Italy]].", "url": "/places/ca-san-diego.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "city", "coordinates": { "latitude": 32.7157, "longitude": -117.1611 }, "adminArea": "United States · California · San Diego" }, { "id": "place_us_mi_detroit_indian_village", "type": "place", "title": "Indian Village", "slug": "mi-detroit-indian-village", "aliases": [ "印第安村" ], "summary": "Indian Village is a neighborhood of Detroit.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "enwiki", "title": "Indian Village (Wikipedia)", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Village" }, { "id": "uscb2023", "title": "U.S. Census Bureau 2023 FIPS state and county codes", "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T03:06:19+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T03:06:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "## Administrative divisions\n\nIndian Village is a neighborhood of Detroit, the finest-grained settlement unit in U.S. administrative geography[^enwiki].\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Parent division: [[place_us_mi_detroit|Detroit]]\n- Division level: neighborhood[^enwiki]\n- Coordinates: 42.354, -83.005\n\n## Parent division\n\nLocated in [[place_us_mi_detroit|Detroit]].", "url": "/places/mi-detroit-indian-village.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "neighborhood", "coordinates": { "latitude": 42.354, "longitude": -83.005 }, "adminArea": "United States · Michigan · Detroit · Indian Village" }, { "id": "place_beijing_shijingshan_amusement_park", "type": "place", "title": "石景山游乐园", "slug": "beijing-shijingshan-amusement-park", "summary": "石景山游乐园是北京市人民政府1999年公告中列出的地点。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-modern-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "official", "title": "北京市人民政府关于庆祝中华人民共和国成立50周年燃放礼花的公告", "author": "北京市人民政府", "url": "https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj/szfwj/201905/t20190523_72418.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-27T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "北京市人民政府1999年公告将石景山游乐园列为庆祝中华人民共和国成立50周年的礼花燃放地点之一；此处记录当时的公告内容，不代表地点现状。[^official]", "url": "/places/beijing-shijingshan-amusement-park.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "游乐园" }, { "id": "place_ru_tyumen", "type": "place", "title": "秋明州", "slug": "ru-tyumen-oblast", "aliases": [ "Tyumen Oblast" ], "summary": "秋明州是俄罗斯的联邦主体，类型为州，表中代码 72。行政中心秋明。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Federal subjects of Russia", "author": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia", "locator": "2026-11-09 访问" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-09T09:51:02+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-09T09:51:02+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**秋明州**（Tyumen Oblast，表中代码 72）是[[place_russia_country|俄罗斯]]的州，行政中心秋明。表载面积 160,122 平方公里，人口按 2025 年 1 月 1 日初步估计为 1,625,129，设立年份 1944。[^s1]。", "url": "/places/ru-tyumen-oblast.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "oblast" }, { "id": "place_ru_altai_republic", "type": "place", "title": "阿尔泰共和国", "slug": "ru-altai-republic", "aliases": [ "Altai Republic" ], "summary": "阿尔泰共和国是俄罗斯的联邦主体，表中代码 04，行政中心戈尔诺-阿尔泰斯克。本条不是阿尔泰边疆区。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Federal subjects of Russia", "author": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia", "locator": "2026-11-09 访问" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-09T09:45:52+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-09T09:45:52+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**阿尔泰共和国**（Altai Republic，表中代码 04）是[[place_russia_country|俄罗斯]]的共和国，行政中心戈尔诺-阿尔泰斯克。表载面积 92,903 平方公里，人口按 2025 年 1 月 1 日初步估计为 210,099，设立年份 1922。同页另有阿尔泰边疆区，两者不是同一个联邦主体[^s1]。", "url": "/places/ru-altai-republic.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "republic" }, { "id": "person_buchi_emecheta", "type": "person", "title": "布奇·埃梅切塔", "slug": "buchi-emecheta", "aliases": [ "Buchi Emecheta", "Florence Onyebuchi Emecheta" ], "summary": "布奇·埃梅切塔（1944—2017）是尼日利亚作家，以小说、戏剧、自传和儿童书著称，代表作为1974年的《二等公民》。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-literature" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Buchi Emecheta", "author": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchi_Emecheta", "locator": "2026-11-09 访问" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-09T03:38:12+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-09T03:38:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**布奇·埃梅切塔**（Buchi Emecheta，本名 Florence Onyebuchi Emecheta，1944年7月21日—2017年1月25日）是尼日利亚作家，作品包括小说、戏剧、自传和儿童书。她最为人知的是1974年的小说《二等公民》，其他长篇还有《嫁妆》（1976年）、《奴隶女孩》（1977年）和《母亲的喜悦》（1979年）。她被说成“1948年以后第一位在英国取得成功的黑人女性小说家”[^s1]。\n\n## 生平\n\n她出生于拉各斯。早期大部分小说由 Allison and Busby 出版，编辑是 Margaret Busby[^s1]。", "url": "/people/buchi-emecheta.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1944, "month": 7, "day": 21, "precision": "day", "display": "1944年7月21日" }, "death": { "year": 2017, "month": 1, "day": 25, "precision": "day", "display": "2017年1月25日" }, "occupations": [ "小说家" ], "nativePlace": "尼日利亚拉各斯", "isFictional": false, "personCategory": "作家" }, { "id": "organization_paraguay_defence", "type": "organization", "title": "巴拉圭国防部", "slug": "paraguay-defence", "aliases": [ "Ministerio de Defensa Nacional" ], "summary": "巴拉圭国防部是巴拉圭政府主管国防事务的部门，现任部长为奥斯卡·冈萨雷斯，总部位于亚松森。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s2", "title": "Paraguay — World Leaders（美国中央情报局，2024-09-20 更新；财政、工贸、央行三项以 2026 年新闻订正）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/paraguay/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T17:18:06+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T17:18:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n巴拉圭国防部（Ministerio de Defensa Nacional）是巴拉圭政府主管国防政策与武装力量管理的部门。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n设立于19世纪，负责陆军、海军、空军的行政管理与国防政策制定。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定国防政策与国防预算；管理陆军、海军、空军；负责国防采购与军事教育；协调边境安全与国内安全支援行动。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部长为奥斯卡·冈萨雷斯；下辖三军司令部。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：奥斯卡·冈萨雷斯（Óscar González），2023年8月15日至今任职。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部：巴拉圭亚松森。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/paraguay-defence.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_comoros_posts", "type": "organization", "title": "科摩罗邮政、电信、数字经济与透明部", "slug": "comoros-posts", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, Digital Economy and Transparency" ], "summary": "科摩罗邮政、电信、数字经济与透明部是科摩罗政府主管邮政、电信与数字经济的部门，现任部长为乌穆里·姆马迪·哈桑，总部位于莫罗尼。