{ "contentStorage": "postgres", "namePrimary": { "person_cn_q1061289": true, "person_cn_q1062761": true, "person_cn_q1062887": true, "person_cn_q1064069": true, "person_cn_q1067200": true, "person_cn_q1068338": true, "person_cn_q1068930": true, "person_cn_q1068940": true, "person_cn_q1069276": true, "person_cn_q1069286": true, "person_cn_q1069312": true, "person_cn_q1069834": true, "person_cn_q1071424": true, "person_cn_q1074366": true, "person_cn_q1074543": true, "person_cn_q1074774": true, "person_cn_q1077571": true, "person_cn_q10884675": true, "person_cn_q10885271": true, "person_cn_q10899435": true, "person_cn_q10899737": true, "person_cn_q10900173": true, "person_cn_q10922775": true, "person_cn_q10945095": true, "person_cn_q11050431": true, "person_cn_q11066568": true, "person_cn_q11091010": true, "person_cn_q11091096": true, "person_cn_q11091288": true, "person_cn_q11097593": true, "person_cn_q11125437": true, "person_cn_q11143661": true, "person_cn_q1114786": true, "person_cn_q1120512": true, "person_cn_q11248659": true, "person_cn_q11250769": true, "person_cn_q11264083": true, "person_cn_q11264541": true, "person_cn_q11269922": true }, "title": "knowledge", "description": "Read people, places, events, organizations, works, and concepts through sourced relations.", "url": "/en/index-464.html", "entities": [ { "id": "person_cn_q1114786", "type": "person", "title": "Xin Xianying", "slug": "xin-xianying", "aliases": [ "辛宪英" ], "summary": "Xin Xianying (191–269) was a daughter of Xin Pi of Cao Wei, an elder sister of Xin Chang and the wife of Yang Dan, known for her shrewd judgment of men and events. She saw misfortune in Cao Pi's joy at becoming heir, advised her brother to do his duty and leave the city with Lu Zhi during the coup at the Gaoping tombs, and foresaw that Zhong Hui would turn against the state on the Shu campaign, and warned her son Yang Xiu. She died in 269 at seventy-nine.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1114786", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114786" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "辛宪英（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%86%B2%E8%8B%B1" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "晋书·卷096（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7096" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:11+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 8, "body": "Xin Xianying was a woman of Cao Wei known for her intelligence and discernment. The Book of Jin, in its biographies of women, calls her Madam Xin, wife of Yang Dan, with the courtesy name Xianying, and the Chinese Wikipedia article says plainly that her personal name is unknown and that Xianying is a courtesy name. Wikidata records her as born in 191 and dead in 269. The sources give no personal name that can be verified, so the title stays the familiar Xin Xianying.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe Book of Jin says she was a daughter of Xin Pi, palace attendant of Wei, bright and open, with talent and discernment, and that she married Yang Dan. The Book of Jin calls her a woman of Longxi, while the Chinese Wikipedia article says she came from Yangzhai in Yingchuan, so the two sources differ on her origin. Her younger brother Xin Chang served as a staff officer to the general-in-chief Cao Shuang. Her husband Yang Dan rose to minister of ceremonies of Wei, her sons included Yang Jin and Yang Xiu, and her nephew was Yang Hu, later a famous general of the Western Jin.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Seeing the omen in the heir's joy\n\nWhen Cao Pi was made heir, he held Xin Pi by the neck and asked whether he knew how happy he was. Xin Pi told his daughter. Xianying sighed and said that the heir is the one who carries the ancestral temple and the altars for the ruler, that one must grieve in the ruler's place and be wary in managing the state, and that rejoicing where one should grieve could not last, so would Wei not decline?[^zhengshi]\n\n## Advising her brother at the Gaoping coup\n\nWhen Sima Yi moved to kill Cao Shuang, he closed the city gates while Cao Shuang was out with the emperor. Cao Shuang's marshal Lu Zhi broke through with the staff troops and called on Xin Chang to come along. Xin Chang was afraid and asked his sister what to do. Xianying said that events cannot be known beforehand, but by her reckoning the grand tutor had hardly any choice. The late emperor Ming had taken him by the arm and entrusted the future to him, and the courtiers still remembered the words. Cao Shuang and the grand tutor were given the trust together, yet Cao Shuang seized all the power, which was disloyal to the royal house and not upright in human terms, and the grand tutor's move was no more than to kill Cao Shuang. Xin Chang asked whether he should stay in the city. Xianying said how could he not go, since duty to one's post is the great obligation of a person, and to hold the whip for a man and abandon his task is ill-omened. To die for another is the duty of an intimate, and Xin Chang was only following the crowd. He then left the city. Sima Yi did kill Cao Shuang, and afterwards Xin Chang sighed that had he not consulted his sister he would almost have failed in righteousness.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Foreseeing Zhong Hui's ambition\n\nWhen Zhong Hui became general who guards the west, Xianying asked her nephew Yang Hu why Zhong Shiji was marching west. Yang Hu said it was to destroy Shu. She said that Zhong Hui was reckless in office, that this was not the way to serve long under another, and that she feared he had other ambitions. When Zhong Hui was about to go, he asked her son Yang Xiu to be a staff officer. Xianying said with worry that she had once worried for the state, and now the trouble was coming to her own house. Yang Xiu pleaded hard with the emperor, who would not listen. Xianying told her son to go but to take care. The gentleman of old, at home, gave filial service to his parents, and abroad, gave loyalty to the state. In his post he should think of what he is responsible for, when facing right and wrong he should think of his position, and he should not leave his parents anxious. In the army the one thing that could bring him through was kindness and forbearance. Zhong Hui did rebel once he reached Shu, and Yang Xiu came home safe.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Thrift and death\n\nYang Hu once sent her a brocade quilt. She found it too showy and used it turned inside out. The Book of Jin says she died in the fifth year of Taishi at seventy-nine, that is in 269.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article notes that chapter 107 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms also tells of her analysis of Sima Yi's move against Cao Shuang and her urging her brother to do his duty.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Xianying; Xianying is her courtesy name and her personal name is not known[^zhwiki]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 191–269[^wikidata]\n- Kin: daughter of Xin Pi, sister of Xin Chang, wife of Yang Dan[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124619339|Xin Xianying]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xin-xianying.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 191, "display": "191" }, "death": { "year": 269, "display": "269" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11143661", "type": "person", "title": "Fa Zhen", "slug": "fa-zhen", "aliases": [ "法真" ], "summary": "Fa Zhen (100–188), courtesy name Gaoqing, was from Mei in Fufeng and a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han, son of the Nanjun grand administrator Fa Xiong and grandfather of Fa Zheng of Shu Han. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and drew pupils from afar. He refused every office, including four summonses from Emperor Shun, and his friend Guo Zheng called him a teacher of a hundred generations and had a stele cut naming him Master Xuande. He died at eighty-nine in 188.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11143661", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11143661" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "法真（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%9F" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "后汉书·卷83（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B783" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:07+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 8, "body": "Fa Zhen was a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han, in its chapter on recluses, calls him Fa Zhen, courtesy name Gaoqing. Wikidata also uses Fa Zhen and records him as born in 100 and dead in 188, so the title stays the personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Family and learning\n\nThe Book of the Later Han says Fa Zhen, courtesy name Gaoqing, with one version writing the second character differently, came from Mei in Fufeng and was a son of Fa Xiong, grand administrator of Nanjun. He loved study and did not confine himself to one school. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and was a great scholar of Guanxi. Several hundred pupils came from afar, among them Fan Ran of Chenliu.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that he was the grandfather of Fa Zheng, a leading minister of Shu Han.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Refusing office\n\nThe Book of the Later Han says he was quiet by nature, had few desires, and did not meddle in other people's affairs. When the grand administrator invited him to an interview, Fa Zhen came in a plain headcloth. The administrator said that Duke Ai of Lu was no worthy ruler, yet Confucius called himself his subject, and he asked Fa Zhen to condescend to serve as officer of merit and help the court. Fa Zhen replied that because he was treated with courtesy he dared to sit at the bottom as a guest, but that if he were to be made a clerk he would go north of the northern hills and south of the southern hills. The administrator was frightened and did not speak of it again. He declined calls from the ministers' offices and nominations as a worthy man.[^zhengshi]\n\nTian Ruo of the same commandery recommended him to the court as a man who mastered the four fields of the Odes, Documents, Rites and Music, deep in learning, content in seclusion, who would not bend for black and crimson silks. Tian Ruo recommended him again when Emperor Shun toured the west. The emperor sincerely wished to bring him in and summoned him four times. Fa Zhen said that since he could not hide his form from the world, why should he drink the water that washed ears, and he withdrew still further and never gave in.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Assessment and death\n\nHis friend Guo Zheng praised him, saying that Fa Zhen's name could be heard but the man himself was hard to meet, that he fled fame and fame followed, avoided fame and fame pursued, and that he could be called a teacher of a hundred generations. Together with the villagers Guo Zheng had a stele cut in his praise and called him Master Xuande. He died of old age at eighty-nine in the fifth year of Zhongping, 188.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article agrees with this account.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Fa Zhen[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Gaoqing[^zhengshi]\n- Honorific: Master Xuande[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 100–188[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Mei county, Fufeng[^zhengshi]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124334455|Fa Zhen]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/fa-zhen.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 100, "display": "100" }, "death": { "year": 188, "display": "188" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11125769", "type": "person", "title": "Yin Jiao", "slug": "yin-jiao", "aliases": [ "殷郊" ], "summary": "Yin Jiao, also written with a different second character (殷交), is a famed guardian deity of Daoism and said to be the leader of the sixty Tai Sui star lords. In Investiture of the Gods he is the crown prince of King Zhou of Shang, studies the Dao under Guangchengzi, and is sent down the mountain to help the Zhou, but is turned by Shen Gongbao, fights against the Zhou, is defeated by Jiang Ziya and Randeng Daoren, and dies by the plow. He is then made the Tai Sui spirit of the ruling year. His brother is Yin Hong.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11125769", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125769" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "殷郊（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E9%83%8A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Yin Jiao, also written with a different second character (殷交), is a famed guardian deity of Daoism, said to be the leader of the sixty Tai Sui star lords, and in Investiture of the Gods the crown prince of King Zhou of Shang. Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article both use the name Yin Jiao, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Where the name comes from\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says the name Yin Jiao appears fairly late. The earlier name in the texts is Marshal Yin, found in the Summoning Spell of Marshal Yin in volume five of the Daoist Taishang sandong shenzhou, which dates from between the Song and Yuan. Peng Yuantai's Tianxin disi dafa, with a preface of 1274, in the Daofa huiyuan, gives a long title ending in Yin Jiao and several spells for summoning him, which shows that the Daoist view of Yin Jiao as Tai Sui existed by the late Southern Song at the latest. The Yuan-era Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan by Qin Zijin has a Tai Sui, Marshal Yin, whose account runs to more than 650 characters and mostly resembles Investiture of the Gods, showing that the legend was already formed in the Song. Wikidata also lists the forms Marshal Yin, Heavenly Lord Yin and True Lord of Utmost Virtue.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Yin Jiao in the Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan\n\nIn this book Yin Jiao is the crown prince of King Zhou. His mother conceived him by stepping on a giant's footprint, and he was born as a ball of flesh. Daji proposed that the king throw him out into the wilds, hence the name Jiao, meaning the outskirts. His mother was killed by Daji, and Yin Jiao was carried off by the Daoist Shen and became accomplished under him, gained many treasures, subdued a spirit and a crow general, and killed twelve skeleton spirits. He later helped King Wu of Zhou defeat the Shang and cut down Daji with his own hands. The Jade Emperor made him Roving Envoy of the Earth Office of the Nine Heavens and Marshal of Killing and Authority of the Tai Sui of Utmost Virtue, and he appears as a child with three heads and six arms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Investiture of the Gods\n\nIn the novel Yin Jiao is the crown prince of the Shang. After his mother Empress Jiang is killed, he is pressed by his stepmother Daji and hunted by the king, and Guangchengzi saves him and takes him to Mount Jiuxian to practice the Dao. When his training is done he goes down the mountain at Guangchengzi's order with treasures such as the sky-turning seal to help King Wu overthrow the Shang. On the way he meets Shen Gongbao, who tells him his brother Yin Hong is dead, and he resolves to avenge his brother, turns against his oath and joins the Shang in attacking King Wu. He is defeated by Jiang Ziya and Randeng Daoren, drawn into Mount Qi, and dies by the plow. When Jiang Ziya prepares the investiture list, Yin Jiao's spirit is made the Tai Sui spirit who rules the year.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Worship\n\nThe article lists temples that worship him. At the Tin Hau temple on Tung Ping Chau and the Hung Shing temple on Cheung Chau in Hong Kong he is a secondary deity as the Tai Sui star lord. In Taiwan some temples make him the main god of a Tai Sui hall and others honor him as a guardian of the Jade Emperor. Many celebrate his birthday on the nineteenth of the seventh lunar month.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: Daoist guardian deity, leader of the Tai Sui; in Investiture of the Gods the crown prince of King Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Variant writing: 殷交, with a different second character[^zhwiki]\n- Death year: 1100 BC, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata]\n- Brother: Yin Hong[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/yin-jiao.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11125726", "type": "person", "title": "Yin Hong", "slug": "yin-hong", "aliases": [ "殷洪" ], "summary": "Yin Hong is a character of Investiture of the Gods, said to be the second legitimate son of King Zhou of Shang by Empress Jiang and a younger brother of Yin Jiao, with the rank of commandery prince. He is rescued and taught by Chijingzi, but on going down the mountain to help the Zhou he is swayed by Shen Gongbao and fights for the Shang. His teacher captures him with the Taiji diagram and burns him to ashes, and he is later made the spirit of the star of the five grains. Daoism also honors him as a guardian deity, popularly called Little Marshal Yin.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11125726", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125726" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "殷洪（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E6%B4%AA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:04+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Yin Hong is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Yin Hong, describes him as a character of the novel and records the Shang as the dynasty of the setting, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Identity\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says Yin Hong is a well-known guardian deity of Daoism, enfeoffed as Marshal Weili Yade, deputy official of the earth-office Year Star, and popularly called Little Marshal Yin, whose task is to assist his elder brother Yin Jiao. In the myth he is said to be the second legitimate son of King Zhou of Shang, a prince of the Shang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Investiture of the Gods\n\nIn the novel Yin Jiao and Yin Hong are sons of Empress Jiang. Yin Jiao is the crown prince and Yin Hong a commandery prince. After Daji contrives the death of Empress Jiang, the two princes are condemned to death for plotting to kill the king. They ask Huang Feihu for help and are taken out of Chaoge by the brothers Fang Bi and Fang Xiang, but are caught again by Yin Poba and Lei Kai. Before the execution, Guangchengzi saves Yin Jiao and Chijingzi saves Yin Hong. The two immortals meant to raise the princes into helpers of King Wu of Zhou and Jiang Ziya, to help King Wu overthrow the Shang, so they teach them magic and give them divine weapons. Yin Hong receives the purple-ribbon immortal robe, the yin-yang mirror and the water-and-fire blade, and Yin Jiao the sky-turning seal, the soul-dropping bell and the male-and-female swords. The two also swear a terrible oath to raise up the Zhou and conquer the Shang, on pain of a cruel death, and go down the mountain to help King Wu and Jiang Ziya.[^zhwiki]\n\nOn the way Yin Hong meets Shen Gongbao, Jiang Ziya's bitter enemy. Shen Gongbao baits him with family feeling and persuades him to join the Shang camp. Yin Hong's magic is strong and at first troubles the Zhou army badly, but in the end his own teacher Chijingzi captures him with the Taiji diagram. He is burned inside the diagram until his body turns to ashes. After his death he is made the spirit of the star of the five grains.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods, second son of King Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Death year: 1100 BC, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Shang[^wikidata]\n- Divine posts: Marshal Weili Yade, popularly Little Marshal Yin; in the novel the spirit of the star of the five grains[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/yin-hong.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11125437", "type": "person", "title": "Duan Zhixuan", "slug": "duan-zhixuan", "aliases": [ "段志玄" ], "summary": "Duan Zhixuan (598–642) was a general of the late Sui and early Tang and one of the twenty-four meritorious officials of the Lingyan Pavilion. He joined Li Yuan's rising, won merit at Tongguan and against Wang Shichong, and stood with Li Shimin in the Xuanwu Gate incident. Under Taizong he rose to general of the left valiant guard, was made Duke of Fan and later Duke of Bao, and died of illness in 642.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11125437", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125437" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "段志玄（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%84" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "新唐书/卷089（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7089" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Duan Zhixuan was a general of the late Sui and early Tang. The New Book of Tang gives him a biography under the name Duan Zhixuan, and Wikidata also uses Duan Zhixuan and records him as born in 598 and dead in 642. The Chinese Wikipedia article says his personal name was Xiong and that he went by his courtesy name, which the New Book of Tang does not mention, so the title stays the familiar Duan Zhixuan.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and youth\n\nThe New Book of Tang says he was a man of Linzi in Qizhou. His father Duan Yanshi served the Sui as a judicial clerk of Taiyuan, later followed the righteous army, and rose to governor of Yingzhou. Zhixuan was tall and imposing, wild when young, and broke the law several times. At the end of the Daye era he stayed in Taiyuan with his father, and his bravery and decisiveness made the local rowdy youths fear him, so Prince of Qin Li Shimin came to know him.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article instead says he came from Zouping in Qizhou, and the birth place recorded by Wikidata is also Zouping, which differs from the Linzi of the New Book of Tang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Wars after the rising\n\nWhen the founder rose, Duan Zhixuan followed with a thousand men and was made head of the troops of the right commander-in-chief's office. He took Huoyi and Jiangjun, attacked the Yongfeng granary and led the assault. He became grand master for splendid happiness of the left. With Liu Wenjing he faced Qutu Tong at Tongguan. When Liu Wenjing was attacked by Sang Xianhe and his army was about to break, Zhixuan led strong cavalry into the enemy, killed a dozen men and, wounded by an arrow, said nothing and kept charging. The enemy fell into disorder and the Tang army recovered. Qutu Tong was beaten and fled, and Zhixuan and the generals overtook and captured him at Chousang, for which he was made general of chariots and horse of the Leyou office.[^zhengshi]\n\nIn the campaign against Wang Shichong he rode deep into the enemy, his horse stumbled, and he was seized. Two horsemen gripped his topknot and were about to cross the Luo River when Zhixuan suddenly leapt up and pulled both men to the ground. He seized a horse and galloped back, and several hundred riders behind him did not dare come close. He also took part in defeating Dou Jiande and settling the eastern capital, and was promoted to second commander of the right in the Prince of Qin's household.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The heir's overtures and Taizong's reign\n\nThe Hidden Heir Li Jiancheng once tried to win him with gold and silk, and he refused. After the Prince of Qin took the throne, he rose to general of the left valiant guard and was made Duke of Fan with real fief of nine hundred households. He was sent to the Qinghai region to seize the Tuyuhun herds, lingered, and was dismissed, but soon returned to office. At the funeral of Empress Wende he and Yuwen Shiji commanded troops guarding the Zhangwu gate. In the night Taizong sent a messenger. Yuwen Shiji opened the door to him, but Zhixuan refused, saying that a military gate is not opened at night. The messenger showed an imperial letter, and Zhixuan answered that he could not make it out in the dark and would not let him in. At dawn the emperor sighed that this was a true general, and that Zhou Yafu could not have done better. He was made Duke of Bao and rose to general who guards the army.[^zhengshi]\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article adds that in the Xuanwu Gate incident of 626 he and Yuchi Jingde and others killed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, that in 637 he became Duke of Bao, that in 640 he was made general who guards the army, and that in the first month of 643 his portrait was painted in the Lingyan Pavilion, in tenth place.[^zhwiki]\n\n## His death\n\nThe New Book of Tang says that when he fell ill in 642 the emperor visited him and said in tears that he would give his son a fifth-rank post. Zhixuan kowtowed and asked that it go to his younger brother by the same mother, so Duan Zhigan was made commander of the left guard. When he died the emperor wept bitterly. He was granted the titles of general who supports the state and governor of Yangzhou, buried beside the Zhao mausoleum, and given the posthumous name Zhuangsu. The book also mentions his third-generation descendant Duan Wenchang.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article records his death in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), says he fell ill from grief at his mother's death and died in his house in the capital at forty-five, and gives the posthumous name as Zhongzhuang. The two sources write the name differently. Wikidata also lists the alternative name Duke Zhonglie.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Duan Zhixuan; the Chinese Wikipedia article gives Xiong as his personal name[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 598–642[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace recorded on this entry: Zouping[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Sui and Tang[^wikidata]\n- Titles: Duke of Fan, later Duke of Bao[^zhengshi]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q11125437_q70784|Duan Zhixuan]] (a character in Journey to the West)", "url": "/people/duan-zhixuan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 598, "display": "598" }, "death": { "year": 642, "display": "642" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11105909", "type": "person", "title": "Lin Ruhai", "slug": "lin-ruhai", "aliases": [ "林如海" ], "summary": "Lin Ruhai is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and the father of Lin Daiyu. He comes from a noble house that has passed down its title for generations and is also a family of scholars. He passes the imperial examination as tanhua, serves as a grand master of the Lantai office, and is later posted out to Yangzhou as salt censor. His wife Jia Min is a daughter of the Lady Dowager. Their son dies at three, Jia Min dies when Daiyu is six, and he dies of illness when she is ten.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11105909", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11105909" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "林如海（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A6%82%E6%B5%B7" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:59+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Lin Ruhai is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and the father of Lin Daiyu. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article use Lin Ruhai as the name. Wikidata also records the variant Lin Hai and the courtesy name Ruhai, but Lin Ruhai is the form in common use in the book, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and career\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he comes from a marquis house that has handed down its noble rank for generations, and is also a family of scholars. He rose through the examinations, placed as tanhua, and served as a grand master of the Lantai office, that is, a supervising censor of the Censorate. He was later posted out to Yangzhou as salt censor.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and death\n\nHis wife Jia Min is a daughter of Jia Daishan of the Rongguo house and of Lady Shi, the Lady Dowager. They had a son and a daughter. The son died young, at three. When their daughter Daiyu was six, Jia Min died of illness. The Lady Dowager pitied her lonely granddaughter and brought Daiyu to the Jia house to be raised. When Daiyu was ten, Lin Ruhai fell gravely ill and died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lin Ruhai, with the variant Lin Hai and the courtesy name Ruhai[^wikidata]\n- Role: character of Dream of the Red Chamber, father of Lin Daiyu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Offices: grand master of the Lantai office, later salt censor at Yangzhou[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/lin-ruhai.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11250769", "type": "person", "title": "Xue Lan", "slug": "xue-lan", "aliases": [ "薛兰" ], "summary": "Xue Lan (died 195) was a late Eastern Han figure who served as a Yan Province aide before joining Chen Gong and Zhang Miao in welcoming Lü Bu against Cao Cao. In 195 he was camped at Juye with Li Feng when Cao Cao's forces defeated and killed him.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11250769", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11250769" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "薛兰（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%98%AD" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:58+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xue Lan was a figure of the late Eastern Han. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 薛兰 (traditional form 薛蘭) and his English label as Xue Lan, and records his death in the second year of Xingping (195). Chinese Wikipedia uses the same name for its article, so the title stays unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background\n\nChinese Wikipedia calls him a political figure and military man of the late Eastern Han who served as a Yan Province assistant. In the proscription of partisans, Zhu Bing denounced Zhang Jian and twenty-three others for forming a faction and listed the Eight Eminent, Eight Good, and Eight Leaders; Xue Lan is named among the Eight Eminent with Zhang Jian, Tan Bin, Chu Feng, Zhang Su, Feng Xi, Wei Xuan and Xu Qian. The article adds that this list differs from the lists of the Three Lords, Eight Eminent and others in the Book of the Later Han.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Welcoming Lü Bu and his end\n\nIn the first year of Xingping (194) he answered the plans of Chen Gong and Zhang Miao and joined them in secretly welcoming Lü Bu and rising against Cao Cao, becoming a general under Lü Bu. Li Dian's uncle Li Qian refused to follow Xue Lan and Li Feng in betraying Cao Cao for Lü Bu, and Xue Lan and his associates killed him. In the second year (195) Xue Lan and Li Feng were camped at Juye when Cao Cao attacked. Li Qian's son Li Zheng led troops to avenge his father and, with Cao Cao's generals, broke them, and Xue Lan was killed by Cao Cao's forces.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nChinese Wikipedia names his father as Xue Yan, chancellor of Donghai, and his son as Xue Yong, courtesy name Maochang, who joined Liu Bei after his father's death, went with him into Shu and became grand administrator of Shu Commandery. His grandson Xue Qi, courtesy name Yifu, became grand administrator of Ba and Shu commanderies under Shu Han, surrendered to Wei after Shu fell, and his line was known as the Xue of Shu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xue Lan[^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: second year of Xingping, Eastern Han (195)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123735356|Xue Lan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xue-lan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 195, "display": "195" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11098359", "type": "person", "title": "Li Gui", "slug": "li-gui", "aliases": [ "李鬼" ], "summary": "Li Gui is a character in chapter 42 of Water Margin, a bandit in Yishui county of Yizhou who passes himself off as Li Kui. Li Kui, on his way down the mountain to fetch his mother, meets him. Li Gui lies that he has a ninety-year-old mother, is spared and given ten taels of silver, but later plots with his wife to poison Li Kui when he lodges at their house. The plot fails and Li Gui is killed. Today Li Gui, set against Li Kui, means a fake or counterfeit.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11098359", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11098359" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李鬼（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%AC%BC" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:57+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Li Gui is a character in Water Margin who appears in chapter 42. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Li Gui, describes him as a fictional character in the novel and records the Great Song as the setting of the work, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Posing as Li Kui\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says Li Gui was originally a bandit in Yishui county of Yizhou who robbed under the name of Li Kui, and he happened to run into the real Li Kui, who had come down the mountain to fetch his old mother. Li Gui falsely claimed to have a mother of ninety. Li Kui spared him and even gave him ten taels of silver.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The failed plot\n\nLater Li Kui unknowingly sought lodging at Li Gui's house. Li Gui and his wife plotted to poison Li Kui and take his money. Li Kui found out, and Li Gui was killed when the plan failed. Li Kui even cut two pieces of flesh from the dead man's leg and roasted them to eat. Li Gui's wife escaped in the confusion. In the county town she recognized Li Kui and, with Squire Cao, reported him to the authorities, and Li Kui was arrested. The brothers Zhu Gui and Zhu Fu rescued him and killed Li Gui's wife, Squire Cao and others.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The word today\n\nThe article adds that the name Li Gui is now used as a word, usually set against Li Kui, to mean a fake or counterfeit.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Great Song[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/li-gui.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11248659", "type": "person", "title": "Shi Zuan", "slug": "shi-zuan", "aliases": [ "师纂" ], "summary": "Shi Zuan (died 264) was a Cao Wei general who served as Sima Zhao's chief clerk and later joined Deng Ai's invasion of Shu. He helped defeat Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu, was given Yi Province after Shu fell, and was killed in 264 together with Deng Ai.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11248659", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248659" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "师纂（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E7%BA%82" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Shi Zuan was a general of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata lists his occupations as politician and military officer and gives his death as the fifth year of Jingyuan in Wei (264). Chinese Wikipedia uses the same name for its article, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Sent to Deng Ai\n\nChinese Wikipedia says he began as chief clerk to Sima Zhao. When Deng Ai opposed the plan to attack Shu, Sima Zhao moved Shi Zuan to be Deng Ai's marshal in order to persuade him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The conquest of Shu\n\nIn the sixth year of Jingyao (263) Deng Ai sent his son Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan to attack Zhuge Zhan's Shu army from the two flanks. The Wei troops at first did badly, and Deng Ai angrily said he would execute Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan, ordering them to fight again to make up for it. They then broke the Shu army and killed Zhuge Zhan together with the palace secretary Zhang Zun, Huang Chong and Li Qiu, commander of the right feathered forest. Wei took Mianzhu and pushed straight on to Chengdu. After Shu fell, Deng Ai had Shi Zuan take charge of Yi Province, while Niu Hong, grand administrator of Longxi, and others took charge of the other commanderies of Shu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death with Deng Ai\n\nThe same article says Zhong Hui, Hu Lie and Shi Zuan sent Sima Zhao a secret report that Deng Ai was arrogant about his merits and meant to rebel, and Sima Zhao had Zhong Hui put Deng Ai in a prisoner cart and send him back. In the fifth year of Jingyuan (264) Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei died in their revolt. Wei Guan, fearing trouble because he had joined Zhong Hui in accusing Deng Ai, sent Tian Xu and others after Deng Ai. They caught him west of Mianzhu and killed Deng Ai, Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan among others. It is said that Shi Zuan's body was badly mutilated when he died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Shi Zuan[^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: fifth year of Jingyuan in Wei (264)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: politician and military officer[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124652835|Shi Zuan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/shi-zuan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 264, "display": "264" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1130807", "type": "person", "title": "Han Fu", "slug": "han-fu", "aliases": [ "韩福" ], "summary": "Han Fu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, set as the grand administrator of Luoyang under Cao Cao; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. In the passage of Guan Yu's five passes he wounds Guan Yu's left arm with a hidden arrow and is then killed by him.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1130807", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130807" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "韩福 (三国演义)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E7%A6%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:49+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Han Fu is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 韩福 (traditional form 韓福) and his English label as Han Fu, and describes him as grand administrator of Luoyang, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. The title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia summary, in chapter 27 of the novel Han Fu is an official under Cao Cao and grand administrator of Luoyang. Guan Yu is escorting the two wives of Liu Bei to join him, and Luoyang is the second pass he reaches. To stop him, Han Fu plans with his subordinate officer Meng Tan that Meng Tan will fight Guan Yu and then feign defeat to draw him on, while Han Fu shoots a hidden arrow that hits Guan Yu's left arm. Ignoring the pain, Guan Yu charges forward and kills him. The article counts him as the third general Guan Yu kills while passing the five passes and slaying six generals.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Other works\n\nThe same article notes that the 2010 film Guan Yunchang also has a Han Fu, played by Nie Yuan, a gang boss in Luoyang who is as close as a brother to Guan Yu and who dies by his blade, in a story different from the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Han Fu[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, grand administrator of Luoyang[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/han-fu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11254972", "type": "person", "title": "Xin Ming", "slug": "xin-ming", "aliases": [ "辛明" ], "summary": "Xin Ming is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and a subordinate general of Yuan Shao. In the Guandu campaign, after Cao Cao's raid on Wuchao and a rumor he spread, Yuan Shao sent Xin Ming with 50,000 men to relieve Liyang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11254972", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11254972" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "辛明 (三国演义)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%98%8E_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xin Ming is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a general under Yuan Shao, set in the Han dynasty and working as a military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article is also titled Xin Ming, so the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Role in the Guandu campaign\n\nChinese Wikipedia gives him a single passage. After Cao Cao's raid on Wuchao succeeded, he followed Xun You's plan and spread a rumor that one of his forces was attacking Ye and another Liyang to cut off Yuan Shao's retreat. Yuan Shao was alarmed and hurriedly sent Yuan Tan with 50,000 men to relieve Ye and Xin Ming with 50,000 men to relieve Liyang, and both set out that night. Cao Cao saw this and led his main army straight at Yuan Shao's main camp, winning a great victory, and the battle of Guandu ended in his favor.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Ming[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, general under Yuan Shao[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/xin-ming.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1120512", "type": "person", "title": "Huangfu Song", "slug": "huangfu-song", "aliases": [ "皇甫嵩" ], "summary": "Huangfu Song (died 195), courtesy name Yizhen, was a Late Han general from Chaona in Anding and a nephew of the general Huangfu Gui. He helped suppress the Yellow Turban rising, killing Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, and later survived Dong Zhuo's seizure of power before dying of illness during Li Jue's revolt.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1120512", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120512" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "皇甫嵩（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E7%94%AB%E5%B5%A9" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "后汉书·卷71（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B771" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:45+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Huangfu Song was a general of the late Eastern Han. Book of the Later Han, juan 71, gives his courtesy name as Yizhen and calls him a man of Chaona in Anding, nephew of the general Huangfu Gui; his father Huangfu Jie was grand administrator of Yanmen. Wikidata uses the same name and records his death as 195.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]\n\n## Early life\n\nThe history says he had literary and martial ambitions from youth, loved the Odes and Documents, and trained in archery and riding. He was recommended as filial and incorrupt and as a flourishing talent, and was summoned by the grand commandant Chen Fan and the general-in-chief Dou Wu, but never took up either post. Emperor Ling later summoned him as a palace counselor and then made him grand administrator of Beidi.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Suppressing the Yellow Turbans\n\nZhang Jue, calling himself the Great Worthy Teacher, healed with charmed water and gathered hundreds of thousands of followers in thirty-six divisions. When they rose together in the first year of Zhongping the capital was shaken. Huangfu Song advised lifting the ban on partisans and giving the imperial privy funds and western-garden horses to the troops. The emperor agreed and made him General of the Left with credentials, who with Zhu Jun, General of the Right, led separate armies against the Yellow Turbans of Yingchuan. Zhu Jun was beaten first by Bo Cai, and Huangfu Song fell back to Changshe, where he was surrounded. Seeing that the rebels camped among grass, he waited for a night wind, had his men light torches on the walls and sent picked troops outside to set fires and shout. The rebels were thrown into confusion, and Cao Cao, then a cavalry commandant, arrived with troops at that moment. The three joined forces and won, and Huangfu Song was made Marquis of Duxiang. With Zhu Jun he then cleared Runan and Chen and captured Bu Ji at Cangting.