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s-km-cia", "title": "Comoros — World Leaders（美国中央情报局，2026-02-11更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/comoros/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T16:52:08+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T16:52:08+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n科摩罗邮政、电信、数字经济与透明部（Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications, Digital Economy and Transparency）是科摩罗政府主管邮政、电信、数字经济与政务透明的部门。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n由邮政、电信、数字经济与透明职能整合设立。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定邮政与电信政策；推动数字经济发展；负责政务公开与透明建设。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部长为乌穆里·姆马迪·哈桑（Oumouri M'madi Hassane）；下设邮政、电信、数字经济等分支。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：乌穆里·姆马迪·哈桑（Oumouri M'madi Hassane），截至2026年2月在任。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部：科摩罗马塞卢。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/comoros-posts.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_ghana_ministry_of_education", "type": "organization", "title": "加纳教育部", "slug": "ghana-ministry-of-education", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Education" ], "summary": "加纳加纳教育部，现任负责人哈鲁纳·伊德里苏（2025年1月22日就任）。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "cia-gh", "title": "加纳领导人与内阁成员（美国中情局《世界领导人》，2025-12-15更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/ghana" }, { "id": "gh-list", "title": "加纳马哈马政府部长名单（2026年9月）", "url": "https://agyedin.com/ministers/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T16:37:42+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T16:37:42+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n加纳教育部（Ministry of Education）是加纳政府的教育部主管部门，负责教育部领域的政策制定与执行。\n## 历史沿革\n该部为加纳政府组成部门，现行设置以2026年11月为准。\n## 主要职能\n负责加纳教育部相关政策的制定、执行与监管，统筹该领域国家规划、预算执行与对外合作。\n## 组织结构\n该部下设司局级机构，具体设置未详；部长以下设国务秘书或副部长级官员协助工作。\n## 现任负责人\n哈鲁纳·伊德里苏（2025年1月22日就任至今）。\n## 总部与联系方式\n总部设在加纳首都，具体地址未详。\n## 来源\n加纳领导人与内阁成员（美国中情局《世界领导人》，2025-12-15更新）；加纳马哈马政府部长名单（2026年9月）", "url": "/organizations/ghana-ministry-of-education.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_bulgaria_ministry_of_foreign_affairs", "type": "organization", "title": "保加利亚外交部", "slug": "bulgaria-ministry-of-foreign-affairs", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs" ], "summary": "保加利亚外交部是保加利亚政府的组成部门，现任负责人为韦利斯拉娃·彼得罗娃-查莫娃。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "bgcab", "title": "拉德夫政府（英文维基百科）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radev_government" }, { "id": "bggov", "title": "保加利亚政府门户（government.bg）", "url": "https://www.government.bg/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T16:12:37+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T16:12:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "保加利亚外交部（Ministry of Foreign Affairs）是保加利亚政府的组成部门，现任负责人为韦利斯拉娃·彼得罗娃-查莫娃。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n保加利亚外交部成立于1879年保加利亚复国后，是保加利亚历史最悠久的政府部门之一，现行建制形成于1989年体制转型后。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n主管保加利亚外交政策、双边与多边关系、领事保护与欧盟事务。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n保加利亚外交部由部长领导，部内设部长办公厅、各司局与直属机构，具体设置见该部组织条例；部长由副部长与国务秘书协助工作。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n韦利斯拉娃·彼得罗娃-查莫娃。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部位于索非亚；官方网站见保加利亚政府门户 government.bg。\n\n## 来源\n\n见来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/bulgaria-ministry-of-foreign-affairs.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_pakistan_foreign_affairs", "type": "organization", "title": "巴基斯坦外交部", "slug": "pakistan-foreign-affairs", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "MoFA Pakistan" ], "summary": "巴基斯坦外交部是巴基斯坦政府主管外交事务的部门，现任部长为伊沙克·达尔，总部位于伊斯兰堡。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "src-pak-cabinet", "title": "Second Shehbaz Sharif government（维基百科，第二届夏巴兹·谢里夫内阁）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Shehbaz_Sharif_government" }, { "id": "src-cia-pak", "title": "Pakistan — World Leaders（美国中央情报局）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/pakistan" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T15:17:09+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T15:17:09+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n巴基斯坦外交部（Ministry of Foreign Affairs）是巴基斯坦政府主管外交事务的联邦部门，负责制定与执行外交政策、管理驻外使团。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n1947年巴基斯坦独立时设立；总部位于伊斯兰堡外交部大楼。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定与执行外交政策；管理驻外使领馆与外交人员；负责条约谈判、领事保护与海外巴基斯坦人事务协调；参与地区与国际组织事务。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部长为伊沙克·达尔（兼副总理）；下设外交秘书领导的秘书处与各地区司；辖驻外使领馆网络与外交学院。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：伊沙克·达尔（Ishaq Dar），2024年3月11日至今任职。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部：巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡宪法大道外交部大楼。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/pakistan-foreign-affairs.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_macau_customs", "type": "organization", "title": "海关", "slug": "macau-customs", "aliases": [ "Serviços de Alfândega de Macau", "SA", "Macao Customs", "澳门海关" ], "summary": "澳门特别行政区政府部门，负责海关监管与口岸通关事务，关长为须由国务院任命的主要官员，现任关长为何浩瀚。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "澳门海关 - 维基百科", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C?oldformat=true" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "国务院任命澳门特别行政区第六届政府主要官员和检察长 - 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站", "url": "https://www.gov.mo/zh-hans/news/795097/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "何浩瀚：牢记历史使命 勇担时代重任 - 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站", "url": "https://www.gov.mo/zh-hans/news/919567/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T14:42:13+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T14:42:13+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n澳门海关（葡萄牙语：Serviços de Alfândega de Macau，缩写：SA；英语：Macao Customs）是澳门特别行政区政府部门，负责海关监管、口岸通关与缉私等事务。[^s1]海关关长为澳门政府主要官员，需要由澳门行政长官提名，报请中华人民共和国中央人民政府任命或罢免。[^s1]现任关长为何浩瀚。[^s2][^s3]\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n澳门海关成立于2001年11月1日，前身为水警稽查局；每年11月6日为纪念日，即海关日。[^s1]其前身可追溯至1822年成立的港务局、1841年的港口警察、1862年的海事警察，1957年港口警察及稽查警察合并为水警稽查队，1975年起由澳门保安部队统一指挥，1999年12月20日易名水警稽查局。[^s1]2001年撤销水警稽查局成立澳门海关，海关行使水警稽查队全部职能，亦行使原经济局（打击侵权）及劳工事务局（打击黑工）部分职能。[^s1]何浩瀚于2024年12月20日就任海关关长。[^s2]\n\n## 主要职能\n\n澳门海关负责口岸海关监管、通关便利、打击走私与侵权、维护国家安全等工作，致力推进口岸“三通”提质增效，运用大数据、人工智能等科技手段强化监管，配合横琴粤澳深度合作区与粤港澳大湾区发展。[^s1][^s3]\n\n## 组织结构\n\n澳门海关设关长一人，助理关长两人，现任助理关长为叶华钊、吴嘉慧。[^s1]下设若干厅处，具体编制见组织法规。[^s1]\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n关长：何浩瀚（2024年12月20日起任职，由国务院任命）。[^s2][^s3]\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部设于澳门海关总部。官方网站：www.customs.gov.mo。详细地址与联系方式见澳门特别行政区政府入口网站。[^s1]\n\n## 来源\n\n- 维基百科「澳门海关」条目。[^s1]\n- 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站国务院任命第六届政府主要官员新闻。[^s2]\n- 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站海关关长何浩瀚新闻。[^s3]", "url": "/organizations/macau-customs.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "person_chuck_schumer", "type": "person", "title": "查克·舒默", "slug": "chuck-schumer", "aliases": [ "Chuck Schumer" ], "summary": "美国民主党政治人物，参议院少数党领袖，2025年1月3日就任；纽约州资深联邦参议员，1999年起任职。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "查克·舒默（英文维基百科）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "美国国会众议院历史、艺术与档案馆：查克·舒默传记", "url": "https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/21322" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T13:21:58+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T13:22:50+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "查克·舒默（Chuck Schumer）是美国民主党政治人物，2025年1月3日起任参议院少数党领袖兼参议院民主党领袖。\n\n## 现任职务\n\n舒默2025年1月3日起任参议院少数党领袖兼参议院民主党领袖（第119届国会，任期至2027年1月）；同时为纽约州资深联邦参议员，1999年起任职，任期至2029年1月3日。他自2017年起领导参议院民主党党团，2021年至2025年任多数党领袖。[^s1][^s2]\n\n## 早年与教育\n\n舒默1950年11月23日生于纽约市布鲁克林米德伍德，父亲经营灭虫生意，母亲为家庭主妇；1967年以第一名毕业于詹姆斯·麦迪逊高中（SAT满分1600分）；1971年获哈佛大学文学士学位（优等），1974年获哈佛法学院法学博士学位，1975年获纽约州律师资格。[^s1][^s2]\n\n## 职业与从政经历\n\n舒默1975年至1980年任纽约州众议员（三届）；1981年至1999年任联邦众议员（九届）。1998年，他击败在任参议员阿尔·达马托当选联邦参议员，2004年、2010年、2016年、2022年连任。任内他曾任民主党参议员竞选委员会主席（2005年至2008年）、民主党政策与宣传委员会主席（2011年至2017年）；2017年至2021年任少数党领袖，2021年至2025年任多数党领袖，为纽约州任职时间最长的参议员。[^s1][^s2]\n\n## 主要事迹与主张\n\n舒默任多数党领袖期间，推动通过《基础设施投资与就业法》《芯片与科学法》《通胀削减法》等立法；长期关注枪支管制、消费者保护与纽约州地方事务。[^s1][^s2]", "url": "/people/chuck-schumer.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1950, "display": "1950年11月23日" }, "occupations": [ "政治人物", "律师" ] }, { "id": "ich_folk_120", "type": "work", "title": "洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依", "slug": "luoqiluoye-yu-zhasizhayi", "summary": "《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》是哈尼族碧约人口传叙事长诗，项目编号Ⅰ-120，2011年入选第三批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依代表性传承人张桂芬 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/ccr_detail/790.html" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "云南国家级非遗民间文学作品研究综述", "url": "https://ojs.as-pub.com/index.php/JYYS/article/download/13350/8964/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:45:58+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:45:58+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅰ-120，类别为民间文学，2011年入选第三批名录，申报地区为云南省墨江哈尼族自治县[^s1]。叙事长诗《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》是哈尼族碧约人口传叙事长诗，流传于云南省滇南的哈尼族聚居地区，主要在普洱市墨江哈尼族自治县、江城哈尼族彝族自治县、宁洱哈尼族彝族自治县及红河州、玉溪市的哈尼族碧约人支系聚居的村寨中。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依是长诗中的两位青年，男为英雄智慧的化身，女为美丽纯真的代表；全诗分为“开头的歌”“扎斯扎依”“洛奇洛耶”“赶街相会”“秧田对歌”“串门求亲”“成家立业”等章节。哈尼族碧约支系世代口传这一长诗，用哈尼腊达调演唱，成年后成为周边地区家喻户晓的歌手是许多传承人的成长路径。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》是哈尼族碧约支系世代口传的民间叙事长诗，全诗约1000余行；该长诗讲述一对哈尼族青年洛奇洛耶（意为“顶天立地的英雄”）与扎斯扎依（意为“智慧美丽的花朵”）从相识、相恋、成家到共同领导抗租斗争、英勇牺牲的悲壮故事，融合纯真爱情、劳动赞歌与反抗压迫主题，歌颂哈尼族朴实、淳厚、倔强、不屈的民族性格与追求自由的精神，被誉为哈尼族英雄颂歌，与《阿诗玛》《阿细先基》等并列为中国少数民族优秀叙事长诗[^s2]。另有记录称全诗共有十一章，2000余行，广泛流传于墨江哈尼族自治县哈尼族碧约人聚居的所有村落，行数差异源于不同版本与统计口径。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n代表性传承人张桂芬，女，哈尼族，1944年11月生，云南省墨江哈尼族自治县人，第四批国家级非物质文化遗产项目洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依代表性传承人；她7岁时师从鲍李氏和母亲李琼学习歌舞技艺，用哈尼腊达调演唱叙事长诗《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》和各类哈尼族民歌，成年后成为周边地区家喻户晓的歌手，多次参加当地和省内外各类民间文艺演出并获奖；三名主要徒弟都已掌握《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》的演唱技巧和其他哈尼族民歌，并常年坚持教村里的儿童唱《洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依》，是传承哈尼族传统文化的骨干[^s1]。2018—2019年，国家级非物质文化遗产“洛奇洛耶与扎斯扎依（张桂芬）”项目抢救性记录工作在墨江县实施，为这一长诗的活态传承留下了影像与口述记录。", "url": "/works/luoqiluoye-yu-zhasizhayi.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "other" }, { "id": "concept_ich_8_180", "type": "concept", "title": "窑洞营造技艺", "slug": "yao-dong-ying-zao-ji-yi", "summary": "窑洞营造技艺是黄土高原特有的窑洞民居营造技艺，包括靠崖式、下沉式等多种样式。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "项目页 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/14685/", "locator": "项目编号与项目介绍" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:38:47+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:38:47+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n窑洞营造技艺是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅷ-180，于2008年列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录，属传统技艺类。[^s1]窑洞是黄土高原特有的一种民居形式，是人类早期穴居发展演变的实物遗存，广泛流布于山西、陕西、甘肃等地。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n窑洞营造依托黄土高原的自然条件：黄土一般长达一二百米、极难渗水、直立性很强，为窑洞提供了良好的自然条件；同时，干燥少雨、冬季寒冷、树木较少等自然地理状况，也为经济实用、不需木材的窑洞营造技艺提供了发展和延续的契机。[^s1]山西省平陆县的窑洞称为“地窨院”，又称“地坑院”“天井窑院”“下沉式窑院”等，其营造技艺距今已有四千余年的历史；陕北窑洞、地坑院等扩展项目则显示了这一技艺在不同地区的延续。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n窑洞在不同自然环境、地貌特征和地方风土的影响下，形成了各种不同的样式。[^s1]根据建筑的布局结构形式划分，主要有明庄窑、土坑窑、独立式窑洞、靠崖式窑洞、下沉式窑洞等；平顶式窑洞是在平地上用土坯或砖石垒砌而成。地坑院依不同用途可分为居住窑、储存窑、牲畜窑、茅厕窑及门洞窑等，院落下沉于地面之下，既节省耕地，又冬暖夏凉，体现了先民因地制宜的生存智慧。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n窑洞营造技艺以师徒与家族传承为主，平陆县文化馆、延安市宝塔区文化馆等保护单位负责传习。[^s1]随着农村居住条件改善，新建窑洞减少，传统营造的实践机会相应减少；近年来，各地通过窑洞民居保护、民俗展示与修缮工程，使靠崖窑、地坑院的营造技术在保护性修复中得到延续。", "url": "/concepts/yao-dong-ying-zao-ji-yi.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "other" }, { "id": "concept_duijin", "type": "concept", "title": "堆锦", "slug": "duijin", "summary": "堆锦是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目（Ⅶ-71，传统美术），主要子项为山西长治的上党堆锦，俗称长治堆花。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "堆锦 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/14176.html" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录（国务院）", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/zhengce_details/11664.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:37:54+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:37:54+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n堆锦是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号为Ⅶ-71，类别为传统美术，2008年公布为第二批国家级项目，申报地区为山西省长治市，主要子项为上党堆锦[^s1][^s2]。上党堆锦俗称“长治堆花”，是山西省上党地区（今长治市）特有的一种传统手工艺。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n唐中宗神龙三年（707），时受封为临淄王的李隆基就任潞州（今长治市）别驾，将宫廷中以丝绸为材料的堆绢工艺带到上党地区，其后流入民间，经千余年的实践探索，逐渐形成精巧的上党堆锦工艺[^s1]。20世纪以来，当地出现了一批优秀的堆锦艺人；70年代初，弓氏苦心钻研，在继承传统的基础上改革创新，使堆锦技艺得到进一步的发展[^s1]。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n上党堆锦以各色丝绸、缎料为主要材料，将剪裁成形的绸片层层堆贴、缝缀于底衬之上，形成浮雕式的立体画面。