[^zhengshi]\n\nHe was then ordered to take over from Lu Zhi and Dong Zhuo, who had achieved nothing against Zhang Jue. At Guangzong he could not at first beat Zhang Liang's picked troops, so he closed his camp and rested the men, then attacked at cockcrow once the enemy relaxed and killed Zhang Liang. Zhang Jue had already died of illness, so he had the coffin opened and the body mutilated and sent the head to the capital. With Guo Dian, grand administrator of Julu, he also killed Zhang Bao at Xiaquyang. He was made General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Left, governor of Ji Province and Marquis of Huaili with eight thousand households.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Relief and refusal\n\nHe asked that Ji Province be excused a year's land tax to feed the hungry, and people sang that thanks to Huangfu they could live in peace again. He treated his soldiers gently and would not enter his own tent on the march until the camp was set up. The magistrate Yan Zhong urged him to seize power, but he refused, saying he would keep to the duty of a subject.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Chencang and Dong Zhuo\n\nHe had earlier asked to confiscate a house of the palace attendant Zhao Zhong that exceeded the permitted size and refused Zhang Rang's request for fifty million cash. The two accused him of fighting many battles without result, and his seals as General of the Left were taken and six thousand households cut. In the fifth year of Zhongping Wang Guo besieged Chencang, and he was restored as General of the Left, supervising Dong Zhuo with two armies of twenty thousand each. Dong Zhuo wanted to relieve the town quickly, but Huangfu Song judged the walls strong and waited. After eighty days the siege failed, and he attacked the retreating army and defeated it. Dong Zhuo came to hate him for it.[^zhengshi]\n\nLater, when Dong Zhuo was appointed governor of Bing Province and refused to hand over his troops, Huangfu Song's nephew Huangfu Li urged him to move against Dong Zhuo, but he preferred to report to the court. In the first year of Chuping Dong Zhuo summoned him as colonel of the city gates. His aide Liang Yan advised against going, yet he went and was jailed. His son Huangfu Jianshou pleaded with Dong Zhuo at a banquet, bowing and weeping, and Dong Zhuo released him; he became palace counselor and then censor.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Later years\n\nAfter Dong Zhuo's death he became General Who Campaigns in the West and then General of Chariots and Cavalry, was made grand commandant that autumn and dismissed in winter over a meteor omen, and then served as grandee of splendid happiness and grand master of ceremonies. Soon after Li Jue's rising he died of illness and was granted the seals of General of Agile Cavalry. The history describes him as careful and diligent, with more than five hundred useful memorials, all written by hand and the drafts destroyed.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Huangfu Song[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Yizhen[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Chaona in Anding; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_640425|Pengyang County]][^wikidata]\n- Death year recorded on this entry: 195[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123579555|Huangfu Song]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/huangfu-song.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 195, "display": "195" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11177289", "type": "person", "title": "Huang Tianhua", "slug": "huang-tianhua", "aliases": [ "黄天化" ], "summary": "Huang Tianhua is the eldest son of Huang Feihu in Investiture of the Gods and a disciple of the Perfected Lord of Pure Void. Taken as a pupil at three, he comes down the mountain at sixteen to help his father, kills the Four Generals of the Mo family with his heart-piercing nails, and becomes a commander of Xiqi. On the eastern campaign he is killed by Gao Jineng at Jinji Ridge, and after death is made Lord Bingling, in charge of the three mountains.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11177289", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11177289" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "黄天化（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%A4%A9%E5%8C%96" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:39+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Huang Tianhua is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Huang Tianhua, describes him as a character of the novel, and lists the alternative names Lord Bingling in two spellings. The title stays the personal name, and Lord Bingling is the divine post he is given after death.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and training\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of characters of the novel says Huang Tianhua is the eldest son of Huang Feihu and a disciple of the Perfected Lord of Pure Void. At three, while playing in the rear garden, he was taken away by the Perfected Lord and made his pupil, and Huang Feihu knew nothing of it beforehand.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Coming down the mountain to help his father\n\nWhen Huang Tianhua was sixteen, Huang Feihu rebelled against Chaoge because Daji had brought about the deaths of his wife and sister, and was struck dead on the road by the Tongguan commander Chen Tong with a fire-dragon dart, so the Perfected Lord sent Huang Tianhua down the mountain to help his father. Hearing of his mother's sad fate, he swore to go to Chaoge to avenge her. He took in Chen Tong's fire-dragon dart with a flower basket, cut Chen Tong down, and returned to report to his teacher. When the Xiqi army was fighting the Four Generals of the Mo family he came down again, but after coming down he broke the vegetarian rule and exchanged his Daoist robe for a warrior's dress. These two acts shortened his fate, and he lost to Mo Liqing of the four. His teacher luckily saved him with an elixir and gave him a treasure, the heart-piercing nails. He came down once more, killed the Four Generals, and became one of the commanders of Xiqi.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance and temper\n\nThe list says he is nine chi tall, with a face like mutton fat, rides a jade qilin, and fights with two silver hammers. He is fierce by temper. On first coming down he did not know that his mother had been killed by King Zhou, assumed his father had left her behind in his flight, and called his father cruel without asking. After being hurt by Deng Chanyu's five-light stones, and again after being captured by Tu Xingsun, he quarreled with Nezha, who had suffered the same.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and investiture\n\nOn the eastern campaign the Perfected Lord of Pure Void saw that his path was likely to end badly, and told him not to fight any enemy general whose name contained gao or neng, and to avoid golden roosters and wasps, but he did not take it in. When the army reached Jinji Ridge, held by Kong Xuan, commander of Yuansan Pass, he charged first and killed Kong Xuan's officer Chen Geng, his first and last victory. Jiang Ziya could not beat Kong Xuan and planned a night raid. During it, Huang Tianhua's mount was stung by the wasps that the enemy general Gao Jineng released, he fell, and Gao Jineng speared him to death. After death he is made Lord Bingling, in charge of the three mountains of Fangzhang, Penglai and Yingzhou.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods, eldest son of Huang Feihu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Teacher: the Perfected Lord of Pure Void[^zhwiki]\n- Divine post: Lord Bingling, also spelled in a second form[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Younger brothers: Huang Tianlu, Huang Tianjue, Huang Tianxiang[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/huang-tianhua.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11176387", "type": "person", "title": "Huang Wenbing", "slug": "huang-wenbing", "aliases": [ "黄文炳" ], "summary": "Huang Wenbing is a fictional character in Water Margin, an idle assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou, capable but narrow-minded, fawning on the powerful and spiteful, nicknamed Wasp Sting. When he finds the rebellious poem Song Jiang wrote at Xunyang Tower he reports it eagerly, and he sees through the false letter carried by Dai Zong and urges that both men be executed, until the Liangshan band raids the execution ground and rescues them. Song Jiang then takes revenge, and Zhang Shun captures him alive and he is put to death.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11176387", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11176387" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "黄文炳 (水浒传)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%96%87%E7%82%B3_(%E6%B0%B4%E6%BB%B8%E5%82%B3)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Huang Wenbing is a fictional character in Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Huang Wenbing in traditional characters, records his nickname Wasp Sting, and lists the form Assistant Prefect Huang. The nickname and the office are not names, so the title stays Huang Wenbing.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Who he is\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he is an idle assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou, capable but narrow-minded, fawning on the powerful, harsh and spiteful, nicknamed Wasp Sting. Wikidata records him as a fictional character of Water Margin with the occupation of political figure and the Great Song as the setting.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Denouncing Song Jiang\n\nHe is set on rising in the world. When he finds the rebellious poem Song Jiang wrote at Xunyang Tower, he sees a chance not to be missed and reports it, hoping to use Song Jiang's head as his step to promotion, and he schemes to bring Song Jiang to his death. He also sees through the false letter carried by Dai Zong, and advises Cai Dezhang to execute both men on the charge of inventing wild rumors and colluding with bandits. The Liangshan heroes then raid the execution ground and rescue the two.[^zhwiki]\n\n## His end\n\nSong Jiang, angry that Huang Wenbing, who had no grievance against him, was bent on killing him, joined Chao Gai and other Liangshan heroes to burn his house, and of his whole family only his elder brother Huang Wenhua, kind-hearted and nicknamed Buddha Huang, was spared. Huang Wenbing himself, hurrying back in alarm, was captured alive by Zhang Shun and put to death by slow slicing at the hand of Li Kui. The article also lists the thirty men who took part, thirteen from Jiangzhou and seventeen from Liangshan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: fictional character of Water Margin, assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Nickname: Wasp Sting; form of address: Assistant Prefect Huang[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Realm of the setting: Great Song[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/huang-wenbing.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11271726", "type": "person", "title": "Zong Bao", "slug": "zong-bao", "aliases": [ "宗宝" ], "summary": "Zong Bao is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and an officer under Kong Rong, grand administrator of Beihai. When the remnant Yellow Turban leader Guan Hai attacked Beihai, Zong Bao rode out to fight and was cut down within a few bouts.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11271726", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11271726" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "宗宝（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%AF%B6" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:33+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Zong Bao is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 宗宝 (traditional form 宗寶) and his English label as Zong Bao, and describes him as a subordinate of Kong Rong, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article uses the same name, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that Guan Hai, a remnant Yellow Turban leader, led tens of thousands of men against Beihai. Kong Rong was alarmed and sent his own troops out of the city. Guan Hai rode out and said he wanted to borrow ten thousand measures of grain; Kong Rong replied that he was a minister of Han guarding Han land and had no grain for bandits. Guan Hai swung his blade straight at Kong Rong, and Zong Bao leveled his spear and rode out to meet him. After only a few bouts Guan Hai cut him from his horse with one stroke, and Kong Rong's troops broke and fled into the city of Beihai.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Zong Bao[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, officer under Kong Rong[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/zong-bao.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10922775", "type": "person", "title": "Tang Bin", "slug": "tang-bin", "aliases": [ "唐彬" ], "summary": "Tang Bin (235–294), courtesy name Ruzong, was a man of Zou in the state of Lu and a general of Cao Wei and Western Jin. He took up bow and horse in youth and the classics later, served as vanguard under Wang Jun in the conquest of Wu, then commanded Youzhou, where he restored the old wall and pushed back the frontier. He died in office as governor of Yongzhou in 294 with the posthumous name Xiang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10922775", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10922775" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "唐彬（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%BD%AC" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "晋书/卷042（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7042" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:27+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Tang Bin was a general from the last years of Cao Wei into the Western Jin. Chapter 42 of the Book of Jin says that Tang Bin, courtesy name Ruzong, came from Zou in the state of Lu. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Tang Bin, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 235 to 294.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Origins and early life\n\nThe Book of Jin says his father Tang Tai was grand administrator of Taishan. Tang Bin had the capacity to govern a state and was not bound by petty conduct. In youth he was skilled at bow and horse, loved hunting, stood eight chi tall, could run down a fleeing deer, and was stronger than other men. Only later did he take pleasure in the classics and histories, understanding the Book of Changes especially well. After studying with a teacher he went home and taught, usually with several hundred pupils. He began as a clerk at the commandery gate and became registrar. When the governor Wang Shen gathered his staff to debate how to resist Wu and asked the officials of nine commanderies, Tang Bin and Zhang Hun, registrar of Qiao, both argued that Wu could be absorbed, and Wang Shen approved. He then had Tang Bin refute those who said Wu could not be attacked, and their arguments gave way. Tang Bin rose to merit officer, was recommended as filial and incorrupt, was appointed registrar of the province and advanced to assistant governor.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Service under Jin\n\nThe Book says that when he went to the chancellor's office on business, the staff there were the outstanding men of the age, and all admired him. They praised him to Emperor Wen, Sima Zhao, and recommended him as a clerk. When Sima Zhao asked the military adviser Kong Hao, Kong Hao was jealous of his talent and did not answer for a long time. Chen Qian, seated there, raised his tablet and said that Tang Bin was far better than himself, and Sima Zhao appointed him to the armor bureau. When Deng Ai was put to death, Sima Zhao feared unrest on the frontier because Deng Ai had long held Longyou and won the troops' loyalty, and sent Tang Bin to look into it quietly. Tang Bin reported that Deng Ai was jealous, proud, and had lost men's hearts, that the people of Longyou welcomed his fall, and that the armies now arrived were enough to hold the land. He was then appointed gentleman of the water works. In the early Taishi years he was made Marquis within the Passes, served as magistrate of Ye, where the people were reformed within a month, and as grand administrator of Yiyang. After mourning his mother he was considered for the post of army inspector of Yizhou, which bordered Wu. Emperor Wu asked the mounted attendant Wen Li, who said that Tang Bin loved wealth and Yang Zong loved wine. The emperor said that desire for wealth could be satisfied while a taste for wine was hard to change, and chose Tang Bin. He was soon also put in charge of military affairs in Badong, made general who broadens military power, and his plan for attacking Wu pleased the emperor. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives the same account.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The conquest of Wu\n\nHe campaigned against Wu with Wang Jun, held the key points and led the other armies. He often set up decoy forces and won by seizing the moment, took Xiling and Lexiang and captured many. Along the river from Baling and Miankou eastward, the rebels were terrified and surrendered. He knew the enemy was exhausted and that Sun Hao was about to surrender, so when he was two hundred li from Jianye he claimed illness and slowed his march to show he did not compete for credit. As he foresaw, those who arrived first fought over goods and those who arrived later fought over credit, and the discerning praised his conduct. After Wu fell, an edict praised him for guarding the east against Wu, overseeing the southern tribes and quieting the borders, and made him general of the right and supervisor of military affairs in Badong. He was recalled as colonel of the aiding wing, re-enfeoffed as Marquis of Shangyong with six thousand households, and given six thousand bolts of silk. He often took part in court deliberations.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The northern frontier\n\nWhen northern tribes raided Beiping, he was made supervisor of military affairs in Youzhou, protector of the Wuhuan, and general of the right. On arrival he trained the troops, repaired weapons, widened farming, displayed power and made known the state's commands with kindness and good faith. Two Xianbei groups under Mohui and Zhehe sent hostages and tribute. He also founded schools and taught without tiring, and extended the old frontier, pushing back the line by a thousand li. He restored the old Qin wall from Wencheng to Jieshi, running nearly three thousand li through the valleys, stationed troops in sections, and set beacon towers within sight of each other. The Book says the frontier became quiet and that no earlier commander since Han and Wei could compare. The Xianbei, afraid, killed Mohui. Tang Bin wanted to attack them, but feared that if he waited for a reply the raiders would scatter, so he called up carts and oxen from Youzhou and Jizhou. His staff officer Xu Zhi secretly reported it, and the court sent an inspector with a prison cart to bring him before the commandant of justice, but he was released when the facts were clear. The people, remembering his merit, set up a stele and wrote a eulogy for him while he was still alive.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Later life and death\n\nThe Book of Jin says that he first studied under Yan De of Donghai, who had many students but said that only Tang Bin had the talent of the court. When Tang Bin gained office, Yan De had already died, and Tang Bin set up a stele for him. In the early Yuankang years he was made general of the van, protector of the western tribes and governor of Yongzhou. He issued a notice that Yongzhou was a famous region with many scholars, and invited four retired scholars, Huangfu Shenshu, Yan Shulong, Jiang Maoshi and Liang Ziyuan, to join him as guests rather than subordinates. All four came, and he treated them with respect. He died in office in the fourth year of Yuankang at sixty, and received the name Xiang, two hundred bolts of silk and two hundred thousand cash. His elder son Tang Si rose to governor of Guangling, and his younger son Tang Qi was a military adviser.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Tang Bin[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Ruzong[^zhengshi]\n- Home: Zou in the state of Lu[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 235 to 294[^wikidata]\n- Posthumous name: Xiang[^zhengshi]\n- Realm and occupation: Cao Wei and Western Jin, general[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/tang-bin.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 235, "display": "235" }, "death": { "year": 294, "display": "294" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11269922", "type": "person", "title": "Cheng Ji", "slug": "cheng-ji", "aliases": [ "程畿" ], "summary": "Cheng Ji (died 222), courtesy name Jiran, was a man of Langzhong in Ba Commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. He once refused to lend troops to Pang Xi's suspicious scheme under Liu Zhang, later served Liu Bei, and died in 222 fighting pursuers after the defeat at Yiling.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11269922", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11269922" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "程畿（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E7%95%BF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:25+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Cheng Ji was a figure of the late Eastern Han and early Shu Han. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Jiran and says he came from Langzhong in Ba Commandery. Wikidata uses 程畿 and Cheng Ji as his labels and records his death in the second year of Zhangwu in Shu Han (222), so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Under Liu Zhang\n\nWhen Liu Zhang held Yi Province, Cheng Ji was magistrate of Hanchang. Chinese Wikipedia says Zhang Lu ignored Liu Zhang's orders and later held Hanzhong; Liu Zhang sent Pang Xi against him without success and then made him grand administrator of Baxi to hold Zhang Lu off. The Hanchang area had the Cong people, whom Pang Xi enlisted, and someone used this to accuse him to Liu Zhang, who grew suspicious. After Zhao Wei rebelled and was killed, Pang Xi became afraid and wanted to protect himself, so he sent Cheng Ji's son Cheng Yu to ask his father for the Cong troops.[^zhwiki]\n\nCheng Ji answered that raising private troops was not in itself rebellion and that loyalty and duty were enough even if others slandered one, but that he could not follow someone who turned disloyal out of fear of false charges. He scolded his son that, having received favor from the province, he owed loyalty to its governor, and that Cheng Yu, as a commandery clerk, should serve the grand administrator and not trade on his father. Pang Xi was furious and threatened his family; Cheng Ji cited the story of Yue Yang, who ate soup made of his own son for the sake of duty, and said he would do the same. Pang Xi came round, sent heavy gifts to Liu Zhang in apology, and was forgiven, and Cheng Ji was promoted to grand administrator of Jiangyang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Yiling\n\nAfter Liu Bei took Yi Province and became its governor, he appointed Cheng Ji as libationer attached to the staff. In the second year of Zhangwu (222) Cheng Ji went with Liu Bei on the eastern campaign against Sun Quan. When the Shu army was crushed and withdrew up the river, someone told him the pursuers had caught up and that he could escape if he abandoned the boat. He replied that he had never retreated in battle since joining the army, still less now that he was with the emperor in danger. He fought the pursuers with his halberd and was killed, outnumbered.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nIn chapter 84 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when the Wu banners suddenly fall, Cheng Ji tells Liu Bei that it is Lu Xun testing them, but Liu Bei does not believe him. After the Shu army is routed he refuses to retreat with the others and, seeing no way out, kills himself with his sword. This differs from the historical account above.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cheng Ji[^wikidata]\n- Courtesy name: Jiran[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Langzhong in Ba Commandery; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_511381|Langzhong]][^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: second year of Zhangwu, Shu Han (222)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124397482|Cheng Ji]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/cheng-ji.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 222, "display": "222" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10920980", "type": "person", "title": "Zhou Xingsi", "slug": "zhou-xingsi", "aliases": [ "周兴嗣" ], "summary": "Zhou Xingsi (died 521), courtesy name Zhizuan, was a man of Xiang in Chen commandery and an official and writer of the Liang. He went to the capital to study at thirteen, won Emperor Wu's notice with the Rhapsody on Peace and Rest, and was repeatedly commissioned to write inscriptions and proclamations, including the verse arrangement of one thousand characters from Wang Xizhi's writing, known as the Thousand Character Classic. He died in 521.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10920980", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920980" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "周兴嗣（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E8%88%88%E5%97%A3" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "梁书/卷49（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B749" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:24+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zhou Xingsi was an official and writer of the Liang dynasty. Chapter 49 of the Book of Liang says that Zhou Xingsi, courtesy name Zhizuan, was from Xiang in Chen commandery. Wikidata gives the name in traditional characters with the English label Zhou Xingsi, so the heading stays the personal name. The structured record gives 470 to 521, while the body of the Chinese Wikipedia article writes the birth year as 469.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and study\n\nThe Book of Liang says he was a descendant of Zhou Kan, grand tutor of the Han crown prince, and that his great-great-grandfather Zhou Ning was a staff officer and grand administrator of Yidu under the Jin. The family lived for generations at Gushu. At thirteen he went to the capital to study and spent more than ten years there, becoming widely learned in the records and skilled at writing. The biography also preserves a tale: while walking from Gushu he stayed at an inn, and in the night a man said to him that his talent exceeded his age, that he would first be recognized by a noble minister and in the end be known by an enlightened ruler, and then disappeared.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Career\n\nIn the Longchang era of Qi, the palace attendant Xie Fei was grand administrator of Wuxing and spoke with him only of literature and history. After Xie Fei finished his term and returned, he praised and recommended him greatly. His home province recommended him as a flourishing talent and he became assistant administrator of Guiyang, where the administrator Wang Rong treated him generously. After Emperor Gaozu founded the Liang, Zhou Xingsi presented the Rhapsody on Peace and Rest, which was very beautiful and pleased the emperor. He was made gentleman attendant to the Prince of Ancheng and was posted at the Hualin office. That year, when Henan presented dancing horses, the emperor ordered him, with Dao Kang and Zhang Shuai, to write rhapsodies, and judged his the best. He was promoted to supernumerary mounted attendant and posted to the Wende and Shouguang offices. When the emperor turned his old house at Sanqiao into the Guangzhai temple, he ordered Zhou Xingsi and Lu Chui each to write the temple stele, and when both were presented he used Zhou Xingsi's. After that the Inscription on the Bronze Tablet, the Stele of the Zhe Pond, the Proclamation for the Northern Campaign, and the verse arrangement of a thousand characters of Wang Xizhi's writing were all assigned to him, and each time the emperor praised them and added gifts of gold and silk. In the ninth year he became assistant administrator of Xin'an, and after his term he again served as supernumerary mounted attendant, helping to compile the state history. In the twelfth year he became palace attendant and went on writing as before.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Illness and death\n\nThe Book of Liang says that both his hands already suffered from sores and wind disease, and that in that year he caught a malignant illness and went blind in the left eye. The emperor stroked his hand and sighed, saying that such a man should have such an illness. He wrote out a remedy for the sores with his own hand and gave it to him. Ren Fang loved his talent and often said that if Zhou Xingsi had not been ill he would have reached censor-in-chief within ten days. In the fourteenth year he became assistant administrator of Linchuan, and in the seventeenth he was again palace attendant, posted at the western office, where the guard commander Zhou She, ordered to annotate the emperor's rhapsodies of past ages, asked for his help. He died in the second year of Putong. His works included the Imperial Veritable Record, Record of the Emperor's Virtue, Diary of Activity and Duties and Ceremonies, over a hundred chapters in all, and a collected works in ten chapters.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The Thousand Character Classic\n\nThe Verse Arrangement of a Thousand Characters of Wang Xizhi's Writing named in the Book of Liang is what later came to be called the Thousand Character Classic. The Chinese Wikipedia article says that, according to the records, he put it together in a single night and that his hair turned white from the strain, and that the work has endured.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Zhou Xingsi[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Zhizuan[^zhengshi]\n- Home: Xiang in Chen commandery[^zhengshi]\n- Dates: 470 to 521 in the structured record; the Book of Liang puts his death in the second year of Putong[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n- Role: official of the Liang, poet[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/zhou-xingsi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 470, "display": "470" }, "death": { "year": 521, "display": "521" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11268555", "type": "person", "title": "Zixu Shangren", "slug": "zixu-shangren", "aliases": [ "紫虚上人" ], "summary": "Zixu Shangren is a fictional Daoist in Romance of the Three Kingdoms who lives on Jinping Mountain in Yi Province and can foretell people's fates. When Liu Bei attacked Yi Province, Liu Gui and others consulted him on the way, and he wrote eight lines hinting at Pang Tong's death and Zhuge Liang's pacification of Yi.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11268555", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11268555" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "紫虚上人（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%99%9B%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%BA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:22+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zixu Shangren is a fictional figure in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a Daoist of Jinping Mountain, set in the Han dynasty. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Zixu Shangren and lists variants such as Zixu Shanren. Shangren is a respectful term for a religious practitioner, and the sources give no other personal name, so the title is kept as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia says Zixu Shangren lives on Jinping Mountain in Yi Province and can predict whether a person will live or die and be high or low. When Liu Bei attacked Yi Province, Liu Zhang's officers Liu Gui, Zhang Ren, Leng Bao and Deng Xian led 50,000 men toward Luocheng and on the way went to the mountain to ask him about the future. He wrote eight lines for Liu Gui: a dragon on the left and a phoenix on the right fly into western Sichuan; the young phoenix falls to earth and the sleeping dragon rises to heaven; one gains and one loses, as Heaven decrees; act when the moment comes and do not lose your life. These lines hint at Pang Tong's death and Zhuge Liang's pacification of Yi Province. When Liu Gui asked about his own fate, he answered that fixed destiny cannot be escaped and there was no need to ask again. The article says none of the four came to a good end. The passage is from chapter 62 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name used: Zixu Shangren, also written Zixu Shanren[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Daoist of Jinping Mountain[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/zixu-shangren.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10916583", "type": "person", "title": "Si Xingfang", "slug": "si-xingfang", "aliases": [ "司行方" ], "summary": "Si Xingfang is a character in the novel Water Margin, a subordinate of Fang Tianding, the crown prince of the rebel Fang La, and one of the four marshals of the southern realm with the title General Who Protects the State. He holds Hangzhou with Deng Yuanjue, Shi Bao and Li Tianrun, kills Lei Heng of Liangshan at Deqing, and is later defeated by Lu Junyi and Huyan Zhuo and drowns while pursuing across a stream.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10916583", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10916583" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "司行方（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%B9" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 8, "body": "Si Xingfang is a character in the classical novel Water Margin. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Si Xingfang, and the story is set in the Song dynasty, so the heading stays the name as given in the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In Fang La's army\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he is a subordinate of Fang Tianding, the crown prince of Fang La, and one of the four marshals of the southern realm, with the title General Who Protects the State. With the state preceptor Deng Yuanjue, called the Treasure Light Tathagata, Shi Bao, called General of the Southern Fire, and Li Tianrun, called General Who Guards the State, he commands twenty-four fighting generals and together they hold the Ninghai army at Hangzhou.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Fighting and end\n\nWhen Song Jiang wanted to take Hangzhou, Si Xingfang led Xue Dounan, Huang Ai, Xu Bai and Mi Quan to relieve Deqing county, where he killed Lei Heng, the Winged Tiger and one of the Liangshan generals of the Heavenly Spirits, in single combat. He was later beaten by troops under Lu Junyi, Huyan Zhuo and others, and drowned as he chased across a stream.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/si-xingfang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10900173", "type": "person", "title": "Liu Li", "slug": "liu-li", "aliases": [ "刘理" ], "summary": "Liu Li, courtesy name Fengxiao, was a son of Liu Bei of Shu Han by a concubine and a half-brother of the Later Lord Liu Shan. He was made Prince of Liang in 221, re-enfeoffed as Prince of Anping in 230, and died in the seventh year of Yanxi (244) with the name Prince Dao. Wikidata's structured death year reads 224, but the Records of the Three Kingdoms and Wikidata's own description point to 244.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10900173", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10900173" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "刘理（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E7%90%86" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷34（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B734" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Liu Li was a son of Liu Bei, the First Ruler of Shu Han, by a concubine. Chapter 34 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms says that Liu Li, courtesy name Fengxiao, was also a half-brother of the Later Ruler and a son of a different mother than Liu Yong. Wikidata's Chinese label is Liu Li, so the title stays the personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Enfeoffment\n\nThe Records say that in the sixth month of the first year of Zhangwu, the First Ruler sent the Minister over the Masses Xu Jing to install him as Prince of Liang. The charge said that the land of Liang was a domain near the capital, whose people liked instruction and could easily be led by rites, and that he should go and comfort the people and keep his realm. In the eighth year of Jianxing he was re-enfeoffed as Prince of Anping.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Death and heirs\n\nThe Records say he died in the seventh year of Yanxi and was given the posthumous name Prince Dao. His son Prince Ai, Liu Yin, succeeded him and died in the nineteenth year of Yanxi. Liu Yin's son Prince Shang, Liu Cheng, succeeded and died in the twentieth year. In the fourth year of Jingyao the Later Ruler decreed that the Prince of Anping had been appointed by the late emperor, that three generations had died young and the line was broken, and that Liu Ji, Marquis of Wuyi, should take the princely title. Liu Ji was Liu Li's son, moved east to Luoyang in the first year of Xianxi, and was made a cavalry commandant and a village marquis. The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that his wife was a daughter of the general Ma Chao, whose name is unrecorded.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The dates\n\nThis entry's structured record gives his birth as 212 and his death as 224. But Wikidata's own English description says he died in 244, the Records say he died in the seventh year of Yanxi, which is 244, and the Chinese Wikipedia article gives the fourth month of 244. So this text follows the Records and treats 244 as the death year, and 224 appears to be an entry error. His birth year is unknown; the Chinese Wikipedia article says only that he was born after 207.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Li[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Fengxiao[^zhengshi]\n- Titles: Prince of Liang, later Prince of Anping[^zhengshi]\n- Posthumous name: Dao[^zhengshi]\n- Death year: 244 (seventh year of Yanxi)[^zhengshi]\n- Realm and status: Shu Han, imperial prince[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/liu-li.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 212, "display": "212" }, "death": { "year": 224, "display": "224" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11264541", "type": "person", "title": "Liu Fu", "slug": "liu-fu", "aliases": [ "柳甫" ], "summary": "Liu Fu (2nd century – 238), also written Liu Pu, was censor-in-chief to Gongsun Yuan, the self-proclaimed King of Yan in Liaodong. He was sent with Wang Jian to ask Sima Yi to lift the siege and was executed by him. Wikidata gives his death as 239, one year later than Chinese Wikipedia.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11264541", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11264541" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "柳甫（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E7%94%AB" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Liu Fu served Gongsun Yuan, the self-proclaimed King of Yan in Liaodong, as censor-in-chief in the Three Kingdoms period. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Liu Fu and says the name is also written Liu Pu. Wikidata uses the same Chinese label with the English label Liu Fu, so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Sent to Sima Yi\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the first year of Jingchu under Emperor Ming of Wei (237) Gongsun Yuan declared himself King of Yan and took the era name Shaohan. In the second year of Shaohan (238) Sima Yi led an army against him and defeated him. In the eighth month Gongsun Yuan sent his chancellor Wang Jian and his censor-in-chief Liu Fu to ask Sima Yi to lift the siege and withdraw, promising that ruler and ministers would bind themselves and surrender if he agreed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Execution\n\nSima Yi had the envoys beheaded and sent Gongsun Yuan a proclamation saying that he was a senior duke of the Son of Heaven, that Wang Jian and Liu Fu had been discourteous in asking him to lift the siege and retire, and that the two old and muddled men had already been killed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Differing death years\n\nChinese Wikipedia gives his life as the 2nd century to 238, while Wikidata records his death in 239. The two differ by a year, and nothing on this entry decides between them, so both are given.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Fu, also written Liu Pu[^zhwiki]\n- Office: censor-in-chief to Gongsun Yuan[^zhwiki]\n- Dates: 2nd century to 238 (Chinese Wikipedia); death in 239 (Wikidata)[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124615203|Liu Fu]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/liu-fu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 239, "display": "239" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11068912", "type": "person", "title": "Zhang Jie", "slug": "zhang-jie", "aliases": [ "张节" ], "summary": "Zhang Jie is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, an official of Cao Wei who holds the post of attendant gentleman of the yellow gate. When Sima Yan pressed Emperor Yuan of Wei, Cao Huan, to abdicate, he denounced Sima Yan as a usurper and was beaten to death by Sima Yan's soldiers. Wikidata records his death in 266.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11068912", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11068912" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "张节 (三国演义)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E7%AF%80_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:11+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zhang Jie is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Zhang Jie and describes him as a Cao Wei minister of the novel, so the title stays the name.[^wikidata]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he rises to the post of attendant gentleman of the yellow gate. When Sima Yan presses Emperor Yuan of Wei, Cao Huan, to abdicate, Zhang Jie objects and shouts that anyone who does such a thing is a traitor who steals the state. This angers Sima Yan, and Zhang Jie is beaten to death by Sima Yan's soldiers.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a minister of Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Great Wei[^wikidata]\n- Death year: 266, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/zhang-jie.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 266, "display": "266" }, "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10899737", "type": "person", "title": "Liu Hongji", "slug": "liu-hongji", "aliases": [ "刘弘基" ], "summary": "Liu Hongji (582–650), from Chiyang in Yongzhou, was a founding general of the Tang. He ran afoul of the law on the way to the Liaodong campaign at the end of the Sui, then served Li Yuan and Li Shimin at Taiyuan, recruited troops for the uprising and took part in the march on Chang'an. He was made Duke of Kui, died in 650, and was buried beside the Zhao Mausoleum with the posthumous name Xiang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10899737", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10899737" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "刘弘基（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%BC%98%E5%9F%BA" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "新唐书·卷090（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7090" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:10+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Liu Hongji was a general at the founding of the Tang. Chapter 90 of the New Book of Tang begins that Liu Hongji was a man of Chiyang in Yongzhou. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Liu Hongji, and its English label is Liu Hongji, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 582 to 650.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Troubles at the end of the Sui\n\nThe New Book of Tang says that as a young man he was appointed a right guard of the Sui through his family's standing. At the end of the Daye era he joined the campaign against Liaodong, but he was short of money. By the time he reached Fenyin he judged he would be late and be executed, so he and his companions slaughtered an ox against the law and hinted to officials to arrest them. After a year or so he was sentenced to redeem the offence, then fled and lived by stealing horses. At Taiyuan he secretly attached himself to Emperor Gaozu, and, seeing that Taizong had an unusual bearing, he trusted himself to him all the more. He was treated with warmth and honor, came and went with mounted attendants, and sometimes entered the private chamber. The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that his father Liu Sheng was governor of Hezhou under the Sui, and that he killed the ox in order to avoid following Emperor Yang to Goguryeo.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The uprising and the founding\n\nWhen the army was about to rise, Liu Hongji recruited two thousand soldiers. Wang Wei and others obstructed the great undertaking, and Liu Hongji and Zhangsun Shunde waited behind the hall and signaled their men to seize them. He took part in the capture of Xihe. Song Laosheng was defeated and threw himself from his horse into a ditch, and Liu Hongji cut off his head and was made right grand master of splendid happiness. When the army reached Pu, he led troops across the Yellow River first and took Fengyi. As commissioner of the Weibei circuit, with Yin Kaishan as his deputy, he went west against Fufeng and gathered sixty thousand men. He then crossed the Wei to the south, camped at the old city of Chang'an and drew up at the Jinguang gate. The Sui general Wei Wensheng came to resist, and Liu Hongji counterattacked and took over a thousand armored men and several hundred horses. Other armies had not yet arrived, and he was the first to win. After the capital was taken his merit was ranked first and he was made grand general of the right valiant guard.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Campaigns\n\nHe fought Xue Ju at Qianshuiyuan. The armies of eight commanders were wiped out, and only his force fought hard until its arrows ran out and he was taken. The emperor honored him for not yielding in danger and treated his family well. He returned after Xue Rengao was defeated and kept his office as before. When Liu Wuzhou attacked Taiyuan he held Pingyang and was again taken, but soon escaped and was made commander of the left first corps. He stayed with the Prince of Qin at Baibi and took two thousand picked troops from Xizhou to Xihe to cut off the enemy's retreat. When Song Jingang fled, he chased him to Jiexiu with cavalry and, with the prince, crushed him, and was repeatedly ennobled, becoming Duke of Ren. He also took part in the campaign against Liu Heita. When the Turks pressed the border, he commanded ten thousand foot and horse, and built barriers from Bin northward to the Ziwu range in the east and west as far as Linjing.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The Zhenguan years and death\n\nThe New Book says that in the early Zhenguan years, Li Xiaochang and others plotted rebellion, and Liu Hongji was struck from the rolls and made a commoner for associating with them. After a year or so he was recalled as governor of Yizhou and his titles were restored, then summoned as minister of the guards and re-enfeoffed as Duke of Kui. Because of age he asked to retire, became a grand general who assists the state, attended court on the first and fifteenth day of the month, and kept the salary of an active official. When Taizong campaigned against Liaodong, he called Liu Hongji as grand commander of the front army, and he distinguished himself at Zhubi Mountain, with his households raised to eleven hundred. After his death he was given the rank of unequalled honor and the governorship of Bingzhou, was buried beside the Zhao Mausoleum, and received the name Xiang. The Chinese Wikipedia article says he died in the first year of Yonghui under Emperor Gaozong (650) at the age of sixty-nine. It also says that he was impeached several times in the Zhenguan years for corruption and demoted, which differs from the New Book's account.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## His last distribution\n\nWhen he fell ill he gave each of his sons fifteen servants and five qing of fields. He told those close to him that if the sons were worthy they would not need much wealth, and that if they were not, these would at least keep them from hunger and cold. The rest he distributed to relatives and friends. His son Liu Renshi inherited the title.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Hongji[^zhengshi]\n- Home: Chiyang in Yongzhou[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 582 to 650[^wikidata]\n- Posthumous name: Xiang[^zhengshi]\n- Realm and occupation: Tang dynasty, general[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/liu-hongji.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 582, "display": "582" }, "death": { "year": 650, "display": "650" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11264083", "type": "person", "title": "Wei Zi", "slug": "wei-zi", "aliases": [ "卫兹" ], "summary": "Wei Zi (died 190), courtesy name Zixu, was a Late Han man from Xiangyi in Chenliu who was recommended as filial and incorrupt. In 189 he helped Cao Cao raise troops with his own wealth, and he was killed in the fighting at Xingyang against Dong Zhuo.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11264083", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11264083" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "卫兹（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%8C%B2" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:07+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Wei Zi was a figure of the late Eastern Han. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Zixu, says he came from Xiangyi in Chenliu, and notes that he was recommended as filial and incorrupt. Wikidata gives the Chinese label 卫兹 (traditional form 衛茲) and the English label Wei Zi, and records his death in the first year of Chuping (190). The title therefore stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Backing Cao Cao\n\nIn the sixth year of Zhongping (189) he used his family wealth to support Cao Cao's rising. He helped Cao Cao gather more than five thousand men, which gave him his first real fighting force and let him raise troops at Jiwu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Against Dong Zhuo\n\nHe then followed Zhang Miao and Cao Cao in the campaign against Dong Zhuo and was killed in the fighting at Xingyang. Chinese Wikipedia also points out that Romance of the Three Kingdoms wrongly writes his name as Wei Hong.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe same article names his son as Wei Zhen, an official of the late Han and Cao Wei who rose to minister over the masses; his grandsons as Wei Lie, Wei Jing and Wei Kai; and his great-grandson Wei Quan, who was a secretary of the masters of writing under Emperor Hui of Jin.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wei Zi[^wikidata]\n- Courtesy name: Zixu[^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Xiangyi, Chenliu[^zhwiki]\n- Death recorded on this entry: first year of Chuping, Eastern Han (190)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q15951810|Wei Zi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wei-zi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 190, "display": "190" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10899435", "type": "person", "title": "Liu Guangshi", "slug": "liu-guangshi", "aliases": [ "刘光世" ], "summary": "Liu Guangshi (1086–1142), courtesy name Pingshu, was a general of the early Southern Song from Baoan Army and the second son of Liu Yanqing. He helped put down Fang La, held command posts across the Yangtze and Huai regions after the Song crossed south, and lost his troops in 1137 after Zhang Jun's impeachment. He died aged fifty-four and received the posthumous name Wuxi.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10899435", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10899435" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "刘光世（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%85%89%E4%B8%96" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "宋史·卷369（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7369" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Liu Guangshi was a general at the end of the Northern Song and the start of the Southern Song. The History of Song, chapter 369, begins that Liu Guangshi, courtesy name Pingshu, was a man of Baoan Army and the second son of Liu Yanqing, and Wikidata's Chinese name is also Liu Guangshi, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 1086 to 1142. Wikidata also lists Pingshu, Wuxi and Duke of Yang, of which Pingshu is his courtesy name and Wuxi his posthumous name, and neither replaces his name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## The late Northern Song\n\nThe History of Song says he first entered office through hereditary privilege as a military aide and rose to inspector of troops for Fuyan circuit and defense commissioner of Qizhou. When Fang La rebelled, his father Liu Yanqing was commander of the pacification office and sent him with his own force toward Quzhou and Wuzhou. He took the rebels by surprise and defeated them, and once the rebellion was ended he was made surveillance commissioner of Yaozhou and then commandant of Fuyan circuit. Later he followed his father in the capture of Yizhou and became military commissioner of the Fengguo army. After Guo Yaoshi surrendered to the Song, he was moved to commissioner posts at Weiwu and Fengning. Liu Yanqing sent several generals to strike at Yan, with Liu Guangshi as the support. When he did not arrive, the others lost their backup and broke, and he was demoted three grades. When the bandit Zhang Di raided Xunzhou, the court ordered him to attack. He feigned a retreat to draw the bandits on, then charged through their ranks with his cavalry and routed them, and was restored to his commissioner post. In the first year of Jingkang, when the Jin attacked Bianjing, he held the defile at Xingzi Fort and drove off the Xia, and was promoted. When the Jin attacked again he came to the rescue and went to Jizhou to see Prince Kang, who made him chief of the five armies.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The first years after the crossing\n\nAfter the prince took the throne, he served as commissioner for inspecting the imperial tombs, handled the business of the Imperial Guards office and was patrol commissioner of the traveling court. He killed the Shandong bandit Li Yu, was made military governor of the Fengguo army, put down mutineers at Zhenjiang, and was appointed pacification commissioner of Chuzhou, Haozhou and other prefectures. He also campaigned against Zhang Yu and Li Cheng, using Wang De as vanguard, and beat Li Cheng near Shangcai. In the third year of Jianyan, Jin horsemen suddenly reached Tianchang. He went out to meet them, but his army broke before it engaged. When the emperor hurried across the river, he named Liu Guangshi pacification commissioner of the five armies of the traveling court, stationed at Zhenjiang. Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan had long feared him when they rebelled, and promoted him to grand commandant and pacification commissioner of Huainan. Zhang Jun and Lü Yihao urged him to come to the emperor's aid, and he brought his troops to join them. He then became grand commandant and deputy of the imperial camp and, later, pacification commissioner east of the river, defending Taiping and Chizhou. When the Empress Dowager Longyou was at Nanchang, the court ordered him to move to Jiangzhou as a screen. There he held banquets every day. The Jin crossed the river at Huangzhou and for three days no one noticed, and when they arrived he withdrew.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The Shaoxing years\n\nIn the first year of Shaoxing he became pacification commissioner of Huainan and the Jingdong circuit, and later took in the bands of Guo Zhongwei, Xia Ning and Shao Qing. His troops formed a force of their own that was later called the Left Guard Army. In the third year he exchanged stations with Han Shizhong, the two of them quarreled over old grievances, and the emperor sent envoys to reconcile them and sent them the biographies of Jia Fu and Kou Xun. On the Huai front he had coins cast with the legend Zhaona xinbao, used to draw the enemy's soldiers into surrender. At the end of the sixth year, Zhang Jun said that Liu Guangshi was arrogant and idle and did not fight, and should not be a great general. He added that he indulged in wine and women, did not care about state affairs, and bristled when recovery was mentioned, and asked for his dismissal. Zhao Ding replied that Liu Guangshi came from a family of generals and many officers had come from his house, so dismissing him might offend feeling. He asked to be relieved of military duties and offered up the remaining gold and grain. He was made junior preceptor and Duke of Rong, and his troops went to the commissioner's office, after which his officer Li Qiong killed Lü Zhi and led the army over to Liu Yu. In the ninth year, on the occasion of the peace, he was granted a title of merit, advanced to Duke of Yong and made pacification commissioner of Shaanxi. In the tenth year, when the Jin besieged Shunchang, he became grand guardian and relief commissioner of the three capitals to help Liu Qi, but was recalled, made overseer of the Wanshou temple and re-titled Duke of Yang.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and judgment\n\nWhen he fell gravely ill he asked that his household be freed of levies and corvée, but the secretariat drafter would not let the order go out. He died aged fifty-four and was posthumously made grand tutor. Fourteen of his sons, nephews and in-laws were given office, and he was given the name Wuxi. In the eighth year of Qiandao he was posthumously made Prince of Ancheng, and in the first year of Kaixi Prince of Fu. The History of Song says that he rose earliest among the generals, but was lax in discipline, had no method in managing troops, would not take on the work of the state, and kept the bandits alive to enrich himself, which public opinion condemned. Once he told the emperor that he wished to give all his strength to the country and that future historians would put his merit first, and the emperor answered that he should not offer empty words but show it in his actions. The History says that because he gave up military command early and drifted with the times, Qin Hui did not fear him, and so he kept his honor to the end of his life, though he was far inferior to Han Shizhong and Yue Fei.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Guangshi[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Pingshu[^zhengshi]\n- Home: Baoan Army[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 1086 to 1142[^wikidata]\n- Posthumous name: Wuxi[^zhengshi]\n- Realm and occupation: Song dynasty, general[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/liu-guangshi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1086, "display": "1086" }, "death": { "year": 1142, "display": "1142" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11067541", "type": "person", "title": "Zhang Shao", "slug": "zhang-shao", "aliases": [ "张绍" ], "summary": "Zhang Shao is a character in Investiture of the Gods who sets up the Red Sand formation, one of the Ten Heavenly Lords of Golden Turtle Island. King Wu of Zhou goes in to break it himself and suffers for a hundred days inside before the Southern Pole Immortal rescues him. The Immortal fans away the red sand with the five-fire seven-bird fan, and the White Crane Boy gives Zhang Shao the fatal blow.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11067541", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11067541" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "张绍 (封神演义)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E7%BB%8D_(%E5%B0%81%E7%A5%9E%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zhang Shao is a character in Investiture of the Gods. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Zhang Shao, and Wikidata also lists the traditional-character form. It is a name from the novel, so the heading stays Zhang Shao. He is recorded as male, and Wikidata records a death year of 1100 BCE.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The Red Sand formation\n\nIn the Chinese Wikipedia list of characters, Zhang Shao's name appears in the entries for the Southern Pole Immortal and King Wu of Zhou, in both cases in connection with the Red Sand formation he sets up. The Southern Pole Immortal is the eldest disciple of the Primal Beginning Heavenly Venerable. He often helps Jiang Ziya but seldom fights directly, and acts only to break Zhang Shao's Red Sand formation and the Wanxian formation of the Heavenly Teacher Tongtian. In breaking the Red Sand formation he fans the red sand away with the five-fire seven-bird fan, and then the White Crane Boy gives Zhang Shao the fatal blow.[^zhwiki]\n\n## King Wu enters the formation\n\nThe article says King Wu, Ji Fa, did not cultivate the Way and was not a general who fights at the front, and he appears very rarely in Investiture of the Gods. He comes forward in person only when Zhang Shao sets up the Red Sand formation, suffers inside it for a hundred days, and is finally rescued by the Southern Pole Immortal, which the article treats as the price he had to pay in the war. The entry on Leizhenzi also mentions that he protected King Wu in the Red Sand formation.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Affiliation\n\nThe article describes the Ten Heavenly Lords, also called nine lords and a sage, as ten practitioners of Golden Turtle Island, each in charge of a mysterious formation. After Wen Zhong lost at Xiqi, they set up their formations one after another against the Zhou officers and the Chan disciples, were all finally broken, and were afterwards invested as regular gods of the Thunder Department. The Red Sand formation is one of the ten fatal formations. The article does not give a separate life of Zhang Shao.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character of Investiture of the Gods[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/zhang-shao.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11066568", "type": "person", "title": "Zhang Gongjin", "slug": "zhang-gongjin", "aliases": [ "张公谨" ], "summary": "Zhang Gongjin (594–632), courtesy name Hongshen, was a man of Fanshui in Weizhou and an early Tang general. Before the Xuanwu Gate incident he urged the Prince of Qin to act rather than rely on divination, and during the coup he closed the gate alone against the Crown Prince's troops. As governor of Daizhou he set out six reasons to attack the Eastern Turks, served as Li Jing's deputy, and died in 632 as governor of Xiangzhou with the name Xiang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11066568", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11066568" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "张公谨（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%85%AC%E8%B0%A8" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "新唐书/卷089（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7089" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zhang Gongjin was an early Tang general and statesman. Chapter 89 of the New Book of Tang begins that Zhang Gongjin, courtesy name Hongshen, was a man of Fanshui in Weizhou. Wikidata's Chinese label is Zhang Gongjin and its English label is Zhang Gongjin, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 594 to 2 May 632.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Joining the Tang and the Prince of Qin\n\nThe New Book of Tang says he was an official of Xu Shichong, prefect's chief of staff at Weizhou, and with the prefect Cui Shu he surrendered the city to the Tang. He was made acting assistant in Zouzhou and rose to chief of staff in the right guard, but was not yet known. Li Ji and Yuchi Jingde recommended him several times to the Prince of Qin, who brought him into his office. The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that his grandfather was Zhang Ganzhi and his father Zhang Shiru, and that he joined the Tang in the first year of Wude (618).[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The Xuanwu Gate incident\n\nThe New Book records that when the Prince of Qin was about to move against the Crown Prince and the Prince of Chao, he had a diviner read the omens. Zhang Gongjin came in from outside, threw the tortoise shell to the floor, and said that divination is for settling doubt, that here there was none, and asked what would be the point of divining, and whether he would stop if the result were bad. The prince said well. After the Crown Prince died, his followers attacked the Xuanwu Gate fiercely, and Zhang Gongjin alone shut the gate against them. For this he was made general of the left guard, enfeoffed as Duke of Dingyuan, and given a thousand households in practice. The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that the attackers were two thousand elite troops of the Eastern Palace and the Prince of Qi's household under Feng Li, Xue Wanche and Xie Shufang, and that he, strong of arm, closed the gate alone and held them off.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Daizhou and the case for attacking the Turks\n\nThe New Book says that in the early Zhenguan years he was governor of Daizhou, established military farms to save grain transport, and often spoke on affairs, with Taizong adopting much of it. He then served as Li Jing's deputy in dealing with the Turks and listed six reasons to attack to the emperor. Jieli was indulging his desires and violence, killing the good and favoring petty men, so the ruler was benighted above. Tribes such as the Tongluo, Pugu, Huihe and Yantuo had set up their own chiefs and were turning on him, so there was revolt below. Tuli had been suspected and fled with light cavalry, Tuoshe's expedition was lost, and Yugu had lost his army, so the troops were beaten and the generals defeated. Frost and drought in the north had left grain supplies short. Jieli was cold to his own Turks and close to the other Hu, whose nature is to turn, so when a great army came there would be trouble inside. And the many Chinese in the north had gathered in strongholds in the hills and would answer when the royal army appeared. Taizong agreed with the plan. After Dingxiang fell and Jieli was beaten, an imperial letter praised him, he was advanced to Duke of Zou, and was made governor of Xiangzhou, where he was known for his kind rule.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Death\n\nThe New Book says he died in office at the age of forty-nine. Taizong planned to go to mourn him, but the officials reported that the day fell on a chen day and it was unlucky. The emperor said that ruler and minister are like father and son, that feeling comes from within, and that nothing was to be avoided, and he mourned him. He was posthumously made grand general of the left valiant guard with the name Xiang. In the thirteenth year of Zhenguan his title was changed to Duke of Tan, and in the Yonghui years he was further given the governorship of Jingzhou. It should be noted that with the structured dates 594 to 632 he would have been about thirty-nine at death, and the Chinese Wikipedia article also gives thirty-nine, noting that the New Book gives forty-nine. The two do not agree, and the age of forty-nine here is the New Book's statement.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Descendants and the novels\n\nThe New Book says that his son Zhang Daxiao served as secretariat drafter in the Longshuo years and compiled the national history, wrote over a hundred pieces, and ended as chief of staff of Huaizhou, and that his second son Zhang Da'an was given the rank equal to the chancellors in the Shangyuan years. The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that in the Ming and Qing novels Romance of Sui and Tang and Tales of Tang he is a low officer under Luo Yi and later joins the gathering at Jialiu Inn as a general of the Wagang army, and that in Xue Rengui's Eastern Campaign he is killed by the Goguryeo general Gai Suwen. Those are the novels' versions, and they differ from the account in the histories above.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Zhang Gongjin[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Hongshen[^zhengshi]\n- Home: Fanshui in Weizhou[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 594 to 2 May 632[^wikidata]\n- Posthumous name: Xiang[^zhengshi]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_130425|Daming County]][^wikidata]\n- Realm and occupation: Tang dynasty, military figure[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/zhang-gongjin.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 594, "display": "594" }, "death": { "year": 632, "display": "632" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11096850", "type": "person", "title": "Li Chunxiang", "slug": "li-chunxiang", "aliases": [ "李春香" ], "summary": "Li Chunxiang is a fictional character in chapter 57 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the concubine of the attendant gentleman Huang Kui, who is secretly involved with Huang Kui's brother-in-law Miao Ze. At Miao Ze's urging she draws out Huang Kui's plan to kill Cao Cao and tells Miao Ze, who informs Cao Cao, and Huang Kui and Ma Teng are killed. Cao Cao despises Miao Ze for it and has him and Li Chunxiang executed together.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11096850", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11096850" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李春香（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%98%A5%E9%A6%99" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Li Chunxiang is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives her Chinese label as Li Chunxiang and records her as the concubine of Huang Kui, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Who she is\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says she is the concubine of the attendant gentleman Huang Kui and is secretly involved with Miao Ze, the younger brother of Huang Kui's wife.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The events of chapter 57\n\nIn the novel, Huang Kui has agreed with Ma Teng to kill Cao Cao. He comes home still angry, and when his wife presses him he will not say why. Miao Ze wants Li Chunxiang for himself and has no way to get her. Seeing Huang Kui's anger, Li Chunxiang asks Miao Ze about it, and he tells her to provoke Huang Kui by asking why everyone calls Liu Bei humane and Cao Cao treacherous. That night Huang Kui comes to her room and, drunk, says that what he hates is that he wants to kill Cao Cao and has arranged with General Ma to do it the next day when troops are mustered outside the city. Li Chunxiang tells Miao Ze, and Miao Ze reports it to Cao Cao. Cao Cao makes his dispositions, seizes Huang Kui's whole household, and the next day ambushes Ma Teng outside the city and captures him and his sons. Huang Kui, Ma Teng and Ma Xiu are put to death.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Her end\n\nMiao Ze tells Cao Cao he wants no reward and asks only for Li Chunxiang as his wife. Cao Cao laughs and says that for the sake of one woman he has destroyed his brother-in-law's whole family, and asks what use such a man is. He has Miao Ze and Li Chunxiang beheaded in the market together with Huang Kui's household, and the onlookers sigh. The Chinese Wikipedia article sums this up by saying that Cao Cao saw how base Miao Ze was and had him and Li Chunxiang executed together.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, concubine of Huang Kui[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/li-chunxiang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11097593", "type": "person", "title": "Li Fu", "slug": "li-fu", "aliases": [ "李福" ], "summary": "Li Fu, courtesy name Sunde, was an official of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata records his birth in 195 and his birth place as Mianyang. After Liu Bei took Yi province he served as clerk, magistrate of Xichongguo and magistrate of Chengdu, and in the Jianxing years as grand administrator of Baxi and other posts. On orders he visited the ill Zhuge Liang and carried his last words back to the emperor. He died of illness not long after the first year of Yanxi.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11097593", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11097593" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李福 (三国)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%A6%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Li Fu was an official of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article use Li Fu as the name, and the article gives his courtesy name as Sunde, so the title stays the personal name. Wikidata records his birth in 195 and his birth place as Mianyang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says his father Li Quan, courtesy name Boyu, was a powerful local figure of Yi province at the end of the Eastern Han and served as magistrate of Linqiong. When Liu Yan was governor of Yi province, he executed Li Quan, Wang Xian and eight other strong local men in order to raise his reputation by severity. Li Fu's son was Li Xiang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Service in Shu\n\nAfter Liu Bei settled Yi province, Li Fu served as clerk, as magistrate of Xichongguo and as magistrate of Chengdu. In the Jianxing years he held the posts of grand administrator of Baxi, inspector of Jiangzhou, general who displays awe, and director of the masters of writing.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Visiting Zhuge Liang\n\nDuring the campaign at Wuzhang Plains, Li Fu was sent by the emperor Liu Shan to visit the sick Zhuge Liang. Before his death Zhuge Liang told him that Jiang Wan should succeed him, with Fei Yi next. When Li Fu asked who came after that, Zhuge Liang did not answer. Li Fu carried the last words back to the emperor and saw them carried out.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Later years and assessment\n\nIn the first year of Yanxi (238) he was army inspector of the front and held the post of marshal under the general-in-chief, and he died of illness soon afterwards, during Jiang Wan's northern campaigns. Yang Xi's Jihan fuchen zan says that Sunde was resolute and keen, and the Yibu qijiu zaji says Li Fu was acute in judgment, decisive, and quick in government work.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Fu[^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Sunde[^zhwiki]\n- Born: 195[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_510700|Mianyang]][^wikidata]\n- Realm: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124586305|Li Fu]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/li-fu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 195, "display": "195" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11050431", "type": "person", "title": "Yue Yun", "slug": "yue-yun", "aliases": [ "岳云" ], "summary": "Yue Yun (1119–1141), courtesy name Yingxiang, style name Huiqing, was a man of Tangyin in Xiangzhou and the eldest son of the Southern Song general Yue Fei. He joined the army at twelve, led the climb up the walls with two iron mallets in the recovery of the Xiangyang region, and rose to Left Martial Grand Master and defense commissioner of Zhongzhou. After his father was stripped of command in 1141, Qin Gui and Zhang Jun framed him and Zhang Xian, and he was executed with Zhang Xian.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11050431", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11050431" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "岳云（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%B3%E4%BA%91" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:22:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Yue Yun was the eldest son of the Southern Song anti-Jin general Yue Fei. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Yue Yun, Wikidata also lists the traditional-character form, and its English label is Yue Yun, so the heading stays the personal name. The structured record gives his life as 1119 to 1141, while the body of the Chinese Wikipedia article writes 1119 to 1142, a difference of one year in the death date.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he was styled Yingxiang, with the style name Huiqing, a man of Tangyin in Xiangzhou. He rose to Left Martial Grand Master, defense commissioner of Zhongzhou and overseer of the Liquan temple, and was later posthumously given the ranks of military commissioner of the Anyuan army and military governor of the Wukang army. In the seventh month of 1130 he joined the army under Zhang Xian, commander of the front army of the Tongtai pacification office, at the age of twelve. In the ninth month of 1133, after Yue Fei had put down Jizhou and Qianzhou, Yue Fei brought him to Lin'an to see Emperor Gaozong. The emperor gave Yue Yun a bow and arrows, a battle robe and a silver-wrapped spear, and by special decree made him an officer of the gate service although he had no military record yet. Yue Fei submitted a memorial declining it, and the emperor refused.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Military deeds\n\nThe article says that in 1134 Yue Fei marched to recover Xiangyang, the prefectures of Tang, Deng, Sui and Ying, and Xinyang army. In the attack on Suizhou, Yue Yun, holding two iron mallets weighing eighty jin, was the first up the wall and the bravest of the three armies. In the seventh month, in the attack on Dengzhou, he again led the climb. But Yue Fei reported only his merit at Suizhou and hid his merit at Dengzhou, so the court only raised him to an officer of loyal instruction and gate service. In 1135 the emperor by special decree made him a gate announcer, and Yue Fei again declined and was again refused. Soon the court discovered his battle merit and made him a martial officer of the wing. In 1137 the court named him a great officer of martial virtue and acting prefect, and Yue Fei again declined. In 1139 he was named great officer of martial display and acting prefect. In 1140, for the victory at Yingchang, he became Left Martial Grand Master and defense commissioner of Zhongzhou.[^zhwiki]\n\n## His death\n\nThe article says that in 1141, after Yue Fei was stripped of command, his army was renamed the Ezhou garrison of the imperial forces, with Wang Gui in charge and Zhang Xian as deputy. Qin Gui and Zhang Jun falsely accused Zhang Xian and Yue Yun of plotting to return Yue Fei to command, and Zhang Jun took them into custody. The censor-in-chief Moqi Xie built a false case. Yue Fei was ordered to die, Zhang Xian and Yue Yun were executed in the marketplace, their descendants were imprisoned and their property was confiscated. In 1161 Emperor Gaozong ordered the descendants of Yue Fei and Zhang Xian released and free to move from their places of exile. In the seventh month of 1162 his offices of Left Martial Grand Master and defense commissioner of Zhongzhou were restored. In 1178 he was posthumously given the rank of military commissioner of the Ningyuan army, and in 1204 that of military governor of the Wukang army.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Descendants\n\nThe article says Yue Yun married Lady Gong, and had two sons, Yue Fu and Yue Shen, and a daughter, Yue Daniang. Yue Fu and Yue Shen were given office in the reign of Emperor Xiaozong, and Yue Fu later served as minister of personnel. Nearly ten thousand descendants of Yue Fei live in the Hefei area of Anhui, direct descendants of Yue Yun.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Courtesy name: Yingxiang; style name: Huiqing[^zhwiki]\n- Home: Tangyin in Xiangzhou[^zhwiki]\n- Dates: 1119 to 1141 in the structured record; 1142 in the article text[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Realm and relation: Song dynasty, son of Yue Fei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q11050431_q70827|Yue Yun]] (a character in Water Margin)", "url": "/people/yue-yun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1119, "display": "1119" }, "death": { "year": 1141, "display": "1141" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11091288", "type": "person", "title": "Cao Xun", "slug": "cao-xun", "aliases": [ "曹训" ], "summary": "Cao Xun (died 249) was a man of Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and younger brother of Cao Shuang in Cao Wei, enfeoffed as Marquis of Wansui Pavilion. Cao Shuang made him general of the guards while he held the regency. After the coup at the Gaoping tombs in 249 Cao Shuang and all his brothers were beheaded for treason, and Cao Xun's three clans were exterminated.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11091288", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091288" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "曹训（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E8%A8%93" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Cao Xun was a figure of Cao Wei. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Cao Xun, in the traditional form of the character xun, and records his death in 249 and his occupation as political figure. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Cao Xun in the simplified form. The two are the same name, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and office\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he was from Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and a younger brother of Cao Shuang, and that he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wansui Pavilion. After Emperor Cao Fang came to the throne, Cao Shuang took the regency as general-in-chief and appointed Cao Xun general of the guards, with the right to go in and out of the palace.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The coup at the Gaoping tombs\n\nIn the tenth year of Zhengshi (249), Cao Xun went with Cao Shuang and others when Cao Fang visited the Gaoping tombs. Sima Yi took the chance to launch a coup and seized control of Luoyang, and Cao Xun was dismissed. Soon afterwards Cao Shuang and all his brothers were beheaded on a charge of treason, and Cao Xun's three clans were exterminated. The article cites the Wei zhi biography of Cao Shuang as its source.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cao Xun, written with the traditional character in Wikidata[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Death: 249[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Qiao county, commandery of Qiao[^zhwiki]\n- Title: Marquis of Wansui Pavilion[^zhwiki]\n- Kin: son of Cao Zhen, younger brother of Cao Shuang[^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124617455|Cao Xun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/cao-xun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 249, "display": "249" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11091096", "type": "person", "title": "Cao Yan", "slug": "cao-yan", "aliases": [ "曹彦" ], "summary": "Cao Yan (died 249) was a man of Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and younger brother of Cao Shuang in Cao Wei. When Cao Shuang held the regency he made him an attendant at court. In 249 Cao Shuang accompanied Emperor Cao Fang on a visit to the Gaoping tombs and Sima Yi seized power. Cao Yan was dismissed and soon beheaded for treason, with his three clans exterminated.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11091096", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091096" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "曹彦（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%BD%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:54+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Cao Yan was a figure of Cao Wei. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Cao Yan, in the traditional form of the character yan, and records his death in 249 and his occupation as political figure. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Cao Yan in the simplified form. The two are the same name, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and office\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he was from Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and a younger brother of Cao Shuang. After Emperor Cao Fang came to the throne, Cao Shuang took the regency as general-in-chief and appointed Cao Yan as an attendant at court, with the right to go in and out of the palace.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The coup at the Gaoping tombs\n\nIn the tenth year of Zhengshi (249), Cao Yan went with Cao Shuang and others when Cao Fang visited the Gaoping tombs. Sima Yi took the chance to launch a coup and seized control of Luoyang, and Cao Yan was dismissed. Soon afterwards he was beheaded on a charge of treason, and his three clans were exterminated.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cao Yan, written with the traditional character in Wikidata[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Death: 249[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Qiao county, commandery of Qiao[^zhwiki]\n- Kin: son of Cao Zhen, younger brother of Cao Shuang[^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124617593|Cao Yan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/cao-yan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 249, "display": "249" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11089855", "type": "person", "title": "Puxian Zhenren", "slug": "puxian-zhenren", "aliases": [ "普贤真人" ], "summary": "Puxian Zhenren is a character of Investiture of the Gods, a disciple of the Primordial Heavenly Worthy and one of the twelve immortals of Kunlun, with his own cave on Mount Jiugong and the disciple Mu Zha. In the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation he subdues Lingya Xian, who reverts to a white elephant and becomes his mount. He later turns to the West and becomes the bodhisattva Puxian.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11089855", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11089855" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "普贤真人（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E8%B4%A4%E7%9C%9F%E4%BA%BA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Puxian Zhenren is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Puxian Zhenren and describes him as a character of that novel. This is an immortal's title in the book, and the cited sources give no personal name that can be verified, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata]\n\n## Place in the story\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of characters of the novel says Puxian Zhenren is a disciple of the Primordial Heavenly Worthy and one of the twelve immortals of Kunlun. He has his own cave, the White Crane cave on Mount Jiugong, and the disciple Mu Zha.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Deeds\n\nThe list records two episodes. When Yuan Jiao sets up the cold-ice formation, Puxian Zhenren steps into it on an auspicious cloud, is unharmed, and breaks the formation. In the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation he uses the Taiji talisman seal, borrowed from the Primordial Heavenly Worthy, to hold down Lingya Xian's formation of the two forms, and at the same time reveals his true body. He binds the helpless Lingya Xian with the long-rainbow rope, and Lingya Xian shows his true form, a white elephant. The elephant later becomes Puxian's mount, and Puxian later turns to the West and becomes the bodhisattva Puxian.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods[^wikidata]\n- Lineage: under the Primordial Heavenly Worthy, one of the twelve immortals of Kunlun[^zhwiki]\n- Cave: White Crane cave, Mount Jiugong[^zhwiki]\n- Disciple: Mu Zha[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/puxian-zhenren.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11091010", "type": "person", "title": "Cao E", "slug": "cao-e", "aliases": [ "曹娥" ], "summary": "Cao E (130 – 143) was a filial daughter of the Eastern Han from Shangyu in Kuaiji. In the second year of Han'an her father Cao Xu drowned in the river during a rite, and his body was not found. At fourteen she wept along the river for seventeen days and then threw herself in. In the first year of Yuanjia the magistrate Du Shang reburied her and set up a stele, and she came to be honored as a water spirit.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11091010", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091010" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "曹娥（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%A8%A5" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "后汉书·卷84（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B784" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Cao E was a filial daughter of the Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han, in its biographies of exemplary women, calls her the filial daughter Cao E of Shangyu in Kuaiji. Wikidata gives her Chinese label as Cao E and records her as born in 130 and dead in 143, with her birth place at Shangyu, so the title stays the personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Her father's drowning and her death\n\nThe Book of the Later Han says her father, named Xu, could play and sing and served as a ritual invocator. On the fifth day of the fifth month of the second year of Han'an, he drowned in the county river while going against the waves to meet a spirit, and his body was not found. Cao E was fourteen. She followed the river weeping day and night without a break, and on the seventeenth day she threw herself into the river and died.[^zhengshi]\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article tells it a little differently. It says Cao Xu was a shaman who, at the Dragon Boat festival, took a boat out on the Shun River to meet the tide god Wu Zixu and was drowned. After Cao E drowned herself, five days later her body surfaced holding her father's body. In memory of her filial virtue the villagers renamed the Shun River the Cao E River and made her a water spirit. This is the later account. The Book of the Later Han does not mention the bodies surfacing together or the renaming.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The stele and remembrance\n\nThe Book of the Later Han records that in the first year of Yuanjia the county magistrate Du Shang reburied Cao E beside the road on the south side of the river and set up a stele for her.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that Du Shang first built the Cao E temple and had his pupil Handan Zili, that is Handan Chun, write the inscription. The inscription was praised for its fine phrasing, with the words jue miao hao ci, and is built as a riddle. According to the Shishuo xinyu, Cao Cao once tried to guess it together with Yang Xiu. In 1110 she was granted the title Lady of Spiritual Filial Piety, in 1808 Lady of Blessed Response, and in 1865 the title of Lady of Spiritual Response was added.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cao E[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 130–143[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_330604|Shangyu District]][^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q11091010_q70806|Cao E]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/cao-e.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 130, "display": "130" }, "death": { "year": 143, "display": "143" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11089105", "type": "person", "title": "Zhong Jin", "slug": "zhong-jin", "aliases": [ "锺进" ], "summary": "Zhong Jin is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms who does not appear in the standard histories. He is the younger brother of Zhong Yao, governor of Chang'an, and a commander under Cao Cao in the novel. When Ma Chao attacks Chang'an, he guards the west gate and is cut down by Pang De when he runs to put out a fire at night.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11089105", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11089105" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "锺进（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%BE%E9%80%B2" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:50+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zhong Jin is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his label as Zhong Jin, written with the traditional form of the character zhong, and describes him as a general under Cao Cao in the novel, so the title stays this name. The Chinese Wikipedia article states plainly that he is not recorded in the standard histories.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe article says he is the younger brother of Zhong Yao, governor of Chang'an. When Ma Chao marches against Chang'an to avenge his father, Zhong Jin helps his brother hold the city and guards the west gate. At night a fire breaks out at the west gate. He goes to put it out, and Ma Chao's men slip into the city in the confusion. Ma Chao's officer Pang De attacks at night and cuts Zhong Jin down from his horse with one stroke. Pang De then opens the west gate and lets Ma Chao into Chang'an, and Zhong Yao flees.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a general under Cao Cao[^wikidata]\n- Kin: younger brother of Zhong Yao, governor of Chang'an[^zhwiki]\n- Realm of the setting: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/zhong-jin.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11039789", "type": "person", "title": "Lady You", "slug": "lady-you", "aliases": [ "尤氏" ], "summary": "Lady You is the wife of Jia Zhen and the legal mother of Jia Rong in Dream of the Red Chamber, the mistress who runs the Ningguo house, described as a gourd with its mouth sawn off. When her daughter-in-law Qin Keqing died she fell ill and Jia Zhen asked Wang Xifeng of the Rong house to manage the household. She tried hard to stop the marriage of You Erjie but failed. The sources give no personal name.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11039789", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11039789" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "尤氏 (红楼梦)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E6%B0%8F_(%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Lady You is a character in the classical Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber and the wife of Jia Zhen. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Lady You, and Wikidata also lists forms of address such as Eldest Sister You, Zhen's Sister-in-law and Zhen's Wife. There is only a surname and the suffix for a married woman, and no personal name, so the heading stays Lady You. The story is set in the dynasty of the novel, and she is recorded as female.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and family\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, she is Jia Zhen's wife and the legal mother of Jia Rong. Her stepmother is the elder woman You, and her two half-sisters are You Erjie and You Sanjie. She is the mistress who runs the Ningguo house, and her character is described as a gourd with its mouth sawn off, that is, one who keeps silent.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the story\n\nThe article says that when her daughter-in-law Qin Keqing died, she was ill and could not manage the household, so Jia Zhen asked Wang Xifeng of the Rong house to take over. She tried hard to stop the marriage of You Erjie, but did not succeed. Later, when Wang Xifeng found that Jia Lian had secretly married You Erjie, she made a scene in the Ningguo house, and Lady You, at a loss, could only let her go on.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Dream of the Red Chamber, wife of Jia Zhen[^wikidata]\n- Other forms of address: Eldest Sister You, Zhen's Sister-in-law, Zhen's Wife[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lady-you.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11078118", "type": "person", "title": "Jieyin Daoren", "slug": "jieyin-daoren", "aliases": [ "接引道人" ], "summary": "Jieyin Daoren is a character of Investiture of the Gods and, with Zhunti Daoren, a head of the Western teaching, whose role is to lead immortals of the Chan and Jie teachings who have a bond with the West to the West. He is sixteen chi tall and wears his hair in a topknot, and his treasures are the sarira, the green-lotus banner, a whisk and the pouch of heaven and earth. In the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation he gathers into the pouch all who share that bond.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11078118", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11078118" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "接引道人（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%BC%95%E9%81%93%E4%BA%BA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jieyin Daoren is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Jieyin Daoren, describes him as a character of the novel, and lists the alternative name Western Teaching Master. This is a title and the cited sources give no personal name that can be verified, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata]\n\n## Identity and appearance\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of characters of the novel says that Jieyin Daoren and Zhunti Daoren are the heads of the Western teaching. In the story their part is to lead immortals of the Chan or Jie teachings who have a bond with the Western teaching to the West. Jieyin Daoren is sixteen chi tall and wears his hair in a topknot. His treasures are the sarira, the green-lotus banner, a whisk, and the pouch of heaven and earth.[^zhwiki]\n\n## His part in the story\n\nThe list says that after the Jie teaching master Tongtian mobilizes his disciples to set up the Zhuxian and Ten Thousand Immortals formations, Laozi, the Primordial Heavenly Worthy and the two Western masters Jieyin Daoren and Zhunti Daoren all step in to help Jiang Ziya. The conflict is ended by the mediation of Hongjun. In the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation Jieyin Daoren puts into the pouch every immortal and Daoist who shares a bond with the Western teaching. One of the senior disciples of the Jie teaching, the Holy Mother Guiling, is struck by his prayer beads and returns to her form as a turtle, and the White Lotus Boy then lets mosquitoes drain her to an empty shell.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods[^wikidata]\n- Alternative name: Western Teaching Master[^wikidata]\n- Appearance: sixteen chi tall, hair in a topknot[^zhwiki]\n- Treasures: sarira, green-lotus banner, whisk, pouch of heaven and earth[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/jieyin-daoren.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11046726", "type": "person", "title": "Wang Jin", "slug": "wang-jin", "aliases": [ "王进" ], "summary": "Wang Jin is the arms instructor of the eight-hundred-thousand imperial guards at Dongjing in the novel Water Margin, skilled in all eighteen weapons and above all in the staff. Having offended the grand commandant Gao Qiu, he flees by night with his mother, teaches and takes Shi Jin as a pupil at the Shi estate, then goes on to Yan'an, after which he does not appear in the book. The Chinese Wikipedia article says a historical person of this name also existed.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11046726", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11046726" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "王进 (宋朝)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%80%B2_(%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Wang Jin is a character in the classical novel Water Margin. Wikidata writes the Chinese name in traditional characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Wang Jin (Song dynasty), so the heading stays the personal name. The story is set in the Song dynasty, and he is recorded as male.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Wang Jin is first mentioned in chapter two of the book, titled Instructor Wang Secretly Goes to Yan'an and the Nine-Dragon Shi Jin Makes Trouble at the Shi Estate. He is the instructor of the eight-hundred-thousand imperial guards at Dongjing and Bianliang, a master of all eighteen weapons and above all of the staff. When Gao Qiu took office as grand commandant, he invited the whole court to a feast, and the officials, afraid of his power, all attended. Only Wang Jin, who was gravely ill, could not come. Gao Qiu had him carried from his sickbed and wanted to give him twenty blows, then found that the man who had once humbled him in the street when he was a ruffian was Wang Jin's father. With old and new grudges he wanted to kill Wang Jin, and only the pleas of civil and military officers saved him from punishment.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Flight and the pupil\n\nThe article says Wang Jin, knowing he had offended a petty man, deceived the guards who attended him by saying that he would fulfil a vow and be first to burn incense, and sent them to the Dongyue temple to arrange offerings. In fact he left his post and fled Dongjing by night with his mother toward Yan'an. On the way he stayed at the Shi estate, where old Shi received him warmly. One day he saw Shi Jin practising with a staff and could not help pointing out its flaws. The proud young Shi Jin was angry and demanded a bout, but was easily beaten, and realized that this man was far beyond himself and his former teachers, and hurried to take him as master. To repay the Shi family's kindness, Wang Jin gladly agreed. Half a year later, when Shi Jin had mastered all he knew, Wang Jin took leave of the Shis, and although they urged him to stay he insisted on going so as not to draw them into his trouble with Gao Qiu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## End\n\nThe article says that after Shi Jin killed officials and left home, he hoped to find Wang Jin, and with the help of Lu Zhishen, who had some contacts through his work, learned that Wang Jin had gone to Yan'an to join the elder Marshal Zhong. But when Shi Jin reached Yan'an he still could not find him, and no one there knew where he was. After that the name Wang Jin never appears again in the book. Later film and television adaptations either have him live under an assumed name or already dead.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The historical Wang Jin\n\nThe article says that Northern Song records contain this account: a guard officer named Wang Jin offended a high official in the capital and fled to the old acquaintance of the Younger Zhong's headquarters in Yan'an to defend the border. In the northwest he led troops in small battles with the Western Xia and won them all. He then joined the headquarters of Zhong Shizhong and Zhong Shidao in Hebei as a vanguard, and died fighting beside Zhong Shizhong in the later battle at Taiyuan. The article notes that these records do not say he was an instructor or name Gao Qiu as the official he offended.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Water Margin, instructor of the eight-hundred-thousand imperial guards[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/wang-jin.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11074055", "type": "person", "title": "Cihang Daoren", "slug": "cihang-daoren", "aliases": [ "慈航道人" ], "summary": "Cihang Daoren is a character of Investiture of the Gods, corresponding to the Daoist goddess Cihang Zhenren. The novel makes her a disciple of the Primordial Heavenly Worthy, one of the twelve immortals of Kunlun with her own cave on Mount Putuo, who later joins the Western Buddhist teaching. The cited article notes that the novel merges her with the Buddhist Guanyin.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11074055", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11074055" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "慈航道人（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%88%E8%88%AA%E9%81%93%E4%BA%BA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Cihang Daoren is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives her Chinese label as Cihang Daoren and describes her as a character of that novel. She corresponds to the goddess Cihang Zhenren of Daoism and folk religion. This is a divine title, and the cited sources give no personal name that can be verified, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Cihang Zhenren in Daoism\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says Cihang Zhenren, also called Cihang Daoren, Cihang Xiangu and Cihang Dashi, is a goddess of Daoism and Chinese folk belief, found in works such as the Lingbao scripture and the Ming-dynasty Lidai Shenxian Tongjian. After the Tang, scholar-officials urged the unity of the three teachings, and Cihang Zhenren was gradually identified with the bodhisattva Guanyin. Folk images often take the sense of the word for a boat of compassion and show her riding a dragon, a turtle and snake, a great turtle, or a dugout canoe.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The several sources\n\nThe article lists the Daoist sources for her image. The earliest is the Lingbao scripture, written around 397 to 402. The original is lost, and the passage is known only through the Wenxuan kaoyi, which quotes Li Shan's commentary. A king of the Chanli world has a daughter named Miaoyin who cannot speak at four and is abandoned in the mountains. A divine man teaches her and she begins to speak. When a drought ravages the kingdom she shows her true form, and a flood falls from heaven. A later text, the Benxing miaojing of Cihang Yuanjun, tells the tale at greater length and gives her a white jade vase with a willow branch. The Lidai Shenxian Tongjian says a woman immortal lived in the Chaoyin cave of Luojia rock on Putuo and, according to tradition, practiced there in the time of the Shang king, helping people with elixirs and sweet dew, and that people of the southern sea called her Cihang Dashi. The Soushen ji in the Wanli-era Xu Daozang tells the story of Miaoshan, third daughter of King Miaozhuang, who becomes Guanyin.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Investiture of the Gods\n\nThe article says the Ming-era Investiture of the Gods calls Cihang Zhenren Cihang Daoren. It makes her a disciple of the Primordial Heavenly Worthy, one of the twelve immortals of Kunlun, with her own cave, the Luojia cave on Mount Putuo, and says she later turns to the Western teaching of Buddhism. Because Putuo is the main seat of Guanyin, the novel in effect combines Daoist Cihang Zhenren and Buddhist Guanyin into one character, which may be one reason ordinary people identify the two.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods[^wikidata]\n- Titles: Cihang Zhenren, Cihang Daoren, Cihang Dashi and others[^zhwiki]\n- Cave: Luojia cave, Mount Putuo[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/cihang-daoren.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10952228", "type": "person", "title": "Su Yuanjing", "slug": "su-yuanjing", "aliases": [ "宿元景" ], "summary": "Su Yuanjing is a grand commandant of the court in the novel Water Margin, who fits a prophecy of the Mysterious Lady of the Nine Heavens. Honest, loyal and upright, he strongly favors amnesty for Liangshan. The court sends edicts three times, and only the third, carried by him, succeeds. The Liangshan heroes also rely on his protection whenever they fall into danger.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10952228", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10952228" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "宿元景（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E5%85%83%E6%99%AF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:38+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Su Yuanjing is a character in the classical novel Water Margin. Wikidata records him as male and as a politician, and lists the form of address Grand Commandant Su. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Su Yuanjing, and the story is set in the Song dynasty, so the heading stays Su Yuanjing.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## His place in the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, he is the grand commandant of the court and fits the prophecy of the Mysterious Lady. When Shi Jin and Lu Zhishen were trapped in Huazhou, he happened to be on an imperial mission to offer incense, which let Wu Yong trick the golden bells into place and take the city.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Support for amnesty\n\nThe article says he is honest, loyal and upright, and strongly favors amnesty for the outlaws. The court sent down edicts three times, and only the third succeeded, with him as envoy. Whenever the Liangshan heroes fell into repeated danger, it was his protection that kept their situation safe.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Form of address: Grand Commandant Su[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/su-yuanjing.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10955099", "type": "person", "title": "Ning Sui", "slug": "ning-sui", "aliases": [ "寗随" ], "summary": "Ning Sui is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a Shu Han general serving as Jiang Wei's deputy. In the Wei conquest of Shu, the Wei general Zhuge Xu holds the Yinping bridgehead to cut off Jiang Wei's retreat, and Ning Sui proposes striking what the enemy must rescue: Jiang Wei should feign an attack on Yongzhou to draw Zhuge Xu back.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10955099", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10955099" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "寗随（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%97%E9%9A%A8" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:38+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Ning Sui is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and a general of Shu Han. Wikidata writes his Chinese name with the traditional form, simplified as 宁随, and also lists the variant spelling 甯隨. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled the same, so the heading stays the name as given in the novel. The story is set in Shu Han and he is recorded as male.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says that some editions write the surname with a variant character pronounced the same as the common Ning, and that in the novel he is Jiang Wei's deputy. In the Wei conquest of Shu, the Wei general Zhuge Xu camped at the Yinping bridgehead and cut off Jiang Wei's retreat. Ning Sui advised Jiang Wei to strike what the enemy must rescue, and to feign an attack on Yongzhou so that Zhuge Xu would turn back to save it. Zhuge Xu fell for it and, fearing for his rear, broke camp and withdrew. When he later saw what Jiang Wei intended, he at once turned back to block him, but he was a step too late, and led his troops to Jiange to find Zhong Hui. This episode is in chapter 117 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## A further remark in the article\n\nThe article's section on related works has one sentence saying that in the Jiang Wei biography of the Records of the Three Kingdoms he is the new identity of Ma Su, who died in prison after the loss of Jieting, and that he helped the northern campaigns as Jiang Wei's adviser. The sentence is unclear and gives no basis, so it is not adopted here and is noted only because the article says it.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, general of Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/ning-sui.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10945095", "type": "person", "title": "Meng Zong", "slug": "meng-zong", "aliases": [ "孟宗" ], "summary": "Meng Zong (died 271), courtesy name Gongwu, was a man of Jiangxia and a senior minister of late Eastern Wu who rose to minister of works. He later changed his name to Meng Ren to avoid a taboo on the courtesy name of Sun Hao, and is the hero of the filial tale of weeping in the bamboo grove that brought forth shoots, in the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety. He died in the ninth month of 271 and was buried at Wuchang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10945095", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10945095" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "孟宗（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AE%97" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:35+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Meng Zong was a senior minister of late Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period who rose to minister of works. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Meng Zong. Wikidata also lists the alias Meng Ren, a name he took later to avoid the courtesy name of Sun Hao, the last emperor of Wu, so the heading stays Meng Zong. This entry records his death as 271, with no known birth year.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and career\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he was styled Gongwu and was from Jiangxia. As a young man he studied under Li Su of Nanyang, working hard day and night, and Li Su praised him as having the talent of a chancellor. After joining Wu, he first served as a military clerk under the general Zhu Ju, then as marshal at the salt pond and magistrate of Wu. While he was magistrate of Wu his mother died. Under the law of Wu, a local magistrate who left his post for the funeral without leave could be put to death. He ignored the danger and went home to mourn, then reported himself at Wuchang to await judgment, and Lu Xun saved him from execution. He later became grand administrator of Yuzhang and rose to minister of the imperial household. After Sun Chen took power he attached himself to Sun Chen. In 258 he was sent by Sun Chen to announce the deposition of Sun Liang at the ancestral temple. After Sun Xiu took the throne, Sun Chen planned a revolt and had Meng Zong ask Sun Xiu to let him station troops at Wuchang, and soon Sun Chen was put to death by Sun Xiu. In the winter of 262 Sun Xiu appointed him right censor-in-chief.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Change of name and last years\n\nThe article says that in 264, when Sun Hao succeeded, Meng Zong changed his name to Meng Ren because Sun Hao's courtesy name was Yuanzong. In 267 Sun Hao ordered him, with the minister of ceremonies Yao Xin, to lead a ceremonial party to Mingling to invite the spirit of Sun Hao's father Sun He, and saw them off in person. In the second month of 268 he became minister of works, and in the ninth month of 271 he died and was buried at Wuchang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Filial conduct\n\nThe article relates that while serving as a military clerk under Zhu Ju he brought his mother to live in the camp. He often felt his ambitions thwarted, and on a rainy night when the roof leaked he wept and apologized to his mother, who told him to work hard and said there was nothing to cry about. As marshal of the Leichi fishery he wove a net himself, caught fish and sent them to his mother, who sent them back to avoid suspicion and never ate fish again. As grand administrator of Yuzhang he benefited the people, and many in the area gave their children the name Meng out of gratitude. The article also says that as minister of the imperial household he once vomited barley rice after getting drunk at a banquet. The emperor decreed to ask whether his household was short of rice, and he answered that there was enough, but that he was more content eating barley.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Weeping in the bamboo grove\n\nThe article says Meng Zong's mother liked bamboo shoots and wanted some near the winter solstice, when shoots do not grow. Unable to find any, he wept in a bamboo grove, and shoots suddenly sprang up so that he could bring them home. People held that his great filial piety moved Heaven. A kind of bamboo is called Meng Zong bamboo after him and is one of the important winter shoots. The tale was later adapted into the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Assessment\n\nThe article quotes Lu Ji's Discourse on the Fall of Wu, which names him with Ding Gu and others among the ministers, and a comment by He Zhuo that, in the matter of announcing Sun Liang's deposition at the temple, he had no great integrity to his credit.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Courtesy name: Gongwu[^zhwiki]\n- Other name: Meng Ren (taken to avoid a taboo)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Death year: 271[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Wu, senior minister[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124664065|Meng Zong]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/meng-zong.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 271, "display": "271" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10944892", "type": "person", "title": "Sun Shaozu", "slug": "sun-shaozu", "aliases": [ "孙绍祖" ], "summary": "Sun Shaozu is the husband of Jia Yingchun in Dream of the Red Chamber, nicknamed the Wolf of Zhongshan. He is from Datong prefecture in Shanxi, descended from army officers, and was once a protege of the Ning and Rong houses. Coarse and vile, he loves women, gambling and drink, and he abuses Yingchun until she dies. After the Jia family's property is seized, he writes to Jia Zheng demanding money that Jia She owed him.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10944892", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944892" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "孙绍祖（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E7%BB%8D%E7%A5%96" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:34+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Sun Shaozu is a character in the classical Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber, nicknamed the Wolf of Zhongshan. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Sun Shaozu, and Wikidata also lists the traditional-character form. It is the character's name in the novel, so the heading stays Sun Shaozu. The story is set in the dynasty of the novel, and he is recorded as male.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the story\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says that Sun Shaozu is from Datong prefecture in Shanxi, descended from army officers, and was at the time a protege of the Ning and Rong houses. His wife is Jia Yingchun, one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling. He is coarse and extremely vile, loves women, gambling and drink, and has abused almost all the wives and maids in his household. When Jia Yingchun first came home for a short stay she was already in tears. Jia Baoyu asked his father Jia Zheng to let her stay in the Grand View Garden. Jia Zheng and Lady Wang were reluctant, but by the rules of a great household they did not keep her. In the end Yingchun died of Sun Shaozu's cruelty. After the Jia house was raided, he also wrote to Jia Zheng, saying that Jia She had once owed him money and demanding that Jia Zheng repay it.[^zhwiki]\n\n## How he is written\n\nThe article says that Cao Xueqin never lets Sun Shaozu appear in person in the book. By the method of powdering the back, he makes Sun Shaozu's ungrateful, cruel, shameless and kick-them-when-down character stand out through the accounts of Jia Yingchun and others.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character of Dream of the Red Chamber, husband of Yingchun[^wikidata]\n- Nickname: Wolf of Zhongshan[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/sun-shaozu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10788075", "type": "person", "title": "Li Wan", "slug": "li-wan", "aliases": [ "李纨" ], "summary": "Li Wan, courtesy name Gongcai, is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling in the main register. She is the wife of Jia Zhu, the eldest son of Jia Zheng. Widowed young, she raised her posthumous son Jia Lan, was kind and did not interfere much, was called the Great Bodhisattva, and served as head of the Begonia Poetry Club under the name Daoxiang Laonong.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10788075", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10788075" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李纨（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%B4%88" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:32+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 13, "body": "Li Wan is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are Li Wan, in traditional characters in one form and simplified in the other, and the article gives her courtesy name as Gongcai. It is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. She is one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling in the main register. Wikidata records the setting as the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and marriage\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Li Wan came from an official family of Jinling. Her father, Li Shouzhong, was chancellor of the imperial academy and held that a woman without talent is a woman of virtue, so he did not much let his daughter study. He taught her works such as the Biographies of Exemplary Women and the Collection of Worthy Ladies so that she would know a few characters and remember a few virtuous women of past ages, and put more weight on needlework and womanly conduct, hence the name Li Wan and the courtesy name Gongcai. She married Jia Zhu, eldest son of Jia Zheng of the Rongguo house, who died of illness early and left a posthumous son, Jia Lan. She was widowed at seventeen or eighteen, kept strictly to her place and spoke and acted with care, so that her face became wasted. She knew only how to serve her elders and raise her son, and in public to keep her sisters-in-law company at needlework and reading. In the Jia house she was called Mrs Li, Zhu's daughter-in-law, or Zhu's Eldest Lady. The article says that because she had always been virtuous and kept her widowhood from youth, the Lady Dowager and Lady Wang respected her, and she also drew the largest monthly allowance in the garden, nominally ten taels of silver.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Temperament and conduct\n\nThe article says she was kind to servants and did not interfere much, so she was called the Great Bodhisattva. When Wang Xifeng was ill and recovering, she asked Li Wan, Jia Tanchun and Xue Baochai to run the Jia household, and the servants called them the three Taisui who guard the mountain. In chapter 7, when Aunt Xue had Zhou Rui's wife deliver palace flowers to most of the young ladies in the garden, Li Wan alone was passed over. In winter, when the sisters all wore scarlet wool-felt and feather satin cloaks, she wore a plain dark-blue woollen jacket, and Zhiyan zhai commented that it showed her nature. When Tanchun proposed the poetry club, Li Wan became its head with the name Daoxiang Laonong, and although she had the largest income in the garden she lived frugally and asked Wang Xifeng to be the supervising censor who paid for it. In chapter 45 she argues with Wang Xifeng, speaking up for Ping'er too, which shows a more emotional side and a tongue no less quick than Xifeng's. She is close to Ping'er and dislikes Miaoyu. The only complete poem by her is the Grand View Garden inscription written for Jia Yuanchun's visit. In chapter 63, at the flower-drawing game, she draws an old plum, a symbol of chastity.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, song and ending\n\nThe article says her fate verse is the eleventh in the main register of the Twelve Beauties, with a picture of a pot of flourishing orchid and beside it a woman in phoenix crown and robe, and the poem says that peach and plum bear fruit in the spring wind but in the end none can compare to a pot of orchid. The matching song is The Late Glorious Years. The standard last forty chapters do not state her ending: after Lin Daiyu died she helped manage the funeral, and her son Jia Lan went to the capital with Baoyu for the examinations and in chapter 119 passed as the one hundred and thirtieth juren. The article says that readers speculate her end was a reward after hardship, or that Jia Lan rose in the world and then died suddenly, leaving her bereaved in old age.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Critical readings\n\nThe article notes that most studies approach Li Wan through the influence of feudal ritual on her character, calling her a type of asceticism or a living specimen of the three obediences and four virtues, while in 1997 Hu Wenwei praised her for holding to principle and so meeting a good end. Ou Lijuan argues one should not stop at the author's flat portrayal of her; her home at Daoxiang Village is planted with hundreds of red apricot trees, which suggests warmth and passion, while the design of green hills slanting across it suggests the restraint of ritual on her, so that she is a dormant volcano that is not fully extinct. Ji Xueyuan points out that her life in the garden shows much vitality, and that the division of tasks and the rules of the Begonia Poetry Club were her proposals.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Wan, courtesy name Gongcai, also called Zhu's Eldest Lady[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: wife of Jia Zhu, mother of Jia Lan, one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/li-wan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10943581", "type": "person", "title": "Queen Consort Jiang", "slug": "queen-consort-jiang", "aliases": [ "姜王后" ], "summary": "Queen Consort Jiang is the first queen of King Zhou of Shang in Investiture of the Gods and the earlier tale of King Wu's Attack on Zhou. She is the daughter of Jiang Huanchu, Lord of the Eastern Marches, and the mother of the crown princes Yin Jiao and Yin Hong. Framed by Daji, she is demoted and put into the cold palace, is restored, and then dies at Daji's hands, afterwards becoming the Taiyin star. The sources give no personal name.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10943581", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10943581" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "姜王后（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%9C%E7%8E%8B%E5%90%8E" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:32+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 11, "body": "Queen Consort Jiang is the queen of King Zhou of Shang in the Song-era tale King Wu's Attack on Zhou and in the Ming novel Investiture of the Gods. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Queen Consort Jiang, and Wikidata also lists forms such as Queen Jiang and Empress Jiang. There is only a surname and the title of queen, and no personal name, so the heading stays Queen Consort Jiang. She is set in the Shang dynasty and recorded as female.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Identity\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says she is the first queen King Zhou invested, the daughter of Jiang Huanchu, Lord of the Eastern Marches, and the mother of his two sons Yin Jiao and Yin Hong, and the mortal enemy of Daji. She was exceptionally beautiful. When Daji was first chosen for the palace and honored as noble consort, she did not know Lady Jiang, and only after a few months did they become acquainted. Two years later Lady Jiang was made queen, which aroused Daji's jealousy, and Daji set a series of plots against her.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Demotion and restoration\n\nThe article says that after she was framed, King Zhou demoted her to consort and put her in the cold palace. Daji rose in favor while Lady Jiang stayed alone in the cold palace. Her sons Yin Jiao and Yin Hong told the king everything, but he believed Daji's slanders and, instead of heeding his sons, had both crown princes beaten with staves. Two months later Lady Yin, wife of Li Jing, praised Lady Jiang's virtues before the king, who then released her, and that night he made her queen again.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Cause of death\n\nThe article writes that once, tipsy with wine, Daji went out in disguise with the king, and on returning two hours later the noble consort Su had the queen beaten thirty strokes and put into the cold palace again. To prove she had done nothing wrong, the queen sent a message by pigeon to Lady Yin. Lady Yin came and found the queen gouging out her own eyes. She tried to stop her, but the queen was already dead. After that the king made Daji queen. The queen's two sons, Yin Jiao and Yin Hong, disliked Daji, and Daji slandered them to the king and had them killed. The article adds that after her death the queen was invested as the Taiyin star among the regular gods of the stars.[^zhwiki]\n\n## On screen\n\nThe article lists a number of actresses who played Queen Jiang or Empress Jiang in various screen adaptations, for example Lü Shan in the TVB series Fengshen Bang and Yuan Quan in the film Creation of the Gods I.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: first queen of King Zhou of Shang in Investiture of the Gods[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Shang dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/queen-consort-jiang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761740", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Xichun", "slug": "jia-xichun", "aliases": [ "贾惜春" ], "summary": "Jia Xichun is the youngest of the four Jia sisters in Dream of the Red Chamber, the youngest daughter of Jia Jing of the Ningguo house and a full sister of Jia Zhen, raised in the Rongguo house at the side of the Lady Dowager. Aloof and cold in temper, she represents the Buddhist idea of emptiness in the book, and by her fate verse she becomes a nun after the Jia house is raided.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761740", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761740" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾惜春（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%83%9C%E6%98%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:29+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Xichun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Xichun, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata records her as a character of the novel, set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and character\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, she is the youngest of the four Jia sisters and the only one from the Ningguo house, the youngest daughter of Jia Jing and a full sister of Jia Zhen, thirty years younger than he. Her mother died early and she was raised in the Rongguo house beside the Lady Dowager. She later lives in Liaofeng Studio, also called Nuanxiang Dock, near the Lotus Fragrance Pavilion in the Grand View Garden, and her alias in the Begonia Poetry Club is Ouxie. The article calls her solitary and cold and the character in the book who represents the Buddhist idea of emptiness. By the Twelve Beauties of Jinling verses she becomes a nun after the Jia house is raided and lives in want, while in the last forty chapters by Gao E she practices at home in comfort.