现在的上党堆锦在保持绸缎艺术特有的雍容华贵之美的前提下，呈现出具有时代特点的新面貌，其产品既有中国画的笔墨韵味，又有油画的塑造效果，同时还产生出一种浮雕式的立体感[^s1]。通过精选材料和进行工艺处理，上党堆锦可以不生蛀、不褪色，这使它可以更为长久地保存于世，传之于后[^s1]。题材以花鸟、人物、山水与吉祥图案为主，色彩富丽，层次分明。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n堆锦列入国家级名录后，由长治市黄河工艺美术学校、长治市堆锦研究所等保护单位主持传承，通过职业教育与传习授徒培养新一代堆锦艺人[^s1]。堆锦作品作为山西特色工艺美术品，常见于展览、礼品与家居装饰市场，保护单位通过材料工艺研究与新题材开发，使这一千年绸贴工艺在当代仍能持续生产与传播。", "url": "/concepts/duijin.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "intangible_heritage" }, { "id": "concept_ewenke_qiangshu", "type": "concept", "title": "鄂温克抢枢", "slug": "ewenke-qiangshu", "summary": "鄂温克族传统民间体育竞技游戏，“枢”指勒勒车车轴上防止车轮脱落的木制卡销。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "鄂温克抢枢——中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/13847/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "国务院关于公布第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录和第一批国家级非物质文化遗产扩展项目名录的通知——中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/zhengce_details/11664" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:34:05+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:34:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n鄂温克抢枢是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅵ-40，类别为传统体育、游艺与杂技，申报地区为内蒙古自治区鄂温克族自治旗，2008年列入第二批国家级名录[^s1][^s2]。鄂温克抢枢是一项传统民间体育竞技游戏，主要在内蒙古自治区流传。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n“枢”鄂温克语为“销子”，是指游牧民族所用勒勒车车轴上防止车轮脱落的加固式木制卡销。抢枢运动历史悠久，在呼伦贝尔草原和大兴安岭鄂温克人居住的地方，逢到“敖包会”“那达慕”“瑟宾节”，它会同摔跤、赛马、射箭等活动一起举行，成为草原节庆体育的重要组成部分[^s1]。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n抢枢比赛要求队员有较好的奔跑能力、敏捷的反应能力、较强的臂力、握力和良好的摔跤技巧。抢枢比赛过程中既有橄榄球式的争夺，也有角力式的摔抢，它集合了鄂温克人日常游牧、狩猎过程中的众多技能，以独特的比赛方式锻造鄂温克人强健的体魄和坚毅果敢的性格，深受鄂温克人民的喜爱，同时也为蒙古族、达斡尔族、鄂伦春族等兄弟民族所接受，是一项融思想性、教育性、娱乐性于一体的传统体育运动[^s1]。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n鄂温克抢枢的国家级代表性传承人哈森其其格等人在挖掘、整理和规范、发展“抢枢”项目过程中付出了巨大努力，他们多次举办抢枢游戏培训班，在此基础上逐渐形成了有固定场地、器具、比赛规则的竞技运动。列入国家级名录后，抢枢通过那达慕、瑟宾节等节庆比赛、培训班和学校推广等方式延续传承，成为鄂温克族传统体育文化的重要代表[^s1][^s2]。", "url": "/concepts/ewenke-qiangshu.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "intangible_heritage" }, { "id": "concept_pingxiang_xiangdong_nuo_mianju", "type": "concept", "title": "萍乡湘东傩面具", "slug": "pingxiang-xiangdong-nuo-mianju", "summary": "萍乡湘东傩面具是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目（编号Ⅶ-45），以江西萍乡湘东区为中心的傩面具雕刻艺术，2006年入选第一批名录。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "萍乡湘东傩面具 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/14030.html" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "赣傩面具：传承千年的古老表情 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/10909.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:24:51+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:32:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## 简介\n\n萍乡湘东傩面具是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅶ-45，类别为传统美术，2006年入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录，申报地区为江西省萍乡市[^s1]。它是优秀的民间传统雕刻，主要分布于湘东区的麻山、排上、荷尧等乡镇，面具多以樟木刻制，造型沿袭古法、程式独特，注重人物性格的刻画[^s1][^s2]。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n傩文化起源与原始狩猎、图腾崇拜和巫术意识有关，意为迎神赛会、驱逐疫鬼，周代已有国人傩、天子傩、大傩等记载，民间乡人傩则一直在民间延续，并与宗教、文艺、民俗结合，衍变为多种形态的傩舞、傩戏[^s2]。江西是傩文化积淀最为深厚的地域之一，赣傩可上溯到三千多年前的殷商时期。湘东傩面具雕刻技艺据处士赖明德口述，有唐代雕法和宋代雕法之分，唐代雕法比较粗陋，宋代雕法比较精细；现存湘东傩面具雕刻技法在清代时由湖南传入，在湘东已传至三代，主要是宋代傩面雕刻技艺。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n湘东傩面具风格古朴细腻、工艺复杂讲究，目前的传承人能够雕刻四百四十只完整的宋代人形傩面[^s1]。其表现手法主要以五官的变化和装饰来完成人物性格的塑造，可以表现剽悍、凶猛、狰狞、威武、严厉、稳重、深沉、冷静、英气、狂傲、奸诈、滑稽、忠诚、正直、刚烈、和蔼、温柔、妍丽、慈祥等二十多种性格，面面俱到、人性毕现。面具既用于傩舞、傩戏表演，也因雕刻艺术超过宗教祭祀意义而日益成为引人瞩目的民间工艺品和收藏品。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n萍乡湘东傩面具的代表性传承人包括赖明德等世家传人，传承关系可追溯到宋代，今见赖明德祖传神谱皆为宋代精品[^s1]。原有四千多幅傩面具，现存七百多幅，保护工作以记录神谱、抢救老面具、培养青年雕刻艺人和推动傩面具在民俗展演、博物馆展示中的应用为重点，使这一古老表情艺术在当代继续传承。", "url": "/concepts/pingxiang-xiangdong-nuo-mianju.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "intangible_heritage" }, { "id": "work_ich_iv_35", "type": "work", "title": "荆河戏", "slug": "jing-he-xi", "summary": "荆河戏是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目Ⅳ-35（第一批，2006年公布），主要流行于湘西北及湖北荆州、沙市一带。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "ihchina", "title": "荆河戏 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/13219.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:32:35+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:32:35+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n荆河戏原名“荆沙戏”，俗称“上河戏”“上河路子”“荆河调”，湖南俗称“大台戏”“大汉班”，新中国成立后定名为荆河戏；澧州荆河戏则因流传于长江荆河段而得名，历史上曾有上河路子、大班子、大台戏等名称，抗战期间又曾被叫作楚剧、汉剧、湘剧，1954年正式定名为荆河戏。它流行于湘西北及荆州（沙市）一带，至今已有四百多年的历史。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n明代万历年间，沙市的戏曲演出十分繁盛；至清代顺治八年（1651），这里已有荆河戏的演出活动。清代嘉庆、道光年间，“泰寿”“三元”两大荆河戏名班出现在沙市，名伶荟萃，在荆沙一带享誉百多年。澧州一脉则起于明初永乐年间，明末清初秦腔戏班随李自成军来到澧州，艺人们四处流散，到清代初年基本完成了楚调与秦腔的“南北结合”，形成荆河戏弹腔的“南北路”，荆河戏基本成型。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n荆河戏属于多声腔剧种，兼唱高腔、昆腔、弹腔（南北路）、杂腔小调等，又吸收了荆楚民间劳动和生活歌谣的不少音乐元素；其音乐南北交融，别具韵味，演唱高亢激越，优美婉转，表演大气直率，贴近生活。目前荆河戏尚有工尺谱曲牌300个，剧目近千种；澧州荆河戏保存下来的剧目有五百多出，包括整本戏四百五十多出、散折戏六十多出，基本出于元明杂剧传奇、章回小说、民间故事，代表性剧目包括《百子图》《楚宫抚琴》《大回荆州》《双驸马》《沙滩会》《翠屏山》《反武科》《秦雪梅》《三娘教子》《一捧雪》《四下河南》等。荆河戏的脚色行当分生、小生、旦、老旦、花脸、丑六行，表演讲究内、外八块的功夫，“内八块”指喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、疑、痴、醉等内心情感，“外八块”指云手、站档、踢腿、放腰、片马、箭步、摆裆、下盘等外部形体程式动作；现在流传于荆州市沙市区、荆州区的荆河戏中还有不少剧目保留着原来的“单钹路子”。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n荆河戏于2006年列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，保护单位包括澧县荆河剧院、荆州市群众艺术馆（荆州市艺术研究所）等，2008年荆州市的扩展项目亦列入同一编号。半个世纪以来，荆河戏发展停滞，渐趋衰落，第四代、第五代传人虽尚健在，但大多年事已高，无法从事演艺活动，后继乏人，处于濒危状态，急需保护传承。如今，各保护单位通过剧目记录、传承人扶持和基层演出，努力抢救这一荆楚古老声腔。", "url": "/works/jing-he-xi.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "art" }, { "id": "event_pumi_niandaze_fengshan_yishi", "type": "event", "title": "普米族拈达则封山仪式", "slug": "pumi-niandaze-fengshan-yishi", "summary": "普米族在一年一度的节祭里检讨人与大自然的关系、强调社会规范及个人行为准则的重要民俗活动，每年三月举行，历时3天。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "普米族拈达则封山仪式 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/art/detail/id/23615.html" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录 - 黄山学院非遗中心", "url": "https://fyzx.hsu.edu.cn/92/84/c1073a168580/page.htm" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:20:25+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:20:25+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n普米族拈达则封山仪式是普米族在一年一度的节祭里检讨人与大自然的关系、强调社会规范及个人行为准则的重要民俗活动[^s1]。“拈”为恒久，“达”为平安，“则”为栽种，即栽下永远平安和谐之树；活动于每年三月举行，历时3天，流传于云南省丽江市宁蒗县[^s1]。申报地区为云南省丽江市宁蒗彝族自治县，2021年列入第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录，项目编号Ⅹ-167，保护单位为宁蒗彝族自治县非物质文化遗产保护中心[^s1][^s2]。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n拈达则传承非常古老遥远，从《拈达则经》、民间祭祀词、古歌、民间故事、绘画及拈达则遗迹中可以得到佐证；相传普米族从青海、甘肃往四川、云南迁徙，沿途主要以狩猎和采集为生[^s1]。