[^zhwiki]\n\n## A few episodes\n\nThe article records that her most important act in the garden is to paint the garden at the Lady Dowager's request during Granny Liu's visit, the so-called Grand View Garden picture, though the book does not say whether it was finished. It adds that some scholars hold Xichun was originally a figure of the Rongguo house who was moved to the Ningguo house to fit her into the whole book. In chapter 7 she is said to associate often with the little nun Zhineng, and jokes that if she shaved her head and became a nun, there would be nowhere to wear the palace flowers Zhou Rui's wife brought. Around chapter 74, in the search of the garden, the chief maids of Yingchun and Xichun are driven out. Yingchun weeps and sends keepsakes to say goodbye, while Xichun says to take the maid away, to beat, kill or sell her, she does not care. After Wang Xifeng finds out and is ready to forgive Ruhua, Xichun again refuses and tells Madam You that she is clear-headed and so cannot keep Ruhua. The article explains that the Ningguo house kept an unclean household, she wanted to keep clear of it, and she feared being drawn into gossip, so when Ruhua got into trouble she cut her loose.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, song and riddle\n\nThe article gives her fate verse, in which she sees through the spring scenery of the three sisters, changes into a black robe, and lies alone by a green lamp and an old Buddha, a lady of a noble house. It also lists the song Awakening from Vain Flowers, in which she sees through the three springs and seeks the cool, quiet heaven. Her lantern riddle has the sea lamp as its answer. Her maids include Ruhua, Caiping and Cai'er.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Xichun, alias Ouxie, also called the Fourth Young Lady[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Relations: daughter of Jia Jing, full sister of Jia Zhen[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-xichun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10855421", "type": "person", "title": "Ge Ding", "slug": "ge-ding", "aliases": [ "戈定" ], "summary": "Ge Ding is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, from Donglai commandery in Qing province, a fellow townsman and subordinate officer of Taishi Ci. Sent by Taishi Ci into Hefei to set a fire, he was found out by Zhang Liao, captured by Li Dian, and beheaded in front of Zhang Liao's horse.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10855421", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10855421" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "戈定（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%AE%9A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:29+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Ge Ding is a fictional character in the chapter-novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Ge Ding, and Wikidata records him as a fictional character, a soldier, set in Han, so the heading stays the same.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Ge Ding comes from Donglai commandery in Qing province, and is a fellow townsman and subordinate officer of Taishi Ci under Sun Quan. His brother is the stable hand who feeds the horses under Zhang Liao, who is guarding Hefei for Cao Cao. On Taishi Ci's orders Ge Ding slips into Hefei, where Taishi Ci has him set fire to the stables so that an attack from inside and outside can take the city and kill Zhang Liao. Zhang Liao keeps calm, sees through the plan, and Li Dian captures Ge Ding and his brother. After learning the facts Zhang Liao has Ge Ding beheaded in front of his horse. Zhang Liao then sets a trap for Taishi Ci, who is badly wounded and dies after returning to camp. The article records nothing more about him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ge Ding[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: fictional character, soldier[^wikidata]\n- Home: Donglai commandery, Qing province[^zhwiki]\n- Allegiance: under Taishi Ci[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/ge-ding.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1077571", "type": "person", "title": "Yu Fan", "slug": "yu-fan", "aliases": [ "虞翻" ], "summary": "Yu Fan (164–233), courtesy name Zhongxiang, from Yuyao in Kuaiji, was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu, learned in the Book of Changes and also skilled in medicine. His blunt remonstrance offended Sun Quan; he was exiled to Jing county in Danyang and later to Jiaozhou, where he taught for more than ten years and died at seventy.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1077571", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077571" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "虞翻（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9E%E7%BF%BB" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷57（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:28+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Yu Fan was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Zhongxiang and that he came from Yuyao in Kuaiji. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Yu Fan, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 164 to 233, with a birthplace at present-day Yuyao in Zhejiang.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Early years and Sun Ce\n\nThe Records say that Wang Lang, grand administrator of Kuaiji, made him a clerk of merit. When Sun Ce marched on Kuaiji Yu Fan was in mourning for his father. He came to the office gate in mourning dress, took it off to go in, and urged Wang Lang to avoid Sun Ce. Wang Lang would not listen, was defeated and fled by sea. Yu Fan followed and protected him as far as Houguan, where the county chief shut the gates until Yu Fan went and persuaded him to let them in. Wang Lang then told Yu Fan that he had an old mother and should go home. After he returned, Sun Ce reappointed him clerk of merit and treated him as a friend, even visiting his house. Sun Ce liked riding out to hunt, and Yu Fan warned him that a ruler who is not grave has no authority; Sun Ce agreed that he was right. Yu Fan later became chief of Fuchun. When Sun Ce died and the officials of the counties all wanted to go to the funeral, Yu Fan said hill people in neighboring counties might cause trouble and stayed to mourn in his own county. The other counties followed, and the region stayed calm. The province later recommended him as a talented scholar, the Han court summoned him as imperial censor, and Cao Cao called him to the office of the minister of works, but he took none of these posts.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Under Sun Quan\n\nSun Quan made him cavalry commandant. He repeatedly remonstrated to Sun Quan's face and Sun Quan was not pleased. He was also out of step with the customs of the day and was often slandered, and was exiled to Jing county in Danyang. When Lü Meng planned to take Guan Yu's territory, he feigned illness and went back to Jianye, and asked to take Yu Fan along on the grounds that Yu Fan knew medicine, which was also a way to have him released. When Lü Meng's army went up west and the grand administrator of Nan commandery, Mi Fang, opened the city to surrender, Lü Meng played music on the sand before taking the city. Yu Fan reminded him that not everyone in the city could be trusted and that he should go in and take control first. Lü Meng followed this, and there turned out to be an ambush in the city that his warning prevented. After Guan Yu's defeat Sun Quan had him divine, and he said that within two days Guan Yu would be beheaded, which came true. Sun Quan said he was no match for Fu Xi but could be compared to Dongfang Shuo.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Blunt speech and its cost\n\nThe Records tell how the Wei general Yu Jin had been taken prisoner by Guan Yu, and Sun Quan freed him and rode out with him side by side. Yu Fan rebuked Yu Jin as a surrendered captive who dared ride level with his lord and was about to strike him with a whip, but Sun Quan stopped him. Later Yu Jin wept at the music at a banquet on the ship, and Yu Fan said he was seeking pardon by pretense, which displeased Sun Quan. After Sun Quan became King of Wu, at the end of a feast he rose to pour wine himself, and Yu Fan lay on the floor pretending to be drunk and would not take it. When Sun Quan left, Yu Fan got up and sat again. Sun Quan was furious and drew his sword to strike him. The minister of agriculture Liu Ji got up and held him back with a remonstrance, and Yu Fan was spared. Meeting Mi Fang on the river, he once shouted at him that one who had lost loyalty and good faith had no right to serve a lord, and when a gate was shut against his carriage at Mi Fang's camp, he again protested, so that Mi Fang looked ashamed. He was open and had many lapses when drunk. When Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao spoke of immortals, he pointed at Zhang Zhao and said they were all dead men talking about immortals, and that there were no immortals in the world. Sun Quan's anger had piled up over time, and he finally moved Yu Fan to Jiaozhou.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Exile and death\n\nThe Records say that although he was in exile he never tired of teaching, and often had several hundred pupils. He also wrote commentaries on the Laozi, the Analects and the Guoyu that were passed down. The notes quote the Fan Biezhuan with his memorial on his own commentary on the Changes and another pointing out errors in Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Book of Documents. He spent more than ten years in the south and died at seventy. His body was returned to his old grave and his wife and children were allowed to go home. The Jiangbiao zhuan in the notes says that when Sun Quan's expedition to Liaodong lost many men in a storm, he regretted it, called Yu Fan a straight speaker and the Zhou She of the state, and ordered him found, but Yu Fan had already died.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yu Fan[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Zhongxiang[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 164–233[^wikidata]\n- Home: Yuyao, Kuaiji[^zhengshi]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_330281|Yuyao]][^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Eastern Wu[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123785755|Yu Fan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/yu-fan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 164, "display": "164" }, "death": { "year": 233, "display": "233" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761739", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Yuanchun", "slug": "jia-yuanchun", "aliases": [ "贾元春" ], "summary": "Jia Yuanchun is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, a daughter of Jia Zheng and Lady Wang and the elder full sister of Jia Baoyu, named Yuanchun because she was born on the first day of the first month. After being chosen for the palace she is made Virtuous Consort, and the Jia house builds the Grand View Garden for her visit home. The last forty chapters have her die in the palace, with contradictory statements about her age.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761739", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761739" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾元春（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%85%83%E6%98%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:25+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Yuanchun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Yuanchun, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. She is a daughter of Jia Zheng and Lady Wang and the elder full sister of Jia Baoyu, and was named Yuanchun because she was born on the first day of the first month. Wikidata records her as a character of the novel, set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Her story\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Yuanchun taught Jia Baoyu to read when he was small and was later chosen for the palace. In chapter 16 the Jia house receives an imperial edict making her secretary of the Fengzao palace and Virtuous Consort. When the court later allows palace consorts to visit their families, the Jia house builds the Grand View Garden to prepare for her visit, and she personally gives names to many of its buildings. The article says that in the last forty chapters published by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan (the Cheng Jia edition), she dies in the palace of an illness after putting on weight, her mouth choked with phlegm, and is posthumously named Virtuous and Gentle Consort. In chapter 18, during her visit home, she chooses four plays, all tragedies; by the commentary of Zhiyan zhai they foreshadow the fall of the Jia house, the death of the consort, Zhen Baoyu's return of the jade and the death of Daiyu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Contradictions about her age\n\nThe article points out that the book contradicts itself on her dates. Chapter 86 says she was born on the first day of the first month of a jiashen year, and chapter 95 says she died on the nineteenth of the twelfth month of a jiayin year at forty-three, but by the first statement she would be about thirty-three, and the later revised Cheng Yi edition changes it to thirty-one. It also notes that on the Cheng Jia text she would be twenty-five years older than Baoyu, while Lady Wang bore Baoyu at thirty-five, which would make her ten when Yuanchun was born, which is impossible. Liu Xinwu reads the song line about her fair spirit drifting away as hinting she was strangled in court intrigue, which the article says has no basis in the text.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, riddle and name\n\nThe article gives her fate verse, with lines such as the pomegranate blossoms lighting up the palace and the tiger and hare meeting in a great dream, and lists the song Hate of Impermanence in the Dream of the Red Chamber suite, in which her life has gone to the underworld and she tells her parents in a dream to withdraw early. Her lantern riddle has the firecracker as its answer. Her maid is Baoqin. The article quotes Zhiyan zhai's remark that the names of the four sisters Yuanchun, Yingchun, Tanchun and Xichun sound together like the phrase meaning she should be sighed over.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Yuanchun, also called the Consort Yuan or the Virtuous Consort[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Relations: daughter of Jia Zheng and Lady Wang, elder full sister of Jia Baoyu[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-yuanchun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761738", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Yingchun", "slug": "jia-yingchun", "aliases": [ "贾迎春" ], "summary": "Jia Yingchun is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, a daughter of Jia She of the Rongguo house by a concubine, half-sister of Jia Lian, and a resident of Ziling Isle in the Grand View Garden. Gentle and kind but timid, she was married off by Jia She to settle a debt to the 'wolf of Zhongshan', Sun Shaozu, and died after ill-treatment.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761738", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761738" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾迎春（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%98%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:24+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Yingchun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Yingchun, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Her father is Jia She, the elder master of the Rongguo house. Wikidata describes her as a character of the novel and a daughter of Jia She, and the setting is the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and character\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, she is a daughter of Jia She by a concubine, a half-sister of Jia Lian and an older cousin of Jia Baoyu. In the Grand View Garden she lives in the Zhuijin Tower on Ziling Isle, so her alias in the Begonia Poetry Club is Lingzhou. She is gentle and kind and also timid and weak, and is nicknamed Wooden Second. The article says the manuscripts differ on her birth: the Jiaxu copy says she was born to Jia She's former wife, the Russian copy to Jia She's wife, the Gengchen copy to Jia Zheng's former wife, the Jimao copy says she is Jia She's daughter raised by Jia Zheng as his own, and the Qixu copy says she was born to Jia She's concubine. Liu Xinwu holds that all these descriptions correspond to real-life models, but that the Jiaxu text fits the story best. The article also quotes what Lady Xing says to Yingchun in chapter 73 of the Qixu copy and infers from it that her mother was Jia She's concubine.[^zhwiki]\n\n## End and thought\n\nThe article says that Jia She later gave her in marriage to Sun Shaozu, the wolf of Zhongshan, to settle a debt, and that she died after abuse and humiliation, as told in chapter 109. It also treats her as one of the figures in the book who represent Daoist thought. In chapter 73, whenever a dispute arises she takes up the Taishang Ganying pian and reads it, leaving the commotion behind. It argues that she did not see the gap between plain Daoist truth and feudal society and only borrowed the idea of non-action, so that once the Grand View Garden, a symbol of an ideal world, was damaged, that thinking became the fuse of her tragedy.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, song and maids\n\nThe article reproduces her fate verse, which says that the husband is a wolf of Zhongshan who is arrogant once he has his way, and that this willow-like girl from a golden chamber goes to the yellow millet dream within a year. It also lists the song Happy Enemies from the Dream of the Red Chamber suite, which calls Sun Shaozu a heartless beast and laments that her fair spirit drifted off in a year. Her lantern riddle has the abacus as its answer. Her maids are Siqi, Xiuju and Lian'er. The article contrasts Siqi's firm temper with Yingchun's weakness: when the Grand View Garden was searched, a keepsake and a note from her cousin Pan You'an were found among Siqi's things, she was driven out of the garden and later killed herself by striking a wall.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Yingchun, alias Lingzhou, nicknamed Wooden Second[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Relations: daughter of Jia She, half-sister of Jia Lian[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-yingchun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10825805", "type": "person", "title": "Taiyi Zhenren", "slug": "taiyi-zhenren", "aliases": [ "太乙救苦天尊" ], "summary": "Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun, also called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole, is a Daoist deity who lives in the Miaoyan palace of the Qinghua Changle realm and delivers suffering souls. He is pictured riding a nine-headed lion with a willow branch and purifying water, and appears in Journey to the West.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10825805", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10825805" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "太乙救苦天尊（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%B9%99%E6%95%91%E8%8B%A6%E5%A4%A9%E5%B0%8A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:22+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun is a major Daoist deity. The name is a divine title and not a person's name. Wikidata's Chinese label for this item is Taiyi Zhenren, described there as a character of Investiture of the Gods, which does not match the Chinese Wikipedia article title, so there is no single verifiable personal name and the heading stays as it was. The rest of this entry follows the Chinese Wikipedia article.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Titles and dwelling\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, he is also called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole, the Heavenly Venerable Who Answers Cries to Relieve Suffering, the Supreme Emperor of the Nine Yang of Green Mystery, and the Heavenly Venerable Who Relieves Suffering in the Ten Directions. Daoist scriptures say he lives in the Miaoyan palace in the Qinghua Changle realm and leads suffering souls to rebirth, and that for those who have stored up merit, understood the Dao and perfected their practice he rides a chariot of nine lions and scatters the light of a hundred treasures to receive them as immortals in heaven. Because he is as merciful as a father and lives in the Miaoyan palace of the east, Daoism honors him as Supreme Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole or Merciful Father of the Eastern Palace. The Taiyi Jiuku Hushen Miaojing says that in heaven he is called the Blessed God Taiyi, in the world the Great Merciful One, in hell the Emperor of the Sun, among the heterodox the Lion Bright King, and in the water palace the Emperor of Deep Pool. In danger on mountain or sea, one need only devoutly recite his name to be freed from sorrow and turn ill luck to good, hence he is the one who hears the voice and relieves suffering.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins\n\nThe article says the cult is related to the worship of the Eastern Sovereign Taiyi and the Eastern King Father popular in the state of Chu before the Qin, that it is hard to say when it took shape, but that it certainly existed in the Six Dynasties and perhaps as early as the Eastern Han. From the Tang to the early Song it also influenced Buddhism, for instance the practice of rites on the seventh and hundredth days for the dead in the Ten Kings Sutra copied by Zang Chuan in the early Tang, which comes from a Daoist scripture.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Images\n\nThe article describes several types of image. In the Daoist lord type he stands on lotuses in a halo of light, holding a willow branch and purifying water, with nine-headed lions at his sides spitting flame. The Shangqing Lingbao Dafa says he rides a nine-headed lion and takes the form of the Ten-Direction Relief Heavenly Venerable to deliver ghosts, and that the lion's roar can open the gates of hell. The willow branch and water are the healing potion of the world. The article says the earliest surviving stone image of the Relieving Suffering Venerable is niche 62 at the Xuanmiao temple in Anyue, Sichuan, cut in 730. There is also an imperial type in robes and crown, holding a jade tablet on a dragon throne, called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor. According to the Miaojing he has transformations as numerous as the sands of the Ganges, sometimes dwelling in heaven, descending among people or living in hell, as a youth or maiden, an emperor or sage, answering the need of each being.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Festivals and rites\n\nThe article records that his birthday is the eleventh day of the eleventh month, that the day he attained the Dao is the eighth day of the eighth month, and that he descends the next day to relieve suffering. Under Emperor Zhenzong of the Song, the ninth day of the eighth month became his official birthday, called Yuancheng Festival. Large Daoist temples generally honor him, and ordinary people offer his image, tablet or incense at ancestor rites such as Qingming, Zhongyuan and Chongyang, or at rites of offering and deliverance. Rites for deliverance such as the Treasure Repentance for Crossing the Blood Lake, Lingbao Refining and the Nine Dark Lamp Rite take him as the chief deity. The article adds that, according to the Complete Collection of Ten Kings' Memorials, the Ten-Direction Relief Venerable also takes the form of the Ten Kings of the underworld so as to govern the spirits of the nine dark realms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In literature\n\nThe article says that in Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West the Venerable is portrayed as dignified and splendid. His mount, the lion Jiuling Yuansheng, came down to cause trouble for Tang Sanzang's journey, and Sun Wukong went to find the Venerable, who was seated high on a nine-colored lotus seat in a hundred million auspicious rays and came down to greet him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Divine title: Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun, also called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole and others[^zhwiki]\n- Category: Daoist deity[^zhwiki]\n- Dwelling: Miaoyan palace in the Qinghua Changle realm[^zhwiki]\n- Wikidata's Chinese label: Taiyi Zhenren (differs from the article title)[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/taiyi-zhenren.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1076745", "type": "person", "title": "Lu Junyi", "slug": "lu-junyi", "aliases": [ "卢俊义" ], "summary": "Lu Junyi is the deputy leader of the Liangshan marsh band in Water Margin, second only to Song Jiang, nicknamed the Jade Qilin. A rich man and master of spear and staff in Daming prefecture, he is lured up Liangshan by Wu Yong's scheme, and after the amnesty fights the Liao, Tian Hu, Wang Qing and Fang La, rising to pacification commissioner of Luzhou, and is poisoned with mercury by treacherous ministers.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1076745", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076745" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "卢俊义（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E4%BF%8A%E4%B9%89" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Lu Junyi is an important character in Water Margin. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lu Junyi, and he is also called the Jade Qilin. It is his name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata records him as a character of the novel, set in the Song state, with the death year 1120.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, in Water Margin he is the deputy leader of the Liangshan marsh band, second only to Song Jiang. His family seat is Daming prefecture, the northern capital (now Daming in Hebei), where he is a rich man and a master of spear and staff known far and wide. He is tall, fair-faced and star-eyed, and imposing. The article says he is finally forced to join Liangshan against the court.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Going up to Liangshan\n\nThe article records that Song Jiang heard of his fame and wanted him to join. Wu Yong used a scheme of luring the tiger away from the mountain, going to Daming with Li Kui to trick Lu Junyi into traveling afar. Lu Junyi fell for it, packed up and left home to avoid disaster, and was captured passing Liangshan. He refused to join and Song Jiang did not force him but let him go home. Back in Daming he was betrayed by his steward Li Gu and his wife Lady Jia, who told the officials he was in league with bandits. He was jailed and sentenced to exile on Shamen Island. The guards Dong Chao and Xue Ba took a bribe from Li Gu to kill him in the wild, but his trusted servant Yan Qing saved him. He was soon caught again by soldiers and his sentence changed to death. When the Liangshan heroes learned of this they attacked Daming, captured Guan Sheng and Suo Chao, broke the city and freed him. Lu Junyi went home and killed Li Gu and Lady Jia, then formally joined Liangshan, and at Zengtou Market he took alive Shi Wengong, the killer of Chao Gai.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The contest for leadership and the campaigns\n\nThe article says that Song Jiang once wanted to follow Chao Gai's last wish and make Lu Junyi chief of the stronghold. The brothers would not agree and Lu Junyi declined, so they agreed that each would lead the same number of troops against Dongping and Dongchang prefectures and the first to break his city would be chief. Song Jiang captured Dong Ping by a trick and took Dongping. Lu Junyi was pinned down at Dongchang by Zhang Qing's flying stones, the two forces together could not take it, and only an advance by land and water from Liangshan beat Dongchang, which also settled Song Jiang as the leader and Lu Junyi as second. After accepting the amnesty with Song Jiang he campaigned against the Khitan, Tian Hu, Wang Qing and Fang La, and rose to a martial-merit grandee and pacification commissioner of Luzhou.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Ending and assessment\n\nThe article records that after the wars the court made him pacification commissioner of Luzhou and deputy commander. Yan Qing urged him to resign and leave before the treacherous ministers could harm him, but he refused. Gao Qiu and Yang Jian then feared him and put mercury in the wine and food the emperor had granted him. After eating, he was in such pain that he could not ride, and he slipped into the Huai river at Sizhou and drowned. The article quotes Gong Kai's praise in the Song Jiang Thirty-Six Eulogies, which compares him to a white jade qilin, and Jin Shengtan's remark that Lu Junyi is written with great effort but still shows some dullness, like a drawn camel, huge but not handsome.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lu Junyi, nicknamed the Jade Qilin, also called Squire Lu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Home: Daming prefecture, the northern capital[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song state[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lu-junyi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761741", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Qiaojie", "slug": "jia-qiaojie", "aliases": [ "贾巧姐" ], "summary": "Jia Qiaojie is one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling in Dream of the Red Chamber, the daughter of Wang Xifeng and Jia Lian. Born on the seventh of the seventh month, the Qiqiao festival, she was named Qiaojie by Granny Liu. In the first eighty chapters she is a sickly child, and after the Jia house falls she is in danger and is rescued by Granny Liu.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761741", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761741" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾巧姐（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%B7%A7%E5%A7%90" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Qiaojie is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber and one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Qiaojie, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. She is the daughter of Wang Xifeng and Jia Lian, and Wikidata records the setting as the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Her naming and childhood\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, in the first eighty chapters by Cao Xueqin Qiaojie is still young, so her personality and traits are not clear. All the book tells us is that she is a sickly child and that Wang Xifeng asked the old, poor Granny Liu to name her in the hope of holding the illness down. Because she was born on the seventh of the seventh month, the Qiqiao festival, Granny Liu named her Qiaojie, meaning to fight poison with poison.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Several accounts of her fate\n\nThe article says that in Gao E's continuation, after the Jia house is ruined Qiaojie is nearly sold to a prince as a concubine, but Granny Liu rescues her at once. This is only a false alarm, a repayment for Wang Xifeng's help to Granny Liu long before, and Qiaojie is later married off, by Granny Liu's arrangement, to the son of a country landowner. Hongxue scholars, however, argue that she should have married Granny Liu's grandson Banr. The article says her verse and the Zhiyan zhai comments show that after the Jia house fell she was sold into a brothel by her cruel uncle and treacherous brother, who forgot kinship, and some time later Granny Liu rescued her out of loyalty, after which she married Banr and lived all her life as a village woman. The picture in the main register of the Twelve Beauties shows a beauty weaving at a lonely village inn, who is Qiaojie.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse and song\n\nThe article gives her fate verse, which says that when power fails there is no talk of nobility, that when the family is ruined there is no talk of kin, and that by chance she helped Mrs Liu and by luck met a benefactor. It also lists the song Leaving a Surplus of Blessings, which urges helping the needy and not to be like the cruel uncle and treacherous brother who forgot their own flesh and blood out of love of money.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Qiaojie, also called Qiaojie'er[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: daughter of Wang Xifeng and Jia Lian, one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-qiaojie.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074774", "type": "person", "title": "Xin Ping", "slug": "xin-ping", "aliases": [ "辛评" ], "summary": "Xin Ping (died 204), courtesy name Zhongzhi, from Yangdi in Yingchuan, was an adviser to Yuan Shao and then Yuan Tan at the end of the Eastern Han, and the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. He sided with Yuan Tan in the quarrel with Yuan Shang, and in 204 his whole clan was killed in Ye by Shen Pei.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074774", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074774" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "辛评（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E8%A9%95" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xin Ping was an adviser on the Yuan side at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Xin Ping, and the article says his courtesy name was Zhongzhi, that he came from Yangdi in Yingchuan, and that he was the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. The heading therefore stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 204, his birth only to the second century, and a birthplace in the Yuzhou area.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## From Han Fu to Yuan Shao\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Xin Ping was first a subordinate of Han Fu. In 191 he, Xun Chen and Guo Tu together persuaded Han Fu to give up the governorship of Ji province to Yuan Shao, and Xin Ping was then invited to serve under Yuan Shao. After Guandu, two sons of Shen Pei were captured, and when someone slandered Shen Pei to Yuan Shao, Guo Tu and Xin Ping agreed with the charge, and Yuan Shao had Meng Dai take over Shen Pei's guard of Ye.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Supporting Yuan Tan\n\nYuan Shao died in anger and worry in 202. He had wanted to name Yuan Shang, who was handsome and loved by his later wife Lady Liu, but had not said so formally. Many wished to make the eldest son Yuan Tan heir. The party of Feng Ji and Shen Pei was at odds with the party of Xin Ping, Guo Tu and Yuan Tan, and Feng Ji and his allies, fearing harm from Yuan Tan once he took power, secretly altered Yuan Shao's last wishes to put Yuan Shang in his place. Yuan Tan could not succeed, called himself general of chariots and cavalry, and camped at Liyang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death of his clan\n\nThe article says that Xin Ping and Guo Tu urged Yuan Tan to attack Yuan Shang, were defeated and fell back to Nanpi. His generals deserted, Yuan Shang attacked in force, and Yuan Tan withdrew to Pingyuan. While Yuan Shang besieged the city, Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi to ask Cao Cao for help, but Xin Pi instead advised Cao Cao to use the chance to take over Hebei, and Cao Cao sent a large army against Yuan Shang, who hurried back to Ye. Xin Pi urged Xin Ping to surrender to Cao Cao. He refused, yet Yuan Tan came to distrust him because his brother had gone over to Cao Cao. Shen Pei, angry at Xin Pi's betrayal, sent troops to kill the Xin clan in Ye. After the gates opened, Xin Pi ran straight to the prison to look for Xin Ping's family and found them all dead. The article adds that the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms invents a scene in which Xin Ping, distrusted by Yuan Tan and stung by his words, dies of anger, to Yuan Tan's regret.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Ping[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Zhongzhi[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 204[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_411081|Yuzhou]][^wikidata]\n- Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123678395|Xin Ping]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xin-ping.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 204, "display": "204" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q108030125", "type": "person", "title": "Hei Fengguai", "slug": "hei-fengguai", "aliases": [ "黑熊精" ], "summary": "The Black Bear Spirit, also called the Black Wind Demon, is a monster in Journey to the West who lives in a cave on Black Wind Mountain and wields a black-tasseled spear. He steals Tang Sanzang's brocade cassock and clashes with Sun Wukong, and is finally subdued by Sun Wukong and the bodhisattva Guanyin, who takes him on as a guardian of the mountain.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q108030125", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108030125" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "黑熊精（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%86%8A%E7%B2%BE" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "The Black Bear Spirit is a character in Journey to the West. Wikidata records him as a character of the novel with the Chinese label Black Bear Spirit, other names such as the Bear Monster, and the English alias Black Wind Demon. This is a monster's title in the novel and not a verified personal name, so the heading is left as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the book\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of Journey to the West characters has a section on the Black Wind Monster (the Black Bear Spirit), to which this entry corresponds. According to that section, the Black Wind Monster lives in a cave on Black Wind Mountain and is a dark-skinned big man with a black-tasseled spear. Unlike ordinary monsters, he is rather good-natured and is friends with the elder Jinchi of the Guanyin Monastery. When he sees the monastery on fire, he rushes to help put it out, but on the way he spots Tang Sanzang's brocade cassock, conceives a wicked plan and steals it, and so clashes with Sun Wukong. In the end he is subdued by a trick of Sun Wukong and the bodhisattva Guanyin, and Guanyin takes him on as a guardian spirit of the mountain.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Companions\n\nThe same section says the scholar in white (a white snake spirit) and Lingxuzi (a gray wolf spirit) are friends of the Black Wind Monster, and both are killed by Sun Wukong.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Names: Black Bear Spirit, also called Black Wind Monster or Bear Monster[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: character of Journey to the West[^wikidata]\n- Dwelling: a cave on Black Wind Mountain[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/hei-fengguai.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1075357", "type": "person", "title": "Lu Zhishen", "slug": "lu-zhishen", "aliases": [ "鲁智深" ], "summary": "Lu Zhishen is one of the 108 heroes of Liangshan in Water Margin. Born Lu Da in Weizhou, he was an officer in a garrison office until he killed the butcher Zheng Tu and became a monk under the name Zhishen, known as the Flowery Monk. He saved Lin Chong at Wild Boar Forest, joined Liangshan, opposed accepting amnesty, and died in a temple at Hangzhou after the campaign against Fang La.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1075357", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075357" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "鲁智深（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%99%BA%E6%B7%B1" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:15+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Lu Zhishen is an important character in the classical vernacular novel Water Margin and one of the 108 heroes of Liangshan. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lu Zhishen, and the article says his original name was Lu Da, his monastic name Zhishen, and that he is called the Flowery Monk because of the tattoos on his body, so the heading stays the name used in the book. This entry records the novel's setting as the Song state, with the death year given by Wikidata as 1120.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Killing and ordination\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Lu Da was tall and powerfully built, with a temper like fire and enormous strength. He was an officer in the office of Zhong Shizhong in Weizhou, and met Shi Jin and Li Zhong in a teahouse. While the three were drinking they heard that the girl Jin Cuilian was being bullied by the local bully Zheng Tu, called Lord West of the Pass. Lu Da went to teach him a lesson and killed him by accident, then fled Weizhou. With help from Squire Zhao he went to Wenshu Monastery on Mount Wutai and was ordained, taking the name Zhishen. He could not keep the monastic rules, got drunk and caused trouble more than once, and the elder Zhizhen sent him to the Great Xiangguo Monastery in Bianliang. On the road he posed as the bride in Peach Blossom Village to thrash Zhou Tong, who was forcing a villager's daughter into marriage, and at Waguan Monastery he joined Shi Jin in killing Cui Daocheng and Qiu Xiaoyi, who had seized the temple.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Wild Boar Forest and Liangshan\n\nThe article says that at the Xiangguo Monastery he was set to guard the vegetable garden and cowed the local ruffians who came to make trouble by pulling up a willow by its roots. He swore brotherhood with Lin Chong, and when Lin Chong was framed by Gao Qiu and sent to Cangzhou in exile, he followed secretly, beat down the guards Dong Chao and Xue Ba at Wild Boar Forest, and saw Lin Chong to within seventy li of Cangzhou before leaving. Gao Qiu forced him out of the monastery, and he burned the garden and became a fugitive. He later took Erlong Mountain with Yang Zhi, Cao Zheng and others, and Wu Song and others came to join them. When Huyan Zhuo attacked Qingzhou, Erlong, Peach Blossom and White Tiger mountains joined forces, Song Jiang brought Liangshan troops to help, and Huyan Zhuo was captured and joined Liangshan; the heroes of the three mountains then went up to Liangshan together. After reaching Liangshan he proposed recruiting Shi Jin, who had been captured by Governor He at Huazhou. He rushed into the city alone and was captured too, until Liangshan took Huazhou and freed them both.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Against amnesty, and his end\n\nThe article records that he ranks thirteenth among the Liangshan heroes, matched to the Heaven Lonely Star among the thirty-six heavenly spirits, and is the first of the ten foot-soldier leaders. When Song Jiang's poem hinted at accepting amnesty, he, Wu Song and Li Kui flared up on the spot, and he said the whole court was full of traitors and that accepting amnesty would do no good. After the amnesty he went with Song Jiang to see the elder Zhizhen on Mount Wutai, and took part in the campaigns against the Liao, Tian Hu, Wang Qing and Fang La, capturing Fang La alive at Wulong Ridge. After the war Song Jiang urged him to return to lay life and take office, and he said his heart was ashes and he wanted only a quiet place. He stayed at Liuhe Temple in Hangzhou and looked after the gravely ill Lin Chong together with Wu Song, who was also there. Lin Chong died. Half a year later, one night, he heard the tide on the Qiantang river, realized his end had come, bathed, changed his clothes and passed away. The article adds that in the old text of Water Margin he does not die in Hangzhou but goes back to Mount Wutai with Wu Song to practice.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Names: Lu Zhishen, originally Lu Da, monastic name Zhishen, nicknamed the Flowery Monk[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Home: Weizhou[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song state[^wikidata]\n- Star: Heaven Lonely Star, thirteenth of the 108[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lu-zhishen.