普米人认识到人与人、人与自然之间存在相互依存的关系，人们都要保护自然，万物才能得以生存；保护好自然万物，人类才能得以繁衍，这是拈达则习俗形成的原因；保护森林、珍惜万物生命，逐渐成为全族的主流意识[^s1]。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n拈达则的重要仪式有：竖拈达树、烧天香、祭龙神、制作面偶、诵念拈达经、褪口舌、药汤祛病、赎债种树、放生等[^s1]。仪式依照传统仪轨，由具有影响力的民间人士组织，以韩规（普米文化的传承者，民间祭司）和释毕（韩规的助手，擅长口授经，又是民俗活动的不同仪轨的具体组织人）主持、群众按户凑份子的方式进行[^s1]。韩规布置祭坛，举行恭请诸神护佑仪式，人们在拈达山上竖立拈达树，树台13层，代表宇宙的13重天；张挂73张木牌画，内容是掌管天、云、风、山、龙、雪的神像；最后向山神举行种树、放生等救赎仪式，为平时的砍伐和狩猎赎还罪孽[^s1]。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n仪式包含两重意义：一是为村寨祈福，二是启动一年里封山禁伐期；封山持续至农历八月十五，除了放牧、采集荆棘树枝外，封山期严禁砍伐成材木以及狩猎，若有违背则会招至噩梦、生疮、瘟疫等噩运；旧时还有挂枪束弓烧绳套之俗，这些约定俗成的乡规民约经拈达则仪式而神圣化，任何人都有权劝阻违规行为[^s1]。拈达则表达了普米人对大自然、对祖先的敬畏，2021年列入国家级名录后，宁蒗县非物质文化遗产保护中心作为保护单位开展保护工作，当地民间流传的许多以拈达则为主题的神话传说、民歌、谚语、故事、民间舞蹈仍在传习[^s1][^s2]。", "url": "/events/pumi-niandaze-fengshan-yishi.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "eventKind": "culture" }, { "id": "person_cn_q124638971", "type": "person", "title": "Wen Yang", "slug": "wen-yang-sanguo-q124638971", "aliases": [ "文鸯" ], "summary": "Wen Yang as a character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, based on the historical Wen Yang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q124638971", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124638971" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:46:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "## Portrayal\n\nPortrayal in [[work_cn_q70806|The Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] of the historical person [[person_cn_q2901614|Wen Yang]][^wikidata].", "url": "/people/wen-yang-sanguo-q124638971.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_nobel_715", "type": "person", "title": "詹姆斯·莫理斯", "slug": "james-a-mirrlees", "aliases": [ "James A. Mirrlees" ], "summary": "詹姆斯·莫理斯（James A. Mirrlees，1936年7月5日—2018年8月29日）是英国经济学家，不对称信息下激励理论的奠基者之一，以最优所得税理论闻名，1996年与威廉·维克里共享诺贝尔经济学奖。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-awards", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-nobel-prize" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "James A. Mirrlees – Facts", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1996/mirrlees/facts/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1996", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1996/summary/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "詹姆斯·莫理斯", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Advanced information – The Prize in Economic Sciences 1996", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1996/advanced-information/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:38:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T12:26:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**詹姆斯·莫理斯**（James A. Mirrlees，1936年7月5日—2018年8月29日）出生于英国，2018年8月29日在剑桥（英国）去世。\n\n## 生平与职业生涯\n\n莫理斯1936年生于苏格兰明尼加夫，1957年在爱丁堡大学获数学硕士学位，1963年在剑桥大学获经济学博士学位，1963年至1968年在剑桥大学任教[^s3]。1969年，年仅33岁的他出任牛津大学埃奇沃思讲座经济学教授并任纳菲尔德学院院士，直至1995年返回剑桥大学任三一学院政治经济学教授；2002年起任香港中文大学博文讲座教授，2006年起任晨兴书院院长，1997年受封爵士[^s3]。\n\n## 主要成就\n\n莫理斯1971年发表的最优所得税论文，是不对称信息下最优经济政策设计的第一个完整分析：政府不知道每个人的生产能力，而个人会根据税制调整劳动供给；因此税制必须在公平与效率之间权衡，高税率会打击工作意愿，低税率则难以筹集财政收入[^s3]。这一方法成为不对称信息经济学与委托—代理理论的范式，也为道德风险、激励机制与最优契约设计研究奠定了基础[^s4]。\n\n## 获奖\n\n1996 年瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖由 2 位得主共享，詹姆斯·莫理斯占其中 1/2 份，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 University of Cambridge，所在地为剑桥（英国）[^s1]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_1996|1996 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]", "url": "/people/james-a-mirrlees.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1936, "month": 7, "day": 5, "precision": "day", "display": "1936年7月5日" }, "death": { "year": 2018, "month": 8, "day": 29, "precision": "day", "display": "2018年8月29日" }, "occupations": [ "经济学家" ] }, { "id": "person_cn_q466462", "type": "person", "title": "Chang'e", "slug": "chang-e", "aliases": [ "嫦娥" ], "summary": "Chang'e, Chinese mythical figure.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q466462", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466462" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "嫦娥（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AB%A6%E5%A8%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:38:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "## Appears in\n\n- [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]]", "url": "/people/chang-e.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q123705040", "type": "person", "title": "Cao Bao", "slug": "cao-bao-sanguo-q123705040", "aliases": [ "曹豹" ], "summary": "Cao Bao as a character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, based on the historical Cao Bao.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q123705040", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123705040" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:53:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## Portrayal\n\nPortrayal in [[work_cn_q70806|The Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] of the historical person [[person_cn_q702740|Cao Bao]][^wikidata].", "url": "/people/cao-bao-sanguo-q123705040.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q5971883", "type": "person", "title": "Wang Dingliu", "slug": "wang-dingliu", "aliases": [ "王定六" ], "summary": "Wang Dingliu, Water Margin character.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q5971883", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5971883" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "王定六（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%85%AD" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:10:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "## Appears in\n\n- [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]]", "url": "/people/wang-dingliu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q130313450", "type": "person", "title": "Ma Yuan", "slug": "ma-yuan-fengshen", "aliases": [ "马元" ], "summary": "Ma Yuan, Investiture of the Gods character.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q130313450", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130313450" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "马元 (封神演义)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%83_(%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:28:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## Appears in\n\n- [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]]", "url": "/people/ma-yuan-fengshen.