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074543", "type": "person", "title": "Dong Jue", "slug": "dong-jue", "aliases": [ "董厥" ], "summary": "Dong Jue, courtesy name Gongxi, from Yiyang in Jing province, was an important official of late Shu Han. He began on Zhuge Liang's staff, rose to director of the masters of writing and general who supports the state, and after Shu fell surrendered to Wei and was moved to Luoyang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074543", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074543" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "董厥（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%8E%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Dong Jue was an important official in the last years of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Dong Jue, and the article gives his courtesy name as Gongxi, so the heading stays the personal name. Wikidata records his birth as 204, with a birthplace in the Zaoyang area; the article gives his dates as unknown.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the chancellor's office and the secretariat\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Dong Jue served early on in the staff of the chancellor Zhuge Liang, as a clerk and later a record keeper. Zhuge Liang called him a good man and said his judgment in discussion was careful and fitting. After Zhuge Liang died he moved step by step into the masters of writing, and at the end of the Yanxi era became vice director. After Chen Zhi died in 259 he rose from vice director to director, with Zhuge Zhan as vice director, and they ran the secretariat together. In 261 he became general who supports the state and Marquis of Nanxiang, still in charge of the secretariat's business, and he, Zhuge Zhan and Fan Jian handled affairs of state together. The article says that the eunuch Huang Hao held power then, that neither Dong Jue nor Zhuge Zhan was able to correct it, and that Chen Shou criticized them for being unable to set things right.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Jiang Wei and the fall of Shu\n\nIn 262 Jiang Wei was beaten by Deng Ai at Houhe. According to the article, Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue and others judged that Jiang Wei's yearly campaigns had achieved nothing and exhausted the country, and sent a memorial asking the emperor to recall Jiang Wei to Chengdu and strip him of his command. Huang Hao also wanted to remove Jiang Wei from his post as grand general and replace him with Yan Yu. Jiang Wei became afraid and stationed part of the Shu army at Tazhong rather than going back to Chengdu. In 263 Zhong Hui and Deng Ai invaded Shu in force. Dong Jue and Zhang Yi went to defend around the Yang'an pass and later withdrew with Jiang Wei to Jiange. After the front failed the Shu defenses quickly collapsed, and Jiang Wei and others, on the emperor's order, laid down their arms at Qixian. Dong Jue surrendered with them.[^zhwiki]\n\n## After joining Wei\n\nThe article records that in 264, the year after Shu fell, Dong Jue and Fan Jian and others were moved to Luoyang, where he served as adviser to the chancellor, later holding the additional post of mounted attendant, and was sent to pacify and visit the Shu lands. Little is recorded of his later life, and his death year is not found in the standard histories.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Dong Jue[^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Gongxi[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Born: recorded as 204 on this entry[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_420683|Zaoyang]][^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124424922|Dong Jue]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/dong-jue.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 204, "display": "204" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074366", "type": "person", "title": "Liu Pi", "slug": "liu-pi", "aliases": [ "刘辟" ], "summary": "Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders around Runan in the late Eastern Han. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao and was driven back by Cao Ren. The Records of the Three Kingdoms contain two conflicting accounts of when he died, and this entry follows Wikidata in giving 201.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074366", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074366" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "刘辟 (东汉)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E8%BE%9F_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:10+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Liu Pi, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death as 201 and his birth as around 150. The article notes that his death year is given as either 196 or 201 in conflicting accounts.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Career\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says that after Zhang Jue died and Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao were killed by Huangfu Song, the main Yellow Turban force was destroyed. Liu Pi led his followers into Runan commandery as bandits, while the remnants of the Yellow Turbans rose in revolt elsewhere. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao and helped Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to support him, and Cao Ren drove them back. What happened to him afterwards is unclear.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The conflicting accounts of his death\n\nThe article points out that Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms is inconsistent on his death. The annals of Emperor Wu say that in the first year of Jian'an the Yellow Turbans of Runan and Yingchuan, He Yi, Liu Pi, Huang Shao, He Man and others, each with tens of thousands of followers, at first answered Yuan Shu and then attached themselves to Sun Jian. In the second month Cao Cao advanced, broke them and beheaded Liu Pi and Huang Shao. Yet the biography of the First Lord says that when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao faced each other at Guandu, the Yellow Turban Liu Pi and others in Runan turned on Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao, and Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei with troops to raid the Xu area with Liu Pi. The annals of Emperor Wu also record, for the eighth month of Jian'an 5, that surrendered rebels in Runan under Liu Pi revolted for Yuan Shao and that Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to defeat them, which would put his death after Jian'an 5. The article says the two accounts contradict each other and that it is not known which is right. Another account says he fell in battle after Cao Ren defeated him, and another that he was killed in 196 after Cao Cao broke Runan. Because the sources disagree, this entry follows only Wikidata in giving 201.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe article records that in chapter 31 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when Gao Lan attacks Runan, Liu Pi shields Liu Bei as he breaks out and is killed by Gao Lan, who is in turn killed by Zhao Yun.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Pi[^wikidata]\n- Died: recorded as 201 on this entry, with a conflicting account of 196[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123991779|Liu Pi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/liu-pi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 201, "display": "201" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1072396", "type": "person", "title": "Töregene", "slug": "toregene-khatun", "aliases": [ "昭慈皇后" ], "summary": "Töregene (died around 1246), of the Naimazhen clan, was the wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei and the mother of Güyük. After Ögedei's death she ruled as regent for about five years, brought about Güyük's accession, and then lost power as mother and son fell out. She was later given the posthumous title Empress Zhaoci.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1072396", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072396" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "昭慈皇后（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%85%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "元史·卷114（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7114" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:08+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Töregene was a wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei. The History of Yuan says in its biographies of empresses: Empress Zhaoci of Taizong, named Tuoliegena (Töregene), of the Naimazhen clan, who bore Dingzong. Zhaoci is a title given afterwards, and Töregene is her own name, so the heading uses the name. Wikidata gives two death years, 1246 and 1247, the Chinese Wikipedia article gives 1246, and Wikidata gives her birth year as 1185.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]\n\n## Family and arrival at court\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says the clan name Naimazhen, with the personal name Töregene, appears in the History of Yuan's table of empresses as Tunajina and in the Secret History of the Mongols as Dorege'ne, which are different renderings of the same name. Naimazhen means a woman of the Naiman. She was first the consort of Quduu, eldest son of the Merkit chief Toqto'a. When Genghis Khan destroyed the Merkit, he noticed an attractive woman among the captives, learned who she was, and gave her to Ögedei, who took her as his wife. She later bore Güyük. The article adds that she was a follower of the Nestorian church and treated Christians visiting the court with courtesy.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Regency\n\nThe History of Yuan records that Taizong died in the eleventh month of the xinchou year and that she ruled in her own right for five years. In the bingwu year she gathered the princes and officials to discuss who should become Dingzong, and court affairs largely came from her. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives more detail. Ögedei died in the winter of 1241, and in the spring of the next year she won the agreement of Chagatai and other kin and ruled as regent. Her rank among the empresses had not been high, but she had five sons and was shrewd, and became the most powerful empress. She won over the princes and nobles with lavish gifts. She clashed with Ögedei's old ministers such as Mahmud Yalavach and Chinqai, and favored Fatima and Abd al-Rahman. Yelü Chucai opposed Abd al-Rahman's rise and the article says he died of depression. The article also mentions that Temüge Otchigin once marched on Karakorum; she raised troops for defense and sent envoys to ask his reasons, and he withdrew. In 1245 she sent troops against the area of Huaixi, Sizhou and Yangzhou, and they withdrew when the Song commissioner Zhao Kui asked for peace.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Güyük's accession and her last years\n\nThe article says Ögedei had named his grandson Širemün as heir, but Töregene did not want to follow this, courted the princes, and sought to put her own son Güyük on the throne. In the spring of 1246 the princes and officials held a quriltai near Karakorum and agreed on Güyük, who took the throne in the seventh month. She kept hold of power afterwards, and mother and son fell out. Güyük had her favorite Fatima seized and killed, had Abd al-Rahman executed, and brought back Chinqai and Mahmud Yalavach. The article says she was filled with regret and died soon afterwards. The History of Yuan says she died in the second year of Zhiyuan and was posthumously named Empress Zhaoci and placed in Taizong's temple, and its collation note says that second year should read third year, and quotes Rashid al-Din's Jami al-tawarikh that she died two or three months after Güyük took the throne, so the records on her death do not agree. The article quotes the History of Yuan as saying she trusted treacherous men and let government fall into disorder, and notes that neither Chinese nor Western sources praise her rule.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Töregene (Tuoliegena), of the Naimazhen clan[^zhengshi]\n- Posthumous title: Empress Zhaoci[^zhengshi]\n- Born: 1185[^wikidata]\n- Died: 1246 and 1247 are both recorded in Wikidata; the Chinese Wikipedia article gives 1246[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Family: wife of Taizong Ögedei, mother of Dingzong Güyük[^zhengshi]", "url": "/people/toregene-khatun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1185, "display": "1185" }, "death": { "year": 1247, "display": "1247" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1071424", "type": "person", "title": "Lun Zhi", "slug": "lun-zhi", "aliases": [ "伦直" ], "summary": "Lun Zhi (died 238) was a general under Gongsun Yuan in the Three Kingdoms period, and appears in Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a staff officer. He agreed with Jia Fan and spoke out against rebelling against Cao Wei, and was beheaded by Gongsun Yuan together with Jia Fan.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1071424", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071424" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "伦直（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%9B%B4" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Lun Zhi was a subordinate of Gongsun Yuan in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lun Zhi, though the article text also writes the name with a variant first character, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death in 238; his birth year is not known, and the entry places him under Cao Wei.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Account\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Lun Zhi was a general under Gongsun Yuan, and the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms makes him a staff officer. When Gongsun Yuan was about to rebel against Cao Wei, Lun Zhi agreed with Jia Fan and spoke out plainly, saying Gongsun Yuan should not rebel. Gongsun Yuan did not listen, and had him beheaded together with Jia Fan. The article adds that after Sima Yi entered Xiangping city, he treated Lun Zhi's descendants generously. The article gives little more, and no place of origin, courtesy name or birth year, so nothing further is added here.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lun Zhi, also written with a variant first character in the article[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 238[^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124613486|Lun Zhi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/lun-zhi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 238, "display": "238" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q107192894", "type": "person", "title": "Li Ping'er", "slug": "li-ping-er", "aliases": [ "李瓶儿" ], "summary": "Li Ping'er is one of the main characters of the Ming novel Jin Ping Mei and a tragic figure in it. She is the sixth wife of Ximen Qing. She was first a concubine of Liang Zhongshu, then married Hua Zixu and Jiang Zhushan, and after joining Ximen Qing's household bore a son. She died soon after the child was frightened to death.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q107192894", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107192894" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李瓶儿（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%93%B6%E5%84%BF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Li Ping'er is a character in the Ming novel Jin Ping Mei and, according to the Chinese Wikipedia article, one of its main characters and one of its tragic figures. Wikidata's Chinese label and the article title are both Li Ping'er, and Wikidata also records forms such as Ping Jie and Sixth Lady. The name is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. This entry records her as a concubine of Ximen Qing in the Song setting of the novel, with the years 1091 and 1117.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance and pet name\n\nThe article quotes the novel as describing her as short, with a round fair face and finely arched brows. It says she was born on the fifteenth of the first month, and that on her birthday someone gave a pair of little fish-shaped bottles, so her pet name became Ping Jie.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Her story\n\nIn the article's summary, she was first a concubine of Liang Zhongshu. When the Liangshan heroes attacked Daming prefecture she fled and married Hua Zixu. After Hua Zixu died she was meant to marry Ximen Qing, but he ignored her because of some trouble of his own, and she married Jiang Zhushan. Ximen Qing felt no remorse and instead came to hate her, framed Jiang Zhushan, and took her as his sixth wife. After she entered the household he treated her cruelly in many ways, until she bore his first son and also brought a great deal of property, and then his attitude turned to affection and gentleness. Pan Jinlian, out of jealousy, later trained a cat to frighten Li Ping'er's son to death, and Li Ping'er died soon after. The article says that Ximen Qing showed rare warmth and sincerity at her deathbed and after her death, which is something not otherwise seen in him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Character and meaning\n\nThe article says that in the households of Hua Zixu and Jiang Zhushan she was a fairly fierce woman. For instance she gave Hua Zixu's money to Ximen Qing, and when Hua Zixu asked about it she scolded him for three days; when he fell ill she was unwilling to pay for a doctor although she was rich. After marrying Ximen Qing her temper changed greatly: she endured in silence being tormented by Ximen Qing, bullied by Pan Jinlian and having her son killed, and showed great care and sympathy for servants. The article reads her tragedy as a miniature of the common tragedy of women in her age, saying she was willing to bear anything because with Ximen Qing she first felt something like care and tenderness. It also notes that the novel's description of her illness and death reflects the medical ideas of the time of writing, and lists the film Millennium Jin Ping Mei, in which she is played by Sachiyo Yamada.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Ping'er, pet name Ping Jie[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: concubine (sixth wife) of Ximen Qing[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song state of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q753535|Jin Ping Mei]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/li-ping-er.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1091, "display": "1091" }, "death": { "year": 1117, "display": "1117" }, "disambiguation": "Character in Jin Ping Mei", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069914", "type": "person", "title": "Lu You", "slug": "lu-you", "aliases": [ "陆游" ], "summary": "Lu You (1125–1210), courtesy name Wuguan, from Shanyin in Yuezhou, was a poet of the Southern Song. He was struck from the list by Qin Hui in his youth, then served under Emperor Xiaozong, in Sichuan on Wang Yan's staff and under Fan Chengda, always urging a campaign north. He retired to Shanyin and died in 1210 at the age of eighty-five.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069914", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069914" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "陆游（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E6%B8%B8" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "宋史/卷395（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7395" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Lu You was a poet of the Southern Song. The History of Song says his courtesy name was Wuguan and that he came from Shanyin in Yuezhou. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Lu You, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 1125 to 1210 and gives Kaifeng as his birthplace.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Early years\n\nThe History of Song says he could write poetry and prose at twelve and was made a gentleman by hereditary privilege. In the special examination for officials already in post he was recommended first, but Qin Hui's grandson Qin Xun placed just below him. Qin Hui was furious and even punished the examiners. The next year, in the ministry of rites examination, the examiners again placed Lu You among the top, and Qin Hui openly struck him out, so that he was hated by Qin Hui from then on. Only after Qin Hui died did he go to Ningde in Fuzhou as a registrar, and on recommendation he became an editor in the bureau of edicts. The Chinese Wikipedia article dates the Ningde post to 1158 and adds that he learned swordsmanship and read military books in youth, with a mind set on recovering the north.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## At court and in posts outside\n\nThe History of Song records that he argued strongly against Yang Cunzhong's long hold on the imperial guard, which the emperor praised, and Yang was dismissed. He also memorialized against eunuchs buying northern curios for the throne. When Emperor Xiaozong took the throne he became a compiler in the privy council. Shi Hao and Huang Zushun recommended him as skilled in literary composition and versed in precedent. Xiaozong received him, said he had learned much and spoke to the point, and conferred a jinshi degree on him. Later, when Long Dayuan and Zeng Di were seizing influence, he spoke of it to the privy councillor Zhang Dao. The matter reached the emperor, who was angered and sent Lu You out as vice-prefect of Jiankang, soon moved to Longxing. Critics then charged him with befriending the censors, stirring up controversy and pressing Zhang Jun to make war, and he was dismissed. After a long time he became vice-prefect of Kuizhou.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Sichuan and later posts\n\nWhen Wang Yan was pacification commissioner of Sichuan and Shaanxi, he took Lu You on as a staff officer. Lu You laid out a plan of advance: any campaign in the central plains should begin from Chang'an, and Chang'an should be taken by way of Longyou, with grain stored and troops trained, attacking when an opening came and holding otherwise. When Fan Chengda governed Shu, Lu You was a staff counsellor. They were friends through writing, and Lu You paid little heed to etiquette. People mocked him as dissolute, so he called himself Fangweng. He rose to supervisor of the ever-normal granaries in Jiangxi, and during a flood there memorialized to release grain from the charity granaries. He then governed Yanzhou and became junior director of armaments. In the first year of Shaoxi he became director in the ministry of rites and compiler in the veritable records office. In 1202, because the records of the Xiaozong and Guangzong reigns and the history of three reigns were unfinished, he was ordered to take part in compiling the national history, not required to attend court, and was soon made director of the palace library. When the work was done the next year, he was raised to scholar awaiting orders of the Baozhang pavilion and retired.[^zhengshi]\n\n## His poetry and death\n\nThe History of Song says his talent was soaring and that he excelled above all at poetry. In old age he came out again and wrote the Nanyuan record and the record of the Yuegu spring for Han Tuozhou, which drew criticism. Zhu Xi once said that his ability was too high and his footprints too near, and he feared Lu You would be pulled along by the powerful and not keep his late integrity. Lu You died in the second year of Jiading at the age of eighty-five. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives the date as 26 January 1210, says he wrote the poem Shi Er (To My Sons) near the end, and lists among his works the Jiannan poem manuscript, the Weinan collected writings and the Laoxue'an notes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lu You[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Wuguan[^zhengshi]\n- Sobriquet: Fangweng[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 1125–1210[^wikidata]\n- Era: Southern Song[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace according to Wikidata: [[place_cn_410200|Kaifeng]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/lu-you.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1125, "display": "1125" }, "death": { "year": 1210, "display": "1210" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069834", "type": "person", "title": "Wu Can", "slug": "wu-can", "aliases": [ "吾粲" ], "summary": "Wu Can (187–245), courtesy name Kongxiu, was an official of Eastern Wu from Wucheng in Wu commandery. Rising from a minor clerk, he insisted on rescuing drowning soldiers at Dongkou, later became grand administrator of Kuaiji and grand tutor to the heir. In the dispute between the two palaces he held to the rule of legitimate succession and was slandered by Sun Ba and Yang Zhu, then jailed and executed.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069834", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069834" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "吾粲（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E7%B2%B2" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷57（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:21:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Wu Can was an official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Kongxiu and that he came from Wucheng in Wu commandery. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Wu Can, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 187 to 245, with a birthplace in the Huzhou area.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Origins and early career\n\nThe Records say that when Sun He was a county chief, Wu Can was a minor clerk and Sun He thought highly of him. When Sun He later became a general and could choose his own senior officials, he recommended Wu Can as assistant of Quwu and then promoted him to chief clerk, with a reputation for good administration. Though he rose from an obscure family, he stood level in reputation with fellow townsmen such as Lu Xun and Bu Jing. When Sun Quan was general of chariots and cavalry he called Wu Can as record keeper, then sent him out as magistrate of Shanyin and recalled him as colonel of staff. Pei Songzhi's note quotes the Wu Lu that when Wu Can was a few years old a woman saw him and told his mother that the boy had the bones of a minister.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Dongkou\n\nIn the first year of Huangwu, Wu Can, Lu Fan, He Qi and others held off the Wei general Cao Xiu at Dongkou with the fleet. A great wind snapped the ships' cables. Many drifted ashore and were captured by Wei, or capsized. Around the large ships that were left, people in the water clung on and cried out, but other officers and soldiers, fearing the ships would capsize, beat them off with spears. Only Wu Can and Huang Yuan had their crews haul the people aboard. Their attendants said the ship was heavy and must go down. Wu Can replied that if the ship sank they would die together, and that when people were at their last limit one could not abandon them. Wu Can and Huang Yuan saved more than a hundred.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Provincial and court posts\n\nOn his return he became grand administrator of Kuaiji. He called the retired scholar Xie Tan to be his bureau head. Xie Tan pleaded illness, and Wu Can sent him a note urging him not to hide himself so deep. Wu Can also raised troops and was made colonel who exemplifies righteousness. With Lü Dai he put down the Shanyue, then came to court as colonel of the cavalry garrison and minister of the household, and was promoted to grand tutor of the heir.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The dispute of the two palaces and his death\n\nWhen the affair of the two palaces broke out, Wu Can spoke out and held to what was correct, insisting on the distinction between the legitimate heir and the other son. He wanted Sun Ba, Prince of Lu, to be sent to garrison Xiakou, and Yang Zhu not to be allowed to stay in the capital. He also repeatedly passed news to Lu Xun, then stationed at Wuchang, who sent memorial after memorial in protest. For this Sun Ba, Yang Zhu and others slandered him, and he was put in prison and executed. In his closing comment Chen Shou pairs him with Zhu Ju: both met hard times and lost their lives for standing on the right, and he calls it sad.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wu Can[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Kongxiu[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 187–245[^wikidata]\n- Home: Wucheng, Wu commandery[^zhengshi]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_330500|Huzhou]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q1069834_q70806|Wu Can]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wu-can.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 187, "display": "187" }, "death": { "year": 245, "display": "245" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1089259", "type": "person", "title": "Jiutou Zhiji Jing", "slug": "jiutou-zhiji-jing", "aliases": [ "九头雉鸡精" ], "summary": "The Nine-Headed Pheasant Spirit (Jiutou Zhiji Jing) is one of the three demons of the Xuanyuan Mound sent by Nuwa to Zhaoge in Investiture of the Gods. She is a pheasant with nine heads that cultivated itself into a spirit. She enters the palace as Daji's sister Hu Ximei and helps bring about Bi Gan's death. After the Shang fall, Nuwa hands the three over to Jiang Ziya, and she is beheaded.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1089259", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089259" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "九头雉鸡精（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%A4%B4%E9%9B%89%E9%B8%A1%E7%B2%BE" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:59+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "The Nine-Headed Pheasant Spirit is a demon in the novel Investiture of the Gods. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled 九头雉鸡精, and Wikidata also lists the shorter name Pheasant Spirit. It is the name of a kind of spirit and not a personal name, so the heading stays Jiutou Zhiji Jing. The sources class her as a character of the novel and record her as female.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The three demons of Xuanyuan Mound\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of characters says that after King Zhou wrote an impious poem at the temple of Nuwa, Nuwa concluded that the Shang had run out of fate. She sent three spirits from Xuanyuan Mound outside the south gate to bewitch the king in his palace, and told them not to harm living beings. The three were the Thousand-Year Fox Spirit, the Nine-Headed Pheasant Spirit and the Jade Pipa Spirit. The pheasant spirit is a nine-headed pheasant that had cultivated itself into a demon.[^zhwiki]\n\n## As Hu Ximei\n\nThe article says that after Jiang Ziya burned the pipa spirit, Daji wanted revenge. She had King Zhou agree to build the Deer Terrace by saying that immortals would descend once it was finished. To make good her lie, she had fox spirits pose as immortals visiting the terrace, but Bi Gan saw through them and all the foxes were burned to death. Daji then asked the Nine-Headed Pheasant Spirit for help. The pheasant spirit took the form of Daji's sister Hu Ximei and entered the palace to serve the king. Daji then feigned illness, and Hu Ximei declared that she needed Bi Gan's heart as medicine. Elsewhere the article says that Daji and the pheasant spirit together killed the vice-chancellor Bi Gan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## End\n\nAfter the Shang fell, Jiang Ziya ordered Yang Jian and others to hunt down the three. They fought as they fled and met Nuwa before Xuanyuan Mound. Because the three had ignored her order not to kill, Nuwa seized them herself and handed them to Jiang Ziya. The article says that the jade pipa spirit and the nine-headed pheasant spirit were both beheaded. The fox spirit prolonged her life for a time by bewitching the executioner, but Jiang Ziya finally put her to death with his own hands.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character of Investiture of the Gods[^wikidata]\n- Other name: Pheasant Spirit[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jiutou-zhiji-jing.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069312", "type": "person", "title": "Kuai Yue", "slug": "kuai-yue", "aliases": [ "蒯越" ], "summary": "Kuai Yue (died 214), courtesy name Yidu, was a leading adviser to Liu Biao in Jing province at the end of the Han. He planned the luring and killing of local bandit leaders for Liu Biao, and later urged Liu Cong to surrender to Cao Cao, who said he was happier to gain Kuai Yue than to gain Jing province.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069312", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069312" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "蒯越（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%AF%E8%B6%8A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:58+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Kuai Yue was an adviser to Liu Biao in Jing province at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Kuai Yue, and the article gives his courtesy name as Yidu, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 214 and his birthplace in the Xiangyang area.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Early career\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Kuai Yue came from a leading family of Nan commandery in Jing province and had a good name while young. The general-in-chief He Jin heard that he was skilled at planning and made him a clerk of the eastern bureau. Kuai Yue urged He Jin to strike first and kill the eunuchs. He Jin hesitated, and Kuai Yue, expecting his ruin, asked to be sent out as magistrate of Ruyang. He Jin was indeed killed by the eunuchs, and Kuai Yue came through safely.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Serving Liu Biao\n\nIn 190 Liu Biao took up his post as inspector of Jing province and called Kuai Yue, Kuai Liang and Cai Mao to Yicheng for advice. He worried that local bandit chiefs were running wild, that the people did not follow him, and that Yuan Shu was stirring in Nanyang. Kuai Liang advised ruling with benevolence, so that the people would come over of themselves. Kuai Yue disagreed. In troubled times, he said, a ruler needs stratagem; soldiers should be chosen for quality, not number; Yuan Shu was brave but lacked judgment and was not to be feared; and most bandit chiefs were greedy and cruel, so men could be sent to lure them with gain, after which the cruel ones could be killed and their followers taken in. Liu Biao could then hold Jiangling and guard Xiangyang, and the eight commanderies of Jing province would submit on the strength of a proclamation. Liu Biao praised the plan as worthy of Jiufan and adopted it. The article says Kuai Yue lured in fifty-five bandit leaders (another account says fifteen), who were killed and their men absorbed. Zhang Hu and Chen Sheng of Jiangxia still held Xiangyang, so Liu Biao sent Kuai Yue and Pang Ji to persuade them, and they agreed to surrender. Liu Biao thus gained broad control of Jing province and based himself at Xiangyang. For this Kuai Yue was made grand administrator of Zhangling and enfeoffed as Marquis of Fanting.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Urging submission to Cao Cao\n\nThe article describes Kuai Yue and Cai Mao as the well-known pro-Cao party in Jing province. In 200, while Yuan Shao and Cao Cao faced each other at Guandu, he advised Liu Biao not to back Yuan Shao but to court Cao Cao. In 208 Sun Quan marched west and killed Huang Zu, which sharply weakened the anti-Cao side. That autumn Liu Biao died, and Kuai Yue and Cai Mao set up his younger son Liu Cong. When Cao Cao reached Xinye, Liu Cong at first meant to join Liu Qi and Liu Bei against him, but Kuai Yue, Fu Xun and others opposed this, and Liu Cong surrendered. Cao Cao wrote to Xun Yu that he was happy not because he had gained Jing province but because he had gained Yidu. After settling Jiangling, Cao Cao rewarded his supporters, and Kuai Yue was made superintendent of the imperial household, one of the nine ministers.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nThe article says that after surrendering to Cao Cao, Kuai Yue did little of note. In 214 he fell gravely ill and wrote to ask Cao Cao to look after his family. Cao Cao replied that he would not fail the trust.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Assessment\n\nThe article quotes Liu Biao calling Kuai Yue's plans the plans of Jiufan, and quotes Fu Xuan's Fuzi, which calls him a descendant of Kuai Tong, deep and resourceful, a man of striking stature and bearing.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Kuai Yue[^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Yidu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 214[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_420600|Xiangyang]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123670591|Kuai Yue]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/kuai-yue.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 214, "display": "214" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10884675", "type": "person", "title": "Ren Jun", "slug": "ren-jun", "aliases": [ "任峻" ], "summary": "Ren Jun (died 204), courtesy name Boda, was a man of Zhongmu in Henan who joined Cao Cao at the end of the Han. He managed arms and grain transport at Guandu and, as director of agricultural colonies, ran the military farming that filled Cao Cao's granaries. He died in the ninth year of Jian'an and was later given the posthumous title Marquis Cheng.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10884675", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10884675" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "任峻（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%B3%BB" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷16（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B716" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Ren Jun was an official who followed Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han. Chapter sixteen of the Records of the Three Kingdoms opens with the words that Ren Jun, courtesy name Boda, was a man of Zhongmu in Henan, and Wikidata's name is also Ren Jun, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his death as 204, with no birth year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Joining Cao Cao\n\nWhen the Han fell into disorder, Yang Yuan, magistrate of Zhongmu, grew frightened and wanted to abandon his post. Ren Jun told him that Dong Zhuo had begun the chaos, that the whole realm watched him with anger, and that nobody had yet dared to move first. If the magistrate would lead, others would answer. He proposed that Yang Yuan act provisionally as governor of Henan and combine the men fit for service in the dozen or so counties east of the pass. Yang Yuan followed the plan and made him registrar. Ren Jun drafted the memorial for Yang Yuan to act as governor, had the counties hold fast, and raised troops. Cao Cao then rose in the east and entered Zhongmu. While others did not know whom to follow, Ren Jun alone discussed it with Zhang Fen of the same commandery, and they brought the whole commandery over to Cao Cao. Ren Jun also gathered several hundred household soldiers from his kin and retainers and followed Cao Cao. Cao Cao was delighted, recommended him as cavalry commandant, gave him a cousin in marriage, and held him in close trust.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Colonies and army grain\n\nWhenever Cao Cao went on campaign, Ren Jun usually stayed behind and supplied the army. In a year of famine and drought the army's grain ran short. The Forest of Feathers Commandant Zao Zhi proposed military farming colonies, and Cao Cao made Ren Jun director of agricultural colonies. He recruited commoners to farm at Xu and obtained a million hu of grain. Farm officials were set up in every commandery and kingdom, and within a few years grain was stored everywhere and the granaries were full. At Guandu, Cao Cao put him in charge of arms and grain transport. The enemy raided and cut the supply route again and again, so Ren Jun grouped a thousand carts into one unit, moved ten columns side by side, and made a layered formation to guard them. The enemy did not dare come near. The Records say the abundance of the state began with Zao Zhi and was completed by Ren Jun. Because his merit was great, Cao Cao recommended him as Marquis of Duting with three hundred households and promoted him to colonel of the Changshui cavalry.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Character and afterwards\n\nThe Records describe him as generous and measured, and clear about the principles of affairs. Cao Cao usually approved what he proposed. In the famine he took in and supported the orphans of his friends and poor kin inside and outside the family, and he was praised for his good faith. He died in the ninth year of Jian'an, and Cao Cao wept for a long time. His son Ren Xian inherited the title. When Ren Xian died without a son, the fief was abolished. Emperor Wen later recorded the merits of the old officials, gave Ren Jun the posthumous title Marquis Cheng, and made his middle son Ren Lan a marquis within the passes.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ren Jun[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Boda[^zhengshi]\n- Death year: 204[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_410122|Zhongmu County]][^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer under Cao Cao[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123759548|Ren Jun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/ren-jun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 204, "display": "204" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10885271", "type": "person", "title": "Fu Wan", "slug": "fu-wan", "aliases": [ "伏完" ], "summary": "Fu Wan (2nd century – 209) was an Eastern Han man of Dongwu in Langye and the father of Emperor Xian's Empress Fu, holding the title Marquis of Buqi. After Cao Cao took control he handed back his seals, and when his daughter urged him to plot against Cao Cao he did not dare. He died in 209, and five years later the empress was deposed and killed, along with over a hundred of her kin.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10885271", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10885271" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "伏完（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%AE%8C" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Fu Wan was an in-law of the imperial house at the end of the Eastern Han and the father of Empress Fu Shou, wife of Emperor Xian. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Fu Wan, so the heading stays the personal name. The structured record gives 150 as his birth year and 209 as his death year, while the Chinese Wikipedia article says only the 2nd century for his birth, and places him in the Eastern Han.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and offices\n\nThe article says he was a man of Dongwu in Langye, a descendant of the Western Han classicist Fu Sheng and a sixth-generation grandson of the Minister of the Masses Fu Zhan. His courtesy name is not known. The Fu family was a house of classical scholarship. He was deep and composed, with a large-minded character. He inherited the title Marquis of Buqi, married Princess Yang'an, Liu Hua, a daughter of Emperor Huan, and served as palace attendant. In the second year of Xingping (195), his daughter Fu Shou, born to Fan Ying, was made empress by Emperor Xian, and he became commandant of the capital guards. In the first year of Jian'an (196), when Cao Cao received the emperor, he was made general who assists the state, with ceremonial rank equal to the Three Excellencies.[^zhwiki]\n\n## After Cao Cao took control\n\nOnce the emperor had moved to Xu, Cao Cao made himself minister of works and held the government in his hands. Fu Wan returned his seals and became palace counsellor, and later commandant of the Tunji cavalry. In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), Dong Cheng and others failed in a plot to kill Cao Cao and were executed. Empress Fu wrote to her father asking him to plot Cao Cao's death, but Fu Wan did not dare. According to the Spring and Autumn of Emperor Xian, he also showed the letter to his wife's younger brother Fan Pu, who sealed it and told Cao Cao.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and aftermath\n\nFu Wan died in the fourteenth year of Jian'an (209), and his son Fu Dian inherited the marquisate. In the nineteenth year (214) the old scheme came to light. The empress was deposed and killed, over a hundred of her clan were killed, and her mother Fan Ying and eighteen others were exiled to Zhuo commandery. The article adds that his son Fu De, brother of the empress, had supported his sister the empress on the flight from Chang'an to Luoyang, carrying ten bolts of silk in one hand, and that he also died in this affair.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nIn chapter 66 of Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the empress, angered by Cao Cao's arrogance, writes to Fu Wan through Mu Shun and plans to ally with Sun Quan and Liu Bei as outside support to remove Cao Cao. Cao Cao later finds Fu Wan's reply in Mu Shun's hair and has Hua Xin and Xi Lü kill the empress, Fu Wan and the whole clan. This is the novel's adaptation, and it differs from the biographical account above.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 150 to 209 (birth year from the structured record)[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: politician (Eastern Han)[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123908875|Fu Wan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/fu-wan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 209, "display": "209" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10871701", "type": "person", "title": "Xia Jingui", "slug": "xia-jingui", "aliases": [ "夏金桂" ], "summary": "Xia Jingui is the wife of Xue Pan in Dream of the Red Chamber, named for her family's osmanthus groves that supplied the palace. Spoiled by her widowed mother, she was overbearing, and after marrying into the Xue house she grew jealous of Xiangling, set her against Xue Pan and kept the household in uproar. In the Gao E continuation she tries to poison Xiangling and poisons herself instead.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10871701", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871701" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "夏金桂（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E9%87%91%E6%A1%82" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:51+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xia Jingui is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber and the wife of Xue Pan. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Xia Jingui, and she is also called Jingui. It is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata records the setting as the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background and temper\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, her family planted osmanthus in quantity and supplied the palace, which is how she came by the name Jingui (golden osmanthus). Her father died early, and as an only child she was spoiled by her widowed mother, who treated her as a treasure. She grew up with a temper like the bandit Zhi, regarding herself as a bodhisattva and others as filth.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the Xue house\n\nThe article says that after she married into the Xue family she saw that Xue Pan doted on Xiangling and became fiercely jealous. She repeatedly pushed Xiangling about, and used her maid Baochan to come between Xiangling and Xue Pan, so that Xiangling was beaten by him. She asked who had ever smelled any fragrance in a water-chestnut flower, and changed Xiangling's name to Qiuling. Domineering and willful, she did as she pleased in the Xue house, even trading words with her mother-in-law through a window, so that the household had no peace, and she also tried to seduce Xue Ke.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Ending\n\nThe article records that in the Gao E continuation Xia Jingui tries to poison Xiangling and instead poisons herself.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xia Jingui, also called Jingui[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: wife of Xue Pan[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/xia-jingui.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10878505", "type": "person", "title": "Qiao Lie", "slug": "qiao-lie", "aliases": [ "乔冽" ], "summary": "Qiao Lie is a character in the novel Water Margin, a native of Jingyuan in Shaanxi. His religious name is Daoqing, so he is also called Qiao Daoqing, and he is known as the Illusion Demon Lord. He commands illusory arts that call wind and rain, serves the rebel Tian Hu, and is subdued by Gongsun Sheng.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10878505", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10878505" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "乔冽（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E5%86%BD" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:51+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Qiao Lie is a character in the novel Water Margin. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Qiao Lie, and Wikidata also lists the names Qiao Daoqing, Daoqing and the Illusion Demon Lord, so the heading stays the personal name. The story is set in the Song dynasty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background\n\nThe article says he was a native of Jingyuan in Shaanxi and took the religious name Daoqing, which is why he is also called Qiao Daoqing. At eight he travelled to Mount Kongtong, where an unusual master taught him illusory arts. From then on he could call wind and rain and ride the mist and clouds, and people called him the Illusion Demon Lord. Later he fell into a quarrel, beat a man so badly that he died, and was sought by the authorities. He fled home and changed his name to Quanzhen.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Tian Hu\n\nWhen Tian Hu rose in revolt, he drew Qiao Lie into his band. Skilled in illusions, Qiao Lie helped him seize prefectures and counties and became his chief assistant, with the title True Man of Spiritual Response Who Protects the Realm. When Song Jiang led troops against Tian Hu, Qiao Lie was subdued by Gongsun Sheng.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Afterwards\n\nThe article says that during the campaign against Wang Qing, his old friend Sun An, who had also served Tian Hu, died of illness. Qiao Lie then went back to the mountains with Gongsun Sheng and Ma Ling to practise the Way, and took the master Luo as his teacher.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Other names: Qiao Daoqing, Daoqing, Illusion Demon Lord[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/qiao-lie.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10869235", "type": "person", "title": "Qiu Ben", "slug": "qiu-ben", "aliases": [ "丘本" ], "summary": "Qiu Ben is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms who serves as Deng Ai's army supervisor in Wei's campaign to destroy Shu Han. At Mianzhu he advises Deng Ai to write to Zhuge Zhan urging surrender, and when that is refused, to win by a surprise force instead.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10869235", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10869235" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "丘本（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E6%9C%AC" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:49+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Qiu Ben is a fictional character in the chapter-novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Qiu Ben, and Wikidata records him as a fictional character and a general of Cao Wei, set in Great Wei, so the heading stays the same.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Qiu Ben serves as Deng Ai's army supervisor in Wei's war to destroy Shu Han, and the article notes that in the standard histories the army supervisor was Wei Guan. At Mianzhu, Qiu Ben advises Deng Ai to write to Zhuge Zhan urging him to surrender, and after the letter is refused he advises using a surprise force to win. The article gives chapter 117 of the novel as the source and records no home, dates or other deeds.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Qiu Ben[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: fictional character, Cao Wei general[^wikidata]\n- Post: army supervisor to Deng Ai[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Great Wei[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/qiu-ben.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1085823", "type": "person", "title": "Xuanzang", "slug": "xuanzang", "aliases": [ "唐三藏" ], "summary": "Tang Sanzang, also called Tang Seng, is a main character of Journey to the West and the master of Sun Wukong, Zhu Wuneng, Sha Wujing and the White Dragon Horse. His prototype is the Tang monk Xuanzang. In the novel he is kind, merciful and firm of will, though sometimes pedantic, and after the pilgrimage is made the Buddha of Sandalwood Merit.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1085823", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085823" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "唐三藏（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Tang Sanzang is a main character of Journey to the West. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Tang Sanzang, and other names are recorded, such as Tang Seng, Xuanzang, Chen Xuanzang and Jiangliu. The article explains that Sanzang fashi is a respectful term for a monk versed in the three collections of sutra, vinaya and abhidharma, and that calling him Tang Sanzang honors him as the Tripitaka master of the Tang state, which also avoids using his personal name, so it is not a personal name. No single personal name has been established for the figure in the novel, so the heading stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Prototype and portrayal\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, the prototype of Tang Seng, Tang Sanzang, is the Tang monk Xuanzang, and the Song text Da Tang Sanzang qujing shihua also calls him Xuanzang. In the novel he is kind, merciful and firm of will, though sometimes he appears pedantic and unable to tell right from wrong. His treasures are the nine-ring staff and the brocade cassock given by the bodhisattva Guanyin, and at the end of the story he achieves the right fruit and is enfeoffed as the Buddha of Sandalwood Merit. The article also notes that among the sutras the historical Xuanzang translated, the Heart Sutra and the Medicine Buddha Sutra survive, that he traveled overland out of Xinjiang through the Pamirs to India, and that on his return he compiled the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions from what he saw and heard at the order of Emperor Taizong of Tang, and that in the mid-1560s the Ming writer Wu Cheng'en turned such stories into the chapter-novel Journey to the West.[^zhwiki]\n\n## On the term Sanzang\n\nThe article stresses that today the public, not knowing Buddhism and influenced by Journey to the West, often wrongly takes Sanzang to be a title belonging to Xuanzang alone. In fact Sanzang fashi is a term of respect, also Sanzang bhikshu or Sanzang holy teacher or simply Sanzang, and to confine the title to a single person is mistaken. It lists other famous Tripitaka masters in history, such as An Shigao of the Eastern Han, Kumarajiva and Faxian of the Eastern Jin, Gunabhadra of the Liu Song, Siksananda, Yijing and Amoghavajra of the Tang, and says Lingxian is the only Tripitaka master in Japanese history.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name used: Tang Sanzang, also Tang Seng; prototype Xuanzang[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: novel character (Wikidata also records the name Chen Xuanzang)[^wikidata]\n- Role: bhikshu (monk)[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace according to Wikidata: Jiangzhou[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Tang[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/xuanzang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1064059", "type": "person", "title": "Queen Mother of the West", "slug": "queen-mother-west", "aliases": [ "西王母" ], "summary": "The Queen Mother of the West is a goddess of Chinese mythology and folk belief and a female immortal of Daoism, who dwells at the Jade Pool on Mount Kunlun, paired with the King Father of the East. In the Classic of Mountains and Seas she is a leopard-tailed, tiger-toothed deity of plague, in the Story of King Mu she exchanges songs with King Mu of Zhou at the Jade Pool, and by the Inner Biography of Emperor Wu of Han she is a woman of unmatched beauty who keeps the peaches and the elixir of immortality.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1064059", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064059" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "西王母（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%AF%8D" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:45+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "The Queen Mother of the West is a goddess of Chinese mythology and folk belief and a female immortal of Daoism. She has many names, among them Wangmu Niangniang, Jinmu, the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, and Jinmu Yuanjun. These are titles. The sources disagree about her personal name, and there is no single recorded name, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Names and conflicting accounts\n\nChinese Wikipedia lists many of her names and honorific titles and cites the Tang writer Duan Chengshi's Youyang Zazu, which says that the Queen Mother of the West was surnamed Yang and named Hui, ruled the northwest corner of Kunlun and died on a dingchou day, with another account giving the name Wanjin. It also cites Du Guangting's Yongcheng Jixian Lu, which calls her the Golden Mother of Turtle Mountain, born at Yichuan in the divine continent and surnamed Gou. The two accounts do not agree, so both are given and neither is chosen. Wikidata classes her as a goddess, a Daoist deity and a mythical character, and also records her as a character in several television productions.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the Classic of Mountains and Seas\n\nThe article says that the term Western Mother already appears in Shang oracle inscriptions, and the scholar Chen Mengjia took it to mean her. In the Classic of Mountains and Seas the Queen Mother of the West looks like a person but has a leopard's tail and tiger's teeth, whistles, has tangled hair and wears a headdress, and is the deity in charge of the heavenly plague and the five afflictions. She dwells on Jade Mountain and is fed by three blue birds. The article notes that by the first century AD her image had left the original monstrous form and turned into that of a noblewoman.[^zhwiki]\n\n## With King Mu, Yi and Emperor Wu\n\nThe Story of King Mu records that King Mu of Zhou travelled west, presented a white jade tablet, a black jade disc and brocade, and was received by the Queen Mother of the West, who bowed twice and accepted. She feasted him at the Jade Pool and the two exchanged songs. She sang that if he did not die he might yet come again, and described herself as a daughter of the Lord of Heaven who lives among tigers and leopards with magpies for company. The Huainanzi says that Yi begged her for the elixir of immortality and that his wife Heng'e stole it and fled to the moon. From the Eastern Han on, the Story of Emperor Wu of Han and the Inner Biography of Emperor Wu of Han tell how the emperor awaited her on the seventh day of the seventh month and she came in a purple-cloud carriage and gave him seven immortal peaches, the pan peaches, said to bear fruit only once in three thousand years. The article says the Inner Biography is the first to describe her unmatched beauty, as a woman who looked about thirty.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Place in Daoism\n\nThe article says that as Daoism rose, her rank was raised. Accounts from the Eastern Jin on make her the Nine-Light Dark Lady born of the Primal Heavenly King and the Supreme Mother, counterpart of the King Father of the East, the pair being called Wood Lord and Metal Mother, with authority over all women who have attained immortality. The half-beast form with a tiger's head and leopard's tail is said, as the article cites it, not to be her true form but that of the White Tiger spirit of the west, her messenger.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novels\n\nThis site lists her as appearing in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West. Wikidata also records her as a character in several television productions, including New Legend of Madame White Snake and several versions of Journey to the West. The sources used here do not describe her episodes in the two novels.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Queen Mother of the West, also called Wangmu Niangniang, the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, Jinmu Yuanjun and others[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Kind: goddess, Daoist deity, mythical character[^wikidata]\n- Dwelling: the Jade Pool on Mount Kunlun[^zhwiki]\n- Counterpart: the King Father of the East[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]], [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]]", "url": "/people/queen-mother-west.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1064069", "type": "person", "title": "Gan Mei", "slug": "lady-gan", "aliases": [ "昭烈皇后" ], "summary": "Gan Mei (died 210), by the Chinese Wikipedia account of the Gan family and given name Mei, came from Pei and was taken as a concubine by Liu Bei at Xiaopei, bearing the later ruler Liu Shan. She was saved by Zhao Yun at Changban, was buried in Nan commandery, and was posthumously titled Empress Zhaolie at Zhuge Liang's request, to be buried with Liu Bei.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1064069", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064069" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "昭烈皇后 (蜀汉)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E7%83%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2)" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷34（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B734" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:45+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Gan Mei was a concubine of Liu Bei and the mother of Liu Shan, later honored as Empress Zhaolie. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say only that the First Lord's Empress Gan was from Pei, and give no personal name for her. The opening of the Chinese Wikipedia article says that she was of the Gan family and named Mei, and notes that the Gazetteer of Kuizhou Prefecture gives the name Gan Mei. This name appears in a local gazetteer and not in the standard history, so it is used here as the article records it, with that qualification stated first. Wikidata's Chinese label is 昭烈皇后, with Lady Gan as an alias, and it records her death in 210 and birthplace Pei County. Zhaolie is a posthumous title and Lady Gan is a kin form of address, so neither is a personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Taken as a concubine\n\nThe Records say that when Liu Bei was governor of Yu province and stayed at Xiaopei, he took her as a concubine. Liu Bei lost his principal wives several times, and she often managed the household. She followed him to Jingzhou and bore the later ruler Liu Shan. The article dates Liu Shan's birth to the twelfth year of Jian'an, 207.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Changban at Dangyang\n\nWhen Cao Cao's army caught up with Liu Bei at Changban in Dangyang, the situation was desperate and Liu Bei abandoned her and the infant, and they were saved only through the protection of Zhao Yun.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and posthumous titles\n\nThe Records say that she later died and was buried in Nan commandery. In the second year of Zhangwu, 222, she was posthumously titled Lady Huangsi, and was to be moved to Shu, but Liu Bei died at Baidi before her coffin arrived. The chancellor Zhuge Liang submitted that Lady Huangsi had conducted herself with virtue and cultivated and guarded her person, that by the principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals a mother is honored through her son, and, citing precedents such as the high emperor's honoring of his mother and Emperor He's reburial of Lady Liang, proposed with Lai Gong, the minister of ceremonies, the title Empress Zhaolie under the rules for posthumous names, and asked that she be buried with Liu Bei. The edict approved. Wikidata records her place of death as Gong'an County and the year as 210.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Other statements in the article\n\nChinese Wikipedia also notes that a tomb of Lady Gan stands in today's Fengjie County, so some hold that Liu Bei was also buried at Fengjie and not returned to Chengdu, and it says that the Zizhi Tongjian's note under Yanxi 8 that Empress Dowager Gan died is a mistake, since the dowager who died that year must have been Liu Shan's stepmother, Empress Dowager Wu. It also cites the Shiyi Ji, which says she was poor but outstandingly beautiful, was taken as a concubine by Liu Bei at eighteen, and urged him to remove a jade statue so as not to waste his will on a toy, while adding that this report is doubtful because Wu and Wei had not yet been founded when she died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: of the Gan family, given name Mei (from the Gazetteer of Kuizhou Prefecture, as cited in Chinese Wikipedia)[^zhwiki]\n- Titles: Empress Zhaolie (posthumous), Lady Huangsi; kin form of address: Lady Gan[^zhengshi][^wikidata]\n- Origin: Pei[^zhengshi]\n- Spouse: Liu Bei; child: Liu Shan[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n- Died: 210[^wikidata]\n- Dynasty or state: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_320322|Pei County]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123771083|昭烈皇后]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/lady-gan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 210, "display": "210" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q106371734", "type": "person", "title": "Princess Longji", "slug": "princess-longji", "aliases": [ "龙吉公主" ], "summary": "Princess Longji is a character in Investiture of the Gods, the daughter of the Hao Heaven Lord and the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, who was banished to the Qingluan Douque on Phoenix Mountain after a lapse at the Peach Banquet. She helps the Zhou camp defeat Luo Xuan, marries Hong Jin, is struck down in the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation and killed, and is made the Red Phoenix Star.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q106371734", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106371734" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "龙吉公主（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E5%90%89%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Princess Longji is a character in Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives her Chinese name as 龍吉公主 and an English alias, Longji Princess, and the Chinese Wikipedia character list uses the same name. This is the form of address used in the book and no other name is recorded, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origin and banishment\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia character list says she is a daughter of the Hao Heaven Lord and the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool. At the Peach Banquet in one year she was serving wine, broke the rules and let her thoughts turn to the mortal world, and for that she was banished to the Qingluan Douque on Phoenix Mountain. Wikidata gives that building as her residence and describes her as a goddess.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Helping the Zhou camp\n\nIn the list's account, when Luo Xuan set fire to Xiqi with his Ten-Thousand-Mile Smoke-Cloud treasure, Princess Longji came to help. She released water with her Mist and Dew Net to take in all the smoke, took Luo Xuan's Five-Dragon Wheel with her Four Seas Bottle, and cut down his mount with her Twin-Dragon Sword, so that Luo Xuan fled. In the entry on Liu Huan the list adds that Liu Huan was killed by her Twin-Dragon Sword. Facing the garrison commander Hong Jin at Sanshan Pass, she captured him with treasures such as the Dragon-Binding Rope. The Old Man under the Moon said the two were fated to marry. She thought it an ill-fated match, but she married Hong Jin anyway. After that husband and wife fought side by side. She wounded Kong Xuan with the Phoenix Sword, and she broke Hu Lei's substitute trick with the Heaven-and-Earth Needle so that his head could fall. The list notes that she and Deng Chanyu were the only two women commanders in the Zhou camp.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The end in the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation\n\nThe list says that in the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation she wounded several immortals with her White Light Sword but was struck on the crown by Jinling Shengmu's Four Images Pagoda, fell from her horse, was killed by the crowd of immortals, and was finally made the Red Phoenix Star. Wikidata likewise gives her manner of death as death in battle and her spouse as Hong Jin, but it records Tongguan as her place of death, which does not agree with the formation named in the list. The sources do not reconcile the two, so both are stated here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Princess Longji, also written 龍吉公主[^wikidata]\n- Status: daughter of the Hao Heaven Lord and the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, a goddess[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Residence: Qingluan Douque[^wikidata]\n- Spouse: Hong Jin[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: death in battle[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]]", "url": "/people/princess-longji.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q106310989", "type": "person", "title": "Qiongxiao Niangniang", "slug": "qiongxiao-niangniang", "aliases": [ "琼霄娘娘" ], "summary": "Qiongxiao Niangniang is one of the three immortal ladies of Sanxian Island in Investiture of the Gods, a sister of Zhao Gongming, and a member of the Three Xiao Ladies with Yunxiao and Bixiao. Wikidata records her as a deity of Chinese mythology in charge of childbirth, who died in battle at the hands of Baihe Tongzi.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q106310989", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106310989" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "琼霄娘娘（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%8A%E9%9C%84%E5%A8%98%E5%A8%98" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:41+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Qiongxiao Niangniang is a character in Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata's Chinese label is 琼霄娘娘, while the Chinese Wikipedia character list writes 瓊宵娘娘. This is the form of address used in the book and no other name is recorded, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Divine office and the recorded facts\n\nWikidata records her as a deity belonging to the group of the Three Xiao Ladies, worshipped within Chinese mythology, with childbirth as her domain, and its English description calls her a Chinese goddess of childbirth. It lists Zhao Gongming and Yunxiao Niangniang as her siblings, gives her manner of death as death in battle, and names Baihe Tongzi as her killer; Baihe Tongzi is described there as a page serving in Yuxu Palace.[^wikidata]\n\n## The story of the three ladies\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia character list puts her in one entry with Yunxiao and Bixiao, calling them the three immortal ladies of Sanxian Island and sisters of Zhao Gongming. Zhao Gongming's own treasure was taken from him, and he borrowed the Golden Scissors from the sisters, who then all joined the war of investiture. With the Golden Scissors and the Hunyuan Golden Dipper, two powerful treasures, they laid the Nine-Bend Yellow River Formation, which captured the twelve immortals of the Chan sect, but they could not stand against Taishang Laojun and Yuanshi Tianzun and were defeated and killed. The list says that after death they were made gods under the title Immortal Ladies Who Respond to the World, keeping the Hunyuan Golden Dipper and overseeing rebirth. The list does not narrate Qiongxiao Niangniang's own fighting, so who killed her is given here only as Wikidata records it, alongside the list's account of the general outcome.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Qiongxiao Niangniang, also written 瓊宵娘娘 in the list[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Kind: deity, one of the Three Xiao Ladies, goddess of childbirth[^wikidata]\n- Siblings: Zhao Gongming, Yunxiao Niangniang[^wikidata]\n- Manner of death: death in battle, killed by Baihe Tongzi[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]]", "url": "/people/qiongxiao-niangniang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q106310923", "type": "person", "title": "Yunxiao Niangniang", "slug": "yunxiao-niangniang", "aliases": [ "云霄娘娘" ], "summary": "Yunxiao Niangniang is one of the three immortal ladies of Sanxian Island in Investiture of the Gods and a sister of Zhao Gongming, who with Bixiao and Qiongxiao is known as the Three Xiao Ladies. She helps her brother in the war, sets up the Nine-Bend Yellow River Formation, and is defeated by Taishang Laojun and Yuanshi Tianzun, after which she is enthroned as a goddess.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q106310923", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106310923" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "云霄娘娘（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E9%9C%84%E5%A8%98%E5%A8%98" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:40+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Yunxiao Niangniang is a character in Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata classes her as a goddess, as part of the group of the Three Xiao Ladies, with the novel's fictional Jiejiao as her religion and Sanxian Island as her residence. Yunxiao Niangniang is the form of address used in the book and no other name is recorded, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## One of the three ladies\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia character list for Investiture of the Gods gives Yunxiao, Bixiao and Qiongxiao a single entry, calling them the three immortal ladies of Sanxian Island and sisters of Zhao Gongming. Wikidata lists Bixiao Niangniang, Qiongxiao Niangniang and Zhao Gongming as her siblings.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the war of investiture\n\nAccording to the article, Zhao Gongming's own magic treasure was taken from him and he came to his sisters to borrow the Golden Scissors. Yunxiao did not want everyone drawn into the war of investiture, but she feared her two younger sisters would act without judgment, and in the end all three sisters took part. Their Golden Scissors and the Hunyuan Golden Dipper were powerful treasures, and the Nine-Bend Yellow River Formation they laid even captured the twelve immortals of the Chan sect, but they were still no match for Taishang Laojun and Yuanshi Tianzun, and were defeated and killed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Enthronement\n\nThe article says that after death the three were made gods under the title Immortal Ladies Who Respond to the World, who keep the Hunyuan Golden Dipper and oversee the cycle of rebirth. It also mentions that Hanzhi Xian and Caiyun Xianzi joined the Three Xiao Ladies in taking vengeance for Zhao Gongming and helping Wen Zhong's army against Xiqi.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Yunxiao Niangniang, also written 雲霄娘娘[^wikidata]\n- Kind: goddess, one of the Three Xiao Ladies[^wikidata]\n- Religion and residence: Jiejiao, Sanxian Island[^wikidata]\n- Siblings: Zhao Gongming, Bixiao Niangniang, Qiongxiao Niangniang[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]]", "url": "/people/yunxiao-niangniang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q106310988", "type": "person", "title": "Bixiao Niangniang", "slug": "bixiao-niangniang", "aliases": [ "碧霄娘娘" ], "summary": "Bixiao Niangniang is one of the three immortal ladies of Sanxian Island in Investiture of the Gods, a sister of Zhao Gongming, and a member of the Three Xiao Ladies with Yunxiao and Qiongxiao. Wikidata records her as a deity who died in battle; in the book the three sisters are defeated and then made gods.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q106310988", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106310988" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "碧霄娘娘（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%A7%E9%9C%84%E5%A8%98%E5%A8%98" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:38+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Bixiao Niangniang is a character in Investiture of the Gods. The Chinese Wikipedia character list also writes her name as 碧宵娘娘, while Wikidata's Chinese label is 碧霄娘娘. This is the form of address used in the book and no other name is recorded, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Among the three ladies\n\nWikidata records her as a deity belonging to the group of the Three Xiao Ladies, with Sanxian Island as her residence and the Investiture of the Gods universe as her world. It lists Yunxiao Niangniang and Zhao Gongming as her siblings and gives her manner of death as death in battle. The Chinese Wikipedia list puts her in one entry with Yunxiao and Qiongxiao, calling them the three immortal ladies of Sanxian Island and sisters of Zhao Gongming.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The war and its end\n\nAccording to the list, when Zhao Gongming's treasure was taken from him he borrowed the Golden Scissors from his three sisters, and all three finally entered the war of investiture. Their Golden Scissors and the Hunyuan Golden Dipper were powerful, and the Nine-Bend Yellow River Formation they laid captured the twelve immortals of the Chan sect, but they could not stand against Taishang Laojun and Yuanshi Tianzun and were defeated and killed. The list adds that after death the three were made gods under the title Immortal Ladies Who Respond to the World, keeping the Hunyuan Golden Dipper and overseeing rebirth. The sources give no separate account of Bixiao Niangniang's own fighting, so no detailed episodes are told here.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Bixiao Niangniang, also written 碧宵娘娘 in the list[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Kind: deity, one of the Three Xiao Ladies[^wikidata]\n- Residence: Sanxian Island[^wikidata]\n- Siblings: Yunxiao Niangniang, Zhao Gongming[^wikidata]\n- Manner of death: death in battle[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]]", "url": "/people/bixiao-niangniang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10566629", "type": "person", "title": "Ma Daopo", "slug": "ma-daopo", "aliases": [ "马道婆" ], "summary": "Ma Daopo is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, the godmother to whom Jia Baoyu is nominally entrusted, and a woman who follows money. At Concubine Zhao's urging she uses sorcery to harm Baoyu and Wang Xifeng, who are saved by a monk and a Daoist, and in chapter 81 she is caught and handed to the authorities.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10566629", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10566629" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "马道婆（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%81%93%E5%A9%86" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:35+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Ma Daopo is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata gives her Chinese name as 马道婆, records her family name as Ma, and lists the variant 馬道婆. Daopo is a term for her station, and no personal name is recorded, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and character\n\nChinese Wikipedia says she is the godmother to whom Jia Baoyu is nominally entrusted, and that she is a woman who follows money. Wikidata records her residence as Shenjing, the novel's fictional capital, and the setting as the Reigning Dynasty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The sorcery\n\nAccording to the article, she asks the Lady Dowager to donate five catties of oil each day to light the sea lamps, as a cure for Baoyu, while at the same time plotting with Concubine Zhao to harm Baoyu and Wang Xifeng in secret by sorcery. A monk and a Daoist come to the rescue, and so Baoyu and Xifeng escape the disaster.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Exposure\n\nThe article says that in chapter 81 her deeds come to light, and she is seized by the injured party and sent to the authorities.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Ma Daopo, also written 馬道婆[^wikidata]\n- Role: godmother to whom Jia Baoyu is nominally entrusted[^zhwiki]\n- Residence: Shenjing, the novel's fictional capital[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Reigning Dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]]", "url": "/people/ma-daopo.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10566107", "type": "person", "title": "Shunfeng'er", "slug": "shunfeng-er", "aliases": [ "顺风耳" ], "summary": "Shunfeng'er, or With-the-Wind Ear, is a divine general of folk belief and fiction who can hear distant sounds. Paired with Qianliyan, he serves as a guardian of the sea goddess Mazu and is also called the Water Essence General. His origin is told in several ways, one making him Gao Jue, a general of King Zhou of Shang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10566107", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10566107" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "顺风耳（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E9%A2%A8%E8%80%B3" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:33+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Shunfeng'er, or With-the-Wind Ear, is a divine general of folk belief and classical fiction who can hear sounds from afar. He is usually named together with Qianliyan. Wikidata classes him as a water deity and describes him as a heavenly god also known as the Water Essence General. His name is a divine epithet, and the accounts give differing origins and names, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Relation to Mazu\n\nChinese Wikipedia says he was originally a monster who appeared together with Qianliyan and harmed the world, was subdued by Mazu and became a divine general with the power to hear every sound in the world. In folk accounts, the two guardians who watch and listen on Mazu's behalf are Qianliyan, also called the Gold Essence General, who holds a halberd in the left hand and raises the right hand to his brow to look far, and Shunfeng'er, also called the Water Essence General, who holds a crescent axe in the right hand and points the left to his ear.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Several origins\n\nThe article lists several traditions. One says the two were transformed from the essences of metal and water. Another says they were Gao Ming and Gao Jue, brothers and generals of King Zhou of Shang, killed in battle against Jiang Ziya. Their spirits lingered on Peach Blossom Mountain until Lin Moniang, later Mazu, subdued them with sacred tools, after which they cultivated the Way and became her two helpers once she became a goddess. A third says they were heavenly generals sent down by the Jade Emperor to wait and help Mazu rescue those in distress at sea. Another source says Mazu is an incarnation of Guanyin, so that Qianliyan \"watches disasters a thousand li away\" and Shunfeng'er \"listens to sounds and relieves suffering\", and the two words together make up the sense of Guanyin.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance in popular accounts\n\nThe article describes Qianliyan as green-faced, green-robed and two-horned, and Shunfeng'er as red-faced, red-robed and one-horned, with an axe in his right hand and his left hand pointing at his ear. Both have eyes like bronze bells, teeth like short swords, a body more than ten feet tall and a voice like a bronze bell. A folk tale adds that Gao Ming could see a thousand li and Gao Jue could hear a thousand li, so that King Zhou knew King Wu of Zhou's plans in advance. Jiang Ziya saw through them with a demon-revealing mirror, had the whole army beat gongs and wave great banners, and scattered dog's blood so that the two lost their power and died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In fiction\n\nThe article also notes that in Journey to the South, also called the Story of the Five Manifestations, Shunfeng'er is a demon subdued by Huaguang together with the White Tiger spirit and Qianliyan. This site lists him as appearing in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West, but the sources used here do not describe those episodes.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Shunfeng'er, also written 順風耳[^wikidata]\n- Kind: water deity, heavenly god, also called the Water Essence General[^wikidata]\n- Counterpart: Qianliyan[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]], [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]]", "url": "/people/shunfeng-er.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1062761", "type": "person", "title": "Guan Lu", "slug": "guan-lu", "aliases": [ "管辂" ], "summary": "Guan Lu (209–256), courtesy name Gongming, from Pingyuan, was a diviner of Cao Wei known for divination, physiognomy and astronomy. He foretold the deaths of He Yan and Deng Yang, who were killed soon after in the Gaoping Tombs coup, and said himself that he would not live past forty-seven or forty-eight; he died aged forty-eight.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1062761", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062761" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "管辂（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E8%BC%85" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志·卷29（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B729" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:33+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Guan Lu was a diviner of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say that his courtesy name was Gongming and that he came from Pingyuan. Wikidata's Chinese label is 管輅, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata and Chinese Wikipedia both give his life as 209 to 256.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance and temperament\n\nChen Shou writes that he was coarse and ugly in looks, had no dignified bearing and loved wine, and ate, drank and joked without choosing his company, so that people mostly liked him but did not respect him.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Youth\n\nThe Separate Biography of Guan Lu, quoted in Pei Songzhi's commentary, says that at eight or nine he loved to look up at the stars, asked everyone for their names and would not sleep at night, and that his parents' bans could not stop him. He said that though he was small his eyes liked to watch the heavens, and that household chickens and wild swans know the hour, so why not people. He drew the sky, sun, moon and stars in the dirt with the children next door. The biography adds that at fifteen he went to study at his father's post in Jiqiu in Langye. The governor Shan Zichun gathered more than a hundred guests to meet the boy. Guan Lu first asked for three measures of clear wine, then argued with the whole company, answering every challenge with something to spare, and Shan Zichun praised the grandeur of his speech, so that Xuzhou began to call him a prodigy. As an adult he mastered the Book of Changes and was skilled at reading the sky, wind-augury, divination and physiognomy, and the biography calls him generous and inclined to return kindness for injury.