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q334323", "type": "person", "title": "Ouyang Xiu", "slug": "ouyang-xiu", "aliases": [ "欧阳修" ], "summary": "Ouyang Xiu (1007 – 1072), Chinese poet, historian and statesman (1007–1072).", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q334323", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334323" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "欧阳修（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%98%B3%E4%BF%AE" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "宋史·卷319（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7319" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:39:39+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## Official history\n\nBiography in 宋史·卷319[^zhengshi].\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Born: 1007[^wikidata]\n- Died: 1072[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_510700|Mianyang]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/ouyang-xiu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1007, "display": "1007" }, "death": { "year": 1072, "display": "1072" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q7297", "type": "person", "title": "Emperor Huan of Han", "slug": "emperor-huan-han", "aliases": [ "汉桓帝" ], "summary": "Emperor Huan of Han (132 – 168), Chinese Han Dynasty emperor from 146 to 168.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q7297", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7297" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "汉桓帝（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%A1%93%E5%B8%9D" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "后汉书/卷7（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B77" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:33:17+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## Official history\n\nBiography in 后汉书/卷7[^zhengshi].\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Born: 132[^wikidata]\n- Died: 168[^wikidata]\n\n## Portrayals\n\n- [[person_cn_q123576038|Emperor Huan of Han]] (character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/emperor-huan-han.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 132, "display": "132" }, "death": { "year": 168, "display": "168" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q713570", "type": "person", "title": "Gao Rou", "slug": "gao-rou", "aliases": [ "高柔" ], "summary": "Gao Rou (174 – 263), Chinese Cao Wei official (174-263).", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q713570", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713570" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "高柔（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9F%94" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷24（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B724" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:33:38+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## Official history\n\n\u003e 高柔字文惠，陳留圉人也。父靖，為蜀郡都尉。\n\n— 三国志/卷24[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Born: 174[^wikidata]\n- Died: 263[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_410200|Kaifeng]][^wikidata]\n\n## Portrayals\n\n- [[person_cn_q124618874|Gao Rou]] (character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/gao-rou.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 174, "display": "174" }, "death": { "year": 263, "display": "263" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1924242", "type": "person", "title": "Suo Chao", "slug": "suo-chao", "aliases": [ "索超" ], "summary": "Suo Chao, Water Margin character.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1924242", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1924242" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "索超（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E8%B6%85" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T16:42:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## Basic facts\n\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_130000|Hebei]][^wikidata]\n\n## Appears in\n\n- [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]]", "url": "/people/suo-chao.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_nobel_434", "type": "person", "title": "斯坦利·科恩", "slug": "stanley-cohen", "aliases": [ "Stanley Cohen" ], "summary": "斯坦利·科恩（Stanley Cohen，1922年11月17日—2020年2月5日）是美国生物化学家，1986 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主之一。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-awards", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-nobel-prize" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Stanley Cohen – Facts", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1986/cohen/facts/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1986/summary/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:38:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:28:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**斯坦利·科恩**（Stanley Cohen，1922年11月17日—2020年2月5日）出生于布鲁克林区（美国），2020年2月5日在纳什维尔（美国）去世。\n\n## 获奖\n\n1986 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由 2 位得主共享，斯坦利·科恩占其中 1/2 份，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“for their discoveries of growth factors”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 Vanderbilt University School of Medicine，所在地为纳什维尔（美国）[^s1]。\n\n## 生平与贡献\n\n斯坦利·科恩是生物化学家。他与丽塔·列维-蒙塔尔奇尼合作发现了神经生长因子（NGF），并独自分离出表皮生长因子（EGF），证明了特定蛋白质因子可以调控细胞的生长与分化；这一发现为发育生物学与癌症研究奠定了基础[^s1][^s2]。1986 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由他与列维-蒙塔尔奇尼共享[^s2]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_1986|1986 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]", "url": "/people/stanley-cohen.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1922, "month": 11, "day": 17, "precision": "day", "display": "1922年11月17日" }, "death": { "year": 2020, "month": 2, "day": 5, "precision": "day", "display": "2020年2月5日" }, "occupations": [ "生物化学家" ] }, { "id": "person_douban_1a65aa1c200d", "type": "person", "title": "余华", "slug": "yu-hua", "aliases": [ "Yu Hua" ], "previousSlugs": [ "douban-author-yu-hua" ], "summary": "余华是中国当代作家，1983年开始写作，代表作包括长篇小说《活着》《许三观卖血记》《在细雨中呼喊》《兄弟》《第七天》和《文城》。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-literature" ], "sources": [ { "id": "online", "title": "余华", "url": "https://www.baike.com/wikiid/7164594471367573537" }, { "id": "s1", "title": "余华", "author": "中国作家网", "url": "https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/fwzj/writer/19.shtml" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "余华简介", "author": "浙江师范大学余华研究中心", "url": "https://yuhua.zjnu.edu.cn/7394/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "纪念《收获》创刊60周年｜余华：纵论人生，纵论自我", "author": "余华（澎湃新闻）", "date": "2017-12-08", "url": "https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1896476" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "《文城》--书汇--中国作家网", "author": "中国作家网", "date": "2021-02-23", "url": "http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2021/0223/c405084-32034548.html" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "《第七天》", "author": "中国作家网", "date": "2013-06-14", "url": "http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/book/2013-06-14/3695.html" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "兄弟 (小说)", "author": "维基百科", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/兄弟_(小说)" }, { "id": "online-334", "title": "第七天", "url": "https://reader.hnlib.com/Recommend/Detail/334", "locator": "海宁市图书馆推荐书目记录：作者署名" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T01:09:20+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T10:10:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 8, "body": "**余华**（1960年—）是中国当代作家，以长篇小说[[work_douban_2f6237a9f600|《活着》]][[work_xusanguan_maixueji|《许三观卖血记》]]等作品知名[^s1]。其早期作品以先锋叙事著称，后来的长篇小说更多通过普通人的生命经历表现苦难、家庭关系与社会变迁[^online]。\n\n## 生平\n\n余华生于浙江省[[place_hangzhou|杭州市]]，幼年随父母迁居[[place_cn_330424|海盐县]]，在海盐读完小学和中学，此后在海盐县武原镇卫生院从事过约五年牙医工作[^s2]。他于1983年开始写作[^s1]，同年调入海盐县文化馆；1989年调至嘉兴市文联任《烟雨楼》编辑，1993年定居北京从事职业创作[^s2]。\n\n1987年，短篇小说[[work_shibasuichumenyuanxing|《十八岁出门远行》]]在《北京文学》第1期以头条发表，余华称之为自己的成名作[^s3]。此后他的长篇小说多首发于《收获》：第一部长篇小说[[work_zaixiyuzhonghuhan|《在细雨中呼喊》]]刊于1991年第6期，[[work_douban_2f6237a9f600|《活着》]]刊于1992年第6期，[[work_xusanguan_maixueji|《许三观卖血记》]]刊于1995年第6期[^s3]。[[work_douban_9ad3b081730a|《兄弟》]]上部、下部分别于2005年8月和2006年3月由[[organization_shanghai_literature_art_publishing_house|上海文艺出版社]]出版[^s6]；[[work_diqitian|《第七天》]]于2013年6月由[[organization_new_star_press|新星出版社]]出版[^s5]；[[work_wencheng|《文城》]]于2021年由[[organization_beijing_october_literature_art|北京十月文艺出版社]]出版[^s4]。\n\n## 主要成就\n\n《活着》和《许三观卖血记》同时入选百位批评家和文学编辑评选的“九十年代最具有影响的十部作品”[^s1]。余华曾获意大利格林扎纳·卡佛文学奖（1998年）、法国文学和艺术骑士勋章（2004年）、首届中华图书特殊贡献奖（2005年）、法国国际信使外国小说奖（2008年）、第十二届华语文学传媒大奖年度作家（2013年）和第二届中国版权金奖（2018年）等奖项[^s2]。\n\n## 影响\n\n余华的作品被翻译成40余种语言，在美国、英国、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙、日本、韩国等国家和地区出版[^s2]。\n\n## 馆藏著录\n\n海宁市图书馆推荐书目将余华著录为以下作品的创作者或编者：\n\n- 《第七天》[^online-334]", "url": "/people/yu-hua.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1960, "month": 4, "day": 3, "precision": "day", "display": "1960年4月3日" }, "occupations": [ "小说家" ], "isFictional": false, "personCategory": "小说家" }, { "id": "work_ieee_946_2020_9356504_redline", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 946-2020", "slug": "ieee-std-946-2020-9356504-redline", "aliases": [ "946-2020", "946-2020 - IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications - Redline" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 946-2020 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications - Redline”；公开目录标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2020 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 946-2020 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9356504", "locator": "standard_number=946-2020; status=Active; modifier=Redline" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:27:21+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:27:21+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 946-2020**（IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Power Systems for Stationary Applications - Redline）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2020 年，主题领域包括 Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-946-2020-9356504-redline.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2020, "precision": "year", "display": "2020年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_946_1992", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 946-1992", "slug": "ieee-std-946-1992", "aliases": [ "946-1992", "946-1992 - IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Auxiliary Power Systems for Generating Stations" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 946-1992 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Auxiliary Power Systems for Generating Stations”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1993 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 946-1992 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2851", "locator": "standard_number=946-1992; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:27:03+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:27:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 946-1992**（IEEE Recommended Practice for the Design of DC Auxiliary Power Systems for Generating Stations）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1993 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-946-1992.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1993, "precision": "year", "display": "1993年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_859_1987", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 859-1987", "slug": "ieee-std-859-1987", "aliases": [ "859-1987", "859-1987 - IEEE Standard Terms for Reporting and Analyzing Outage Occurrences and Outage States of Electrical Transmission Facilities" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 859-1987 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard Terms for Reporting and Analyzing Outage Occurrences and Outage States of Electrical Transmission Facilities”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1988 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 859-1987 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2434", "locator": "standard_number=859-1987; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:24:07+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:24:07+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 859-1987**（IEEE Standard Terms for Reporting and Analyzing Outage Occurrences and Outage States of Electrical Transmission Facilities）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1988 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-859-1987.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1988, "precision": "year", "display": "1988年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p3001_1_d1_feb_2025", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025", "slug": "ieee-std-p3001-1-d1-feb-2025", "aliases": [ "P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025", "P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025 - IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for the Planning and Design of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for the Planning and Design of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2025 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=10932783", "locator": "standard_number=P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:48+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:48+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P3001.1/D1, Feb 2025**（IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for the Planning and Design of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]于 2025 年 2 月形成的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p3001-1-d1-feb-2025.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2025, "precision": "year", "display": "2025年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_837_1984", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 837-1984", "slug": "ieee-std-837-1984", "aliases": [ "837-1984", "837-1984 - IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connectors Used in Substation Grounding" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 837-1984 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connectors Used in Substation Grounding”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1984 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 837-1984 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=7439708", "locator": "standard_number=837-1984; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:37+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 837-1984**（IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connectors Used in Substation Grounding）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1984 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-837-1984.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1984, "precision": "year", "display": "1984年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_820_2005", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 820-2005", "slug": "ieee-std-820-2005", "aliases": [ "820-2005", "820-2005 - IEEE Standard Telephone Loop Performance Characteristics" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 820-2005 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard Telephone Loop Performance Characteristics”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），保留（Reserved），著录年份为 2005 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 820-2005 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=10591", "locator": "standard_number=820-2005; status=Inactive; modifier=Reserved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 820-2005**（IEEE Standard Telephone Loop Performance Characteristics）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），保留（Reserved），著录年份为 2005 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-820-2005.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2005, "precision": "year", "display": "2005年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_824_1994", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 824-1994", "slug": "ieee-std-824-1994", "aliases": [ "824-1994", "824-1994 - IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 824-1994 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1994 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 824-1994 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=3136", "locator": "standard_number=824-1994; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 824-1994**（IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1994 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-824-1994.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1994, "precision": "year", "display": "1994年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_4_1990", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.4-1990", "slug": "ieee-std-802-4-1990", "aliases": [ "802.4-1990", "802.4-1990 - IEEE Standard for Information processing systems -- Local area networks --Part 4: Standard for Token-Passing Bus Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.4-1990 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Information processing systems -- Local area networks --Part 4: Standard for Token-Passing Bus Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1990 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.4-1990 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=6047589", "locator": "standard_number=802.4-1990; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:22:26+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:22:26+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.4-1990**（IEEE Standard for Information processing systems -- Local area networks --Part 4: Standard for Token-Passing Bus Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1990 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-4-1990.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1990, "precision": "year", "display": "1990年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_3by_2016_7526269", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.3by-2016", "slug": "ieee-std-802-3by-2016-7526269", "aliases": [ "802.3by-2016", "802.3by-2016 - IEEE Standard for Ethernet -- Amendment 2: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management Parameters for 25 Gb/s Operation Amendment 2: Media Access Control Parameters" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.3by-2016 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Ethernet -- Amendment 2: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management Parameters for 25 Gb/s Operation Amendment 2: Media Access Control Parameters”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2016 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.3by-2016 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=7526269", "locator": "standard_number=802.3by-2016; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:22:10+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:22:10+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.3by-2016**（IEEE Standard for Ethernet -- Amendment 2: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and Management Parameters for 25 Gb/s Operation Amendment 2: Media Access Control Parameters）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2016 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-3by-2016-7526269.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2016, "precision": "year", "display": "2016年" }, "language": "英语" } ], "lang": "en", "pagination": { "page": 465, "pageSize": 50, "total": 82202, "pageCount": 1000, "prevUrl": "/en/hot-464.json", "nextUrl": "/en/hot-466.json" } }