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Prophecies\n\nThe Records tell of several of his predictions. His father served as an official at Licao, where the three Guo En brothers were all lame and asked him to divine the cause. Guan Lu said that the hexagram showed a family grave with a woman's ghost, an aunt who had been thrown down a well for a few measures of grain, and the brothers wept and confessed. Liu Fenglin's wife in Guangping was dying and a coffin had been bought. Guan Lu said her fate would come at noon on the xinmao day in the eighth month, and so it did. When Wang Ji, governor of Anping, asked him to divine three omens, he said they were the mischief of old goblins in a house, not an evil sign, and no harm followed. When women in the household of the magistrate of Xindu were sick with fright, he pointed to the bones of two dead men in the wall of the north hall, and they recovered once the bones were moved. Travelling west with the army he passed the Guanqiu Jian tomb, leaned on a tree and sighed, saying that by the rules of geomancy the family was due to be wiped out within two years, and the Records say it came about as he said. When the governor of Qinghe asked him about rain during a drought, he said it would rain that night, and in spite of a dry day heavy rain fell at night.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Foretelling the death of He Yan and Deng Yang\n\nHe Yan invited him, with Deng Yang present. He Yan asked whether he would rise to the highest ministers, and about a dream of dozens of blue flies settling on his nose and refusing to leave. Guan Lu answered that He Yan's rank was as heavy as a mountain and his power like thunder, yet few were grateful and many were afraid, which was not the way to much blessing; that the nose is the mountain at the center of the face, and that foul flies gathering on it were a warning to think of rise and fall. He urged him to follow King Wen's lines and Confucius's judgments, and then the highest office could be won and the flies driven off. Deng Yang called this an old scholar's commonplace, and Guan Lu replied that the old scholar sees what is not born and the commonplace sees what is not spoken. He Yan said they would meet again after the new year. Guan Lu told his uncle, who rebuked him for speaking so sharply, and Guan Lu said, \"Why fear to speak to dead men?\" After the new year came the news that He Yan and Deng Yang had been executed, and his uncle then gave way. This corresponds to the Gaoping Tombs coup of the tenth year of Zhengshi.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nIn the second year of Zhengyuan his younger brother Guan Chen asked whether the regent's good treatment meant wealth was coming. Guan Lu sighed that Heaven had given him intelligence but not years, that he feared he would not live past forty-seven or forty-eight, and that he was likely to govern ghosts on Mount Tai rather than the living. That year in the eighth month he became deputy of the Ministry of the Privy Purse, and he died in the second month of the following year at the age of forty-eight. Chen Shou places him in the same fascicle as Hua Tuo, Du Kui, Zhu Jianping and Zhou Xuan, and Chinese Wikipedia quotes Chen Shou's praise of these men for their mysterious skill and extraordinary art.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Guan Lu, courtesy name Gongming[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Pingyuan[^zhengshi]\n- Life: 209 to 256[^wikidata]\n- Occupation: diviner[^zhwiki]\n- Family: younger brothers Guan Chen and Guan Jiru, cousin Guan Xiaoguo[^zhwiki]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_371426|Pingyuan County]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124359954|管辂]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/guan-lu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 209, "display": "209" }, "death": { "year": 256, "display": "256" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1062887", "type": "person", "title": "Mao Jie", "slug": "mao-jie", "aliases": [ "毛玠" ], "summary": "Mao Jie (died 216), courtesy name Xiaoxian, from Pingqiu in Chenliu, was an adviser and selecting official under Cao Cao at the end of the Han. He urged Cao Cao to receive the emperor, promote farming and store supplies, then with Cui Yan ran appointments and was known for his integrity. In 216 he was jailed on a charge of slander and, after Huan Jie and He Qia pleaded for him, was only dismissed, dying at home soon afterwards.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1062887", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062887" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "毛玠（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%8E%A0" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志·卷12（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B712" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:33+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Mao Jie was an adviser and selecting official under Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Xiaoxian and that he came from Pingqiu in Chenliu. Wikidata's label is the same, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 216, and Chinese Wikipedia says he was born in the second century with no exact year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Early years and advice\n\nThe Records say that as a young man he served as a county clerk and was known for incorruptibility. He meant to flee the troubles to Jingzhou but, hearing on the way that Liu Biao's orders were unclear, went to Luyang instead. When Cao Cao took charge of Yan province, he called Mao Jie as chief of the records. Mao Jie told Cao Cao that the realm was breaking apart, the sovereign had been moved, people had lost their livelihoods, the state had no reserve for even a year and the people had no settled purpose, so this could not last. Yuan Shao and Liu Biao, though they had many soldiers and subjects, had no far-sighted plan and had not laid a foundation. He advised receiving the Son of Heaven to command those who would not submit, promoting farming and storing supplies, so that the work of a hegemon could be completed. Cao Cao respected the advice, adopted it and made him a senior clerk of his headquarters.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Running appointments\n\nLater, as aide of the Eastern Bureau in the Ministry of Works, he and Cui Yan ran the selection of officials, and everyone they recommended was honest and upright, while men with a fine name but bad conduct were passed over. He himself was incorruptible and it set a tone, so even favored ministers dared not dress or ride too lavishly. Cao Cao praised him, saying that if people were chosen like this and the world governed itself, there would be nothing left for him to do. Cao Pi, then Commander of the Five Offices, visited him in person and asked him to look after a relative. Mao Jie replied that he had avoided guilt only by keeping to his duty, that the man named lacked the qualification to be promoted, and that he did not dare obey. When the army returned to Ye and the staff was to be reduced, some who feared him wanted to abolish his Eastern Bureau on the ground that by old rule it ranked below the Western Bureau, but Cao Cao said that sun and moon both rise in the east, so why abolish the east, and abolished the Western Bureau instead. After Cao Cao's northern campaign took Liucheng, he picked an ancient plain screen and an ancient plain armrest from the spoils and gave them to Mao Jie, who he thought had the bearing of the ancients.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The Wei state and the succession\n\nIn 213, when Cao Cao became Duke of Wei and set up the state of Wei, Mao Jie became the senior secretary of the masters of writing and again had charge of selection. Cao Zhi was then Cao Cao's favorite, and Mao Jie privately cautioned that Yuan Shao had ruined himself by not distinguishing heirs by main wife and concubine, and that to depose and install an heir was a grave matter he did not want to hear of. Later at a gathering of officials, when Mao Jie left to relieve himself, Cao Cao watched him go and said this was what the ancients called the upright minister of the state, his own Zhou Chang.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Prison and death\n\nIn 216 Cui Yan was accused of proud and resentful words, angered Cao Cao and was ordered to commit suicide, and Mao Jie was deeply unhappy about it. Someone then reported that Mao Jie, on seeing a man tattooed for treason whose wife and children had been taken into official servitude, had said that this was probably why Heaven sent no rain, and the remark was called slander of Cao Cao. Cao Cao flew into a rage and had him jailed. Zhong Yao questioned him at length about the ancient practice of punishing a man's family, and demanded when, to whom and where he had spoken. Mao Jie replied by citing Xiao Wangzhi, Bai Qi, Chao Cuo and Wu Yuan as men who were killed through envy or slander, said that in youth he had been a clerk, had held a post in the central secretariat for a long time, had refused every request made through private favor however powerful the person, and that the slanderous men were like flies acting without cause, and asked, as Wangshu Chensheng once did before Fan Xuanzi, to be confronted with his accuser. With Huan Jie and He Qia pleading, he was only dismissed. He later died at home, and Cao Cao gave a coffin and silk and made his son Mao Ji a gentleman of the palace.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Character and judgments\n\nChinese Wikipedia says he was known for incorruptibility and lived plainly even at the height of favor, wearing cloth and eating vegetables, raising his dead brother's son as his own and often helping poor relatives, so that his house had nothing left over. The article quotes Chen Shou's verdict that he walked in purity and fairness, as well as Cao Cao's words that he was the upright minister of the state, the Biographies of Former Worthies' account of him choosing the honest and dismissing the showy and flattering, a remark of Fu Xian that Cao Cao once sighed that his own laws were not equal to Minister Mao's, and Liang Qichao's use of Mao Jie and Cui Yan as an example of the old way of choosing officials.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Mao Jie, courtesy name Xiaoxian[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Pingqiu in Chenliu[^zhengshi]\n- Died: 216[^wikidata]\n- Offices: chief of the records, aide of the Eastern Bureau, senior secretary of the masters of writing, among others[^zhengshi]\n- Family: son Mao Ji[^zhwiki]\n- Dynasty or state: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_410727|Fengqiu County]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123702748|毛玠]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/mao-jie.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 216, "display": "216" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10565906", "type": "person", "title": "Huo Qi", "slug": "huo-qi", "aliases": [ "霍启" ], "summary": "Huo Qi is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, a servant of Zhen Shiyin's household who appears in chapter 1. Wikidata records his family name as Huo and his occupation as domestic worker, working and living at the Zhen Mansion on Renqing Street.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10565906", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10565906" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "霍启（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%90%AF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:29+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Huo Qi is a minor character who appears early in Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata gives his Chinese name as 霍启, with the variant 霍啟, and the Chinese Wikipedia character list uses 霍启 as well, so the title is unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position\n\nThe character list records him as a servant of Zhen Shiyin's household and places his appearance in chapter 1. Wikidata describes him as a servant of the Zhen household, lists his occupation as domestic worker and his family name as Huo, names Zhen Shiyin as his employer, and gives the Zhen Mansion on Renqing Street as both his workplace and his residence. The recorded setting is the book's fictional Reigning Dynasty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Scope of the sources\n\nThe two sources behind this entry give only his position, the chapter of his appearance and his service relation, with no further narrative, so nothing more is said here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Huo Qi, also written 霍啟[^wikidata]\n- Role: servant of the Zhen Shiyin household[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- First appearance: chapter 1[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Reigning Dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]]", "url": "/people/huo-qi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1061289", "type": "person", "title": "Ji Fa", "slug": "king-wu-zhou", "aliases": [ "周武王" ], "summary": "Ji Fa, known as King Wu of Zhou, founded the Western Zhou and was its first Son of Heaven, the second son of King Wen and Tai Si. He defeated the last Shang king at the Battle of Muye, ended Shang and founded Zhou, and died not long afterwards, to be succeeded by his son King Cheng.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1061289", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061289" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "周武王（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%AD%A6%E7%8E%8B" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:28+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Ji Fa was the founder of the Western Zhou and its first Son of Heaven, generally called King Wu of Zhou, where Wu is a posthumous title. Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that his surname was Ji and his given name Fa. Wikidata lists Ji Fa among his Chinese aliases and gives Ji Fa as an English alias, so the title is Ji Fa. He was the second son by the main wife of the Count of the West Chang, later honored as King Wen, and Tai Si, and his chief wife was Yi Jiang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The fall of Shang\n\nChinese Wikipedia says he carried out King Wen's wish and marched east against Shang around the middle of the eleventh century BC. Around the eleventh year of his mandate the last Shang king, Di Xin, had worn out the state by repeated wars against the eastern and southeastern peoples. Ji Fa judged the time ripe, allied with the Yong, Shu, Qiang, Mao, Lu, Peng and Pu peoples, and personally led three hundred chariots, three thousand elite guards and forty-five thousand armored soldiers against Zhaoge, the secondary Shang capital, and fought at Muye. The article cites the Book of Documents line on blood floating pestles, and the Lunheng's doubts about it. The Shang troops turned their weapons around on the field, the king burned himself on the Deer Terrace, and Ji Fa cut the body with a battle-axe, which is called the conquest of Yin. The article also sets out scholars' differing views on the turn-about, either slaves hastily armed or a revolt of nobles.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Founding the Zhou\n\nAfter the conquest Ji Fa founded the Zhou and made Haojing his capital. He honored his father the Count of the West as King Wen, reburied Bi Gan, who had been wrongly killed by the Shang king, and freed the imprisoned Jizi. Since the Shang remnants were still strong, he followed a policy of conciliation and enfeoffed the Shang king's son Wu Geng at Yin, then enfeoffed three of his own younger brothers, Guan Shuxian, Cai Shudu and Huo Shuchu, at Guan, Cai and Huo to keep watch over Wu Geng, an arrangement called the Three Overseers. The article adds that he enfeoffed descendants of Shennong, the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun and the Xia at places such as Jiao, Zhu, Ji, Chen and Qi, and that meritorious followers such as Duke Shao were enfeoffed at Yan and Taigong Wang at Qi. A full enfeoffment system took shape only under King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou's regency.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and age\n\nThe article says he died three years after the conquest, about 1043 BC, and King Cheng succeeded him. He was buried at Bi in the sixth month of the first year, with the Duke of Zhou, Duke Shao and Taigong Wang assisting. The article lists several traditions about his age at death: ninety-four in the current text of the Bamboo Annals, ninety-three in the Book of Rites, more than sixty in the Records of the Grand Historian, fifty-four in the Annotated Bamboo Annals, and forty-five in Tao Hongjing's Zhengao. The article's own estimate, based on King Cheng's age, puts his birth around 1076 BC and his age at thirty-four. Wikidata gives his birth as 1150 BC, which does not agree, so both are noted here without choosing. The article also mentions that the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project dates his reign to 1046 to 1043 BC and that the Cambridge History of China suggests about 1049 to 1043 BC.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The Ten Ministers and his family\n\nThe Book of Documents has him say that he has ten ministers of one mind, and later writers use the Ten Ministers for the men who helped him govern. The article lists the Duke of Zhou, Duke Shao, Taigong Wang, Duke Bi Gao, Rong Bo, Tai Dian, Hong Yao, San Yisheng, Nangong Kuo, and the Mother Wen, who is either his mother Tai Si or, on another view, his wife Yi Jiang. Among his family, the article names his wife Yi Jiang, daughter of Lu Shang, Taigong of Qi. King Cheng Song and Tang Shuyu were his sons by Yi Jiang, and further children are Yu Shu, the Marquis of Ying, the Marquis of Han, and his eldest daughter Da Ji, wife of Duke Hu of Chen. His brothers include Bo Yikao, Guan Shuxian, the Duke of Zhou, Cai Shudu and Huo Shuchu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Variant writing\n\nThe article notes that in some histories in the Sinitic cultural sphere the name was written as King Hu of Zhou because of taboo avoidance or copying habits. Goryeo works such as the Samguk Yusa and the Jewang Un'gi changed Wu to the homophone Hu to avoid the name of King Hyejong, Wang Mu. Wikidata also keeps the variant forms King Hu of Zhou and King Wu among its aliases.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ji Fa (surname Ji, given name Fa); posthumous title Wu; generally called King Wu of Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Parents: King Wen and Tai Si[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Spouse: Yi Jiang[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: about 1043 BC[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Dynasty or state: Zhou[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_610000|Shaanxi]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q131914606|King Wu of Zhou]] (character in Investiture of the Gods)", "url": "/people/king-wu-zhou.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": -1042, "display": "1042 BC" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10563992", "type": "person", "title": "Jin Wenxiang", "slug": "jin-wenxiang", "aliases": [ "金文翔" ], "summary": "Jin Wenxiang is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, the elder brother of Yuanyang and a purchasing agent for the Lady Dowager. Wikidata records him as a domestic servant surnamed Jin, with Jin Cai as his father and the wife of Jin Wenxiang as his spouse.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10563992", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10563992" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "金文翔（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87%E7%BF%94" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:27+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jin Wenxiang is a minor character in Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia character list both give his name as Jin Wenxiang, so the title is unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia character list calls him the elder brother of Yuanyang and a purchasing agent for the Lady Dowager, and places his first appearance in chapter 46. Wikidata likewise describes him as Yuanyang's brother, lists his occupation as domestic worker and his family name as Jin, and gives the setting as the book's fictional Reigning Dynasty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nWikidata records Jin Cai as his father and the wife of Jin Wenxiang as his spouse. His siblings are Yuanyang and another figure called the sister of Yuanyang. Wikidata also lists a Jin Wenxiang house as the dwelling of Yuanyang's brother. The sources give no further narrative detail, so nothing more is said here.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jin Wenxiang[^wikidata]\n- Role: brother of Yuanyang, purchasing agent for the Lady Dowager[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- First appearance: chapter 46[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Reigning Dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]]", "url": "/people/jin-wenxiang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1057885", "type": "person", "title": "Qin Ming", "slug": "qin-ming", "aliases": [ "秦明" ], "summary": "Qin Ming is a character in Water Margin, one of the 108 Liangshan heroes, matched with the Heavenly Fierce Star, nicknamed Thunderbolt, who wields a spiked club and ranks third of the Five Tiger Generals of the cavalry. A commander at Qingzhou driven onto Liangshan by Song Jiang's scheme, he is killed in the campaign against Fang La when Fang Jie unseats him in Qingxi County.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1057885", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057885" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "秦明（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%98%8E" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:26+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Qin Ming is a character in the classical novel Water Margin. Wikidata's Chinese label is 秦明, with the family name Qin and the given name Ming, and the Chinese Wikipedia article uses the same name, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his birthplace as Kaizhou and the setting as the Great Song, and records his death year as 1120 within the story.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Character and nickname\n\nChinese Wikipedia calls him one of the 108 Liangshan heroes, matched with the Heavenly Fierce Star, third of the Five Tiger Generals of the cavalry, and a fighter with a spiked club. Because he is hot-tempered and fierce, roars so as to shake the sky, and likes a red helmet and red robe, he is nicknamed Thunderbolt. The article says that Huang Xin, of the Earthly Fiend stars, is his disciple and that he often leads the charge in the Liangshan army, one of the heroes who has taken part in the most duels. Wikidata lists his occupation as military officer and records forms of address such as Commander Qin and Director Qin.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Driven to Liangshan\n\nThe article says that his family came from Kaizhou beyond the mountains and that he was commander of the Qingzhou military office. Learning that Hua Rong had rebelled, he led five hundred men himself to seize him and fought forty or fifty rounds without result, but being bold without strategy he fell into a pit and was captured. Even then he refused to submit. Song Jiang, who knew his valor, wanted him as a general and, with Hua Rong and others, devised a plot that led Murong Yanda, the prefect of Qingzhou, to believe Qin Ming had gone over to Liangshan and to kill his whole family. Qin Ming flew into a rage, joined Song Jiang, swore revenge and took part in the capture of Qingzhou. Hua Rong, guilty about it, gave Qin Ming his sister as wife, and Song Jiang and the others comforted him generously, so he put the grievance aside. Wikidata also lists two spouses for him, his first wife and the sister of Hua Rong.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Deeds on Liangshan\n\nOn Liangshan he won repeated merit with his club in a series of battles including those against the Zhu family estate and Gaotang. When Guan Sheng led an army against Liangshan, Qin Ming captured Xuan Zan alive, which forced Guan Sheng to submit. At the great ranking he stood seventh and third of the Five Tiger Generals. He later accepted the court's amnesty with the other heroes and took part in the campaigns against the Liao, Wang Qing, Tian Hu and Fang La.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death in the Fang La campaign\n\nIn the southern campaign he killed the enemy general Feng Yi with a hammer, among other feats. Near the end, on the border of Qingxi County, he met Fang La's nephew Fang Jie and others. He fought dozens of rounds against Fang Jie's halberd without a result, until the enemy general Du Wei threw a flying knife to distract him, and Fang Jie thrust him from his horse and killed him. Song Jiang grieved that the veteran fell just as the war was ending and the army about to return in triumph, and after his memorial in the capital the court posthumously gave Qin Ming the rank of Zhongwu Lang. Wikidata likewise records Fang Jie as his killer, Qingxi County as the place of death and injury as the cause.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Old judgments\n\nThe article quotes a few older remarks. Jin Shengtan puts Qin Ming and Suo Chao among the upper-middle figures. Li Zhuowu says that men like Qin Ming and Huyan Zhuo were forced by circumstances and lured into the band by Song Jiang and should not all be called robbers, though he adds that anyone who cannot give his life for benevolence and righteousness is a robber. Yu Xiangdou says Qin Ming, in rushing out of the prefecture to seize Hua Rong, showed more courage than Liu Gao.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Qin Ming[^wikidata]\n- Nickname: Thunderbolt; star: Heavenly Fierce Star[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Birthplace: Kaizhou[^wikidata]\n- Died: 1120 (Wikidata, within the story)[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Great Song[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]]", "url": "/people/qin-ming.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1054494", "type": "person", "title": "King Mulu", "slug": "king-mulu", "aliases": [ "木鹿大王" ], "summary": "King Mulu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the lord of the Barbarian Bana Cave, who serves under Meng Huo and is skilled in magic. In the novel he rides an elephant into battle and is trampled to death in the fight against Zhuge Liang; Wikidata records his death year as 225.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1054494", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054494" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "木鹿大王（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%B9%BF%E5%A4%A7%E7%8E%8B" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:24+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "King Mulu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a lord of a Barbarian cave, and the setting recorded for him is Shu Han. His name is only the honorific \"King\" attached to a place name, with no recorded personal name, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The character\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article calls him a Barbarian of the southern tribes in the novel, a subordinate of Meng Huo and the lord of the Bana Cave, deeply versed in magic. It says that he rode an elephant when he went out, could call up wind and rain, and was followed by tigers, leopards, jackals, wolves, venomous snakes and scorpions. He commanded thirty thousand spirit soldiers and was very brave.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The fight with Zhuge Liang\n\nAccording to the article, he went to war on a huge elephant and at first drove back the Shu Han army. Zhuge Liang then used great beasts loaded with burning material and spitting fire to frighten his elephants. King Mulu fell from his elephant and was trampled to death.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: fictional character of the novel, lord of a Barbarian cave[^wikidata]\n- Died: 225 (as recorded by Wikidata)[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|The Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/king-mulu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 225, "display": "225" }, "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10540116", "type": "person", "title": "Concubine Zhao", "slug": "concubine-zhao", "aliases": [ "赵姨娘" ], "summary": "Concubine Zhao, in Dream of the Red Chamber, is Jia Zheng's concubine and the birth mother of Jia Tanchun and Jia Huan. She was born a household slave. Jealous that Baoyu was favored over Jia Huan, she has Ma Daopo curse Xifeng and Baoyu. She also quarrels with Tanchun over the funeral silver for her brother Zhao Guoji and beats Fangguan in public. The sources give no personal name.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10540116", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10540116" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "赵姨娘（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%B5%E5%A7%A8%E5%A8%98" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:23+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Concubine Zhao is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata names her Concubine Zhao. The record also has the form Aunt Zhao. There is a surname and the title of concubine, and no personal name, so the heading stays Concubine Zhao. She is the concubine of Jia Zheng, the second master of the Rongguo house, and the birth mother of Jia Tanchun and Jia Huan. This entry records her as a figure of the novel, and the story is set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position\n\nJia Zheng's wife is Lady Wang. His concubines are Concubine Zhao and Concubine Zhou. The article says she is shown speaking and acting in only three or four places, and is mentioned from the side in only four or five. She and Concubine Zhou are similar in station and age and opposite in temper. Zhou accepts her lot. Zhao will not, and she keeps making trouble. Researchers put the difference down to Zhou having no children, while Zhao has children and resists the gap between the wife's line and the concubine's. Zhao was born a household slave, the daughter of a page and a maid who had been released. She was young and beautiful, and so was taken as a concubine. Her speech is coarse, she likes to stir trouble, and the household does not respect her. Even with a son and a daughter she does not receive a master's treatment. She is half master and half slave, and in practice she stands below the senior maids and the ranking servants. She is at odds with Lady Wang and Wang Xifeng, and the Lady Dowager has scolded her before everyone. Her daughter Jia Tanchun is hostile and, by the rule of wife and concubine, will not admit Zhao's brother as her own uncle.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Several episodes\n\nIn chapter 25, jealous that Jia Baoyu is favored over Jia Huan, she has the Daoist woman Ma curse Xifeng and Baoyu by witchcraft. In chapter 55, after her brother Zhao Guoji dies, the funeral silver from the Jia house is less than Xiren's. She quarrels with her daughter Tanchun, who is then managing the household. In chapter 60 the actress Fangguan gives Jia Huan jasmine powder and calls it rose nitre. When Zhao learns of it she abuses Fangguan in public and beats her. In chapter 72 the servant wife of Lai Wang wants Caixia as a daughter-in-law, and Caixia asks Zhao for help. Zhao proposes to Jia Zheng that Caixia become Jia Huan's concubine. Jia Zheng does not agree. Someone breaks off their talk and then tells Baoyu. In chapter 75, when shares are collected for Wang Xifeng's birthday, Xifeng wants Concubine Zhou and Concubine Zhao called in to enjoy it. Madam You asks why these two bitter gourds should be dragged in. Ping'er thinks Zhao is muddled, but tells the others not to blame her whenever something happens.[^zhwiki]\n\n## What the article records as judgment\n\nQing commentators mostly call her foolishly vicious, stupidly vicious, or dully vicious. Zhiyan zhai calls her foolishly vicious. Jiang Qi's verse makes her dull in substance and busy spreading slander, counts an undutiful daughter as a piece of luck, and complains that her son is too much like her. Some later researchers keep the condemnation. Others call her a harmed villain inside a marriage of one wife and several concubines, and one of the concubines who shows some resistance. Others, from what the book implies, say her relations with Jia Zheng seem always decent, and that by the Jia rule for taking concubines she must once have been an outstanding slave girl, handsome and capable when young. The article also sets her beside Qingwen by Jia Baoyu's saying that women pass from precious pearl to dead pearl to fish eye. These are judgments. They do not supply another name.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Concubine Zhao[^wikidata]\n- Role: concubine of Jia Zheng, birth mother of Jia Tanchun and Jia Huan[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/concubine-zhao.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10538897", "type": "person", "title": "Lai Shangrong", "slug": "lai-shangrong", "aliases": [ "赖尚荣" ], "summary": "Lai Shangrong, in Dream of the Red Chamber, is the son of Lai Da and the grandson of Nanny Lai. Servants and a wet nurse raised him, and he studied for office. At twenty the Jia favor bought him a qualification. At thirty, again through the Jia house, he was selected as a county magistrate. This entry records him as a political figure.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10538897", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10538897" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "赖尚荣（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%96%E5%B0%9A%E8%8D%A3" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:20+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Lai Shangrong is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata names him Lai Shangrong, so the title stays that name. He is the son of Lai Da and the grandson of Nanny Lai. This entry records him as a political figure, and the story is set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The purchased career\n\nFrom childhood, maids, older serving women, and a wet nurse raised him as if he were a phoenix. He studied reading and writing and followed the path of office. At twenty, by the favor of the Jia house, he bought a qualification. At thirty he asked the Jia house again and was selected to go out as a county magistrate.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lai Shangrong[^wikidata]\n- Parentage: son of Lai Da, grandson of Nanny Lai[^zhwiki]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lai-shangrong.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "customFields": [ { "key": "notice_subject", "value": "交通管理" }, { "key": "notice_issuer", "value": "北京市人民政府" }, { "key": "notice_effective_date", "value": "2014-04-11至2015-04-10" }, { "key": "notice_issued_date", "value": "2014-03-25" }, { "key": "notice_document_number", "value": "京政发〔2014〕9号" }, { "key": "notice_publication_date", "value": "2014-04-01" } ], "id": "work_beijing_government_notice_72687", "type": "work", "title": "北京市人民政府关于实施工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施的通告", "slug": "beijing-government-notice-2014-04", "previousSlugs": [ "beijing-government-notice-72687" ], "summary": "京政发〔2014〕9号规定，自2014年4月11日至2015年4月10日实施工作日高峰时段区域限行，明确公务用车停驶日、机动车尾号轮换和免限行车辆。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-road-transport" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "official", "title": "北京市人民政府关于实施工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施的通告", "author": "北京市人民政府", "date": "2014-04-01", "url": "https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj/szfwj/201905/t20190523_72687.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-27T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:20+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "## 通告全文（历史）\n\n京政发〔2014〕9号\n\n为有效降低汽车污染物排放和确保首都交通安全顺畅，市政府决定自2014年4月11日至2015年4月10日，继续实施工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施。现就有关事项通告如下：\n\n一、本市行政区域内的中央国家机关，本市各级党政机关，中央和本市所属的社会团体、事业单位和国有企业的公务用车按车牌尾号每周停驶一天(0时至24时)，范围为本市行政区域内道路。\n\n二、根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》和《北京市大气污染防治条例》有关规定，除上述第一条范围内的机动车外，本市其他机动车实施按车牌尾号工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施，限行时间为7时至20时，范围为五环路以内道路(不含五环路)。\n\n三、按车牌尾号工作日高峰时段区域限行的机动车车牌尾号分为五组，每13周轮换一次限行日。2014年4月11日(星期五)限行机动车车牌尾号为：5和0(含临时号牌，机动车车牌尾号为英文字母的按0号管理，下同)。轮换从2014年4月14日起，具体如下：\n\n(一)自2014年4月14日至2014年7月12日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：5和0、1和6、2和7、3和8、4和9；\n\n(二)自2014年7月13日至2014年10月11日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：4和9、5和0、1和6、2和7、3和8；\n\n(三)自2014年10月12日至2015年1月10日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：3和8、4和9、5和0、1和6、2和7；\n\n(四)自2015年1月11日至2015年4月10日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：2和7、3和8、4和9、5和0、1和6。\n\n四、非本市进京机动车的交通管理，按照北京市交通委员会、北京市环境保护局、北京市公安局公安交通管理局有关规定执行。\n\n五、以下机动车不受上述措施限制：\n\n(一)警车、消防车、救护车、工程救险车；\n\n(二)公共电汽车、省际长途客运车辆及大型客车、出租汽车(不含租赁车辆)、小公共汽车、邮政专用车、持有市交通运输管理部门核发的旅游客车营运证件的车辆，经市公安交通管理部门核定的单位班车和学校校车；\n\n(三)车身喷涂统一标识并执行任务的行政执法车辆和清障专用车辆；\n\n(四)环卫、园林、道路养护的专项作业车辆，殡仪馆的殡葬车辆；\n\n(五)悬挂“使”字头号牌车辆及经批准临时入境的车辆。\n\n特此通告。\n\n北京市人民政府\n\n2014年3月25日\n\n[^official]", "url": "/works/beijing-government-notice-2014-04.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "disambiguation": "2014年", "workKind": "announcement", "published": { "year": 2014, "month": 4, "day": 1, "precision": "day" } }, { "id": "person_cn_q10538486", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Rong", "slug": "jia-rong", "aliases": [ "贾蓉" ], "summary": "Jia Rong, in Dream of the Red Chamber, is Jia Zhen's son. He began as a student of the Imperial Academy. After Qin Keqing died, Jia Zhen spent a thousand taels to buy him the fifth-rank post of dragon-forbidden commandant, and he later married a woman of the Xu family. He helps Wang Xifeng trick Jia Rui and suggests how Jia Lian can secretly marry You Erjie. In chapter 105, when the house is raided, he too is held.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10538486", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10538486" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾蓉（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E8%93%89" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Rong is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata names him Jia Rong. The record also has the familiar form Rong'er, which does not replace the title. He is Jia Zhen's son, with fine features and a slender build. This entry records him as a figure of the novel, and the story is set in the dynasty of the novel. The birthplace field holds only a blank Wikidata node identifier and no readable place name, so it is not written here as a place.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The purchased rank, and the household\n\nHe helps Wang Xifeng make sport of Jia Rui. He began as a student of the Imperial Academy. After his wife Qin Keqing died, Jia Zhen spent a thousand taels to buy him the fifth-rank post of dragon-forbidden commandant. He later married a woman of the Xu family. When Jia Lian secretly took You Erjie, it was Jia Rong who thought of having Jia Lian marry her in secret and house her outside the mansion. In chapter 105, when the Jia house is raided, he too is held.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Rong[^wikidata]\n- Father: Jia Zhen[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-rong.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069286", "type": "person", "title": "Xin Pi", "slug": "xin-pi", "aliases": [ "辛毗" ], "summary": "Xin Pi (died about 235), courtesy name Zuozhi, from Yangzhai in Yingchuan, first followed Yuan Shao with his brother Xin Ping, later joined Cao Cao and became a leading minister of Cao Wei. He was known for blunt remonstrance under both Cao Pi and Cao Rui, and in 234, when Zhuge Liang came out to the south of the Wei River, he served with credentials as army adviser to the general-in-chief and kept Sima Yi from fighting. He was given the posthumous title Marquis Su.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069286", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069286" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "辛毗（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%AF%97" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷25（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B725" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:17+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xin Pi was a leading minister of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Zuozhi and that he came from Yangzhai in Yingchuan. Wikidata's label is 辛毗, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 235, Chinese Wikipedia writes it as 235 with a question mark, and the Records say only that after Zhuge Liang's death he returned to the post of commandant of the guards and then died, being given the posthumous title Marquis Su, without giving a year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origin and joining Cao Cao\n\nThe Records say his ancestors had moved east from Longxi in the Jianwu years of the Eastern Han and that he followed Yuan Shao with his brother Xin Ping. When Cao Cao was minister of works he called Xin Pi, who could not accept. Later, when Yuan Shang attacked his brother Yuan Tan at Pingyuan, Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi to sue to Cao Cao for peace. Cao Cao was about to campaign against Jing province and was pleased at the message, but a few days later wished to take Jing province first and let the Yuan brothers wear each other down. Xin Pi sensed the change and told Guo Jia, who passed it on to Cao Cao. Cao Cao asked whether Yuan Tan could be trusted and whether Yuan Shang could surely be beaten. Xin Pi replied that it was pointless to ask whether Yuan Tan was honest or deceitful and that only the situation mattered. The Yuan brothers were fighting each other, years of war and then drought, locusts and famine had emptied their granaries, and this was the moment heaven destroyed Yuan Shang, whereas Jing province was rich and had no weakness, and of all the enemies in the four directions Hebei was the greatest, so that to pacify Hebei would strengthen the six armies and shake the realm. Cao Cao said it was good and accepted Yuan Tan's request for peace. The next year he took Ye and recommended Xin Pi as a palace counselor.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The family's vengeance\n\nChinese Wikipedia adds that Xin Ping's household had been put to death by Shen Pei because Xin Pi had gone over to Cao Cao. When the gates of Ye opened, Xin Pi rushed straight to the prison and found them all killed. When Shen Pei was captured, Xin Pi lashed his head with a horsewhip and the two cursed each other. Cao Cao, moved by Shen Pei's loyalty, wanted to free him, but Xin Pi and others wept and demanded his execution, and Cao Cao agreed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Cao Pi and Cao Rui\n\nThe Records say that when Cao Cao sent the protector-general Cao Hong to pacify Xiabian he had Xin Pi and Cao Xiu take part, saying that in the past the high emperor loved wealth and women and Zhang Liang and Chen Ping corrected his faults, and that now the duty of Xin Pi and Cao Xiu was not light. After the army returned Xin Pi became senior clerk to the chancellor. Under Emperor Wen he became palace attendant and Marquis within the Passes. When the court discussed changing the calendar, he argued that the house of Wei followed the line of Shun and Yu and answered heaven and the people, and that only Tang and Wu, who won by war, had needed to change the calendar, and the emperor agreed. He served as army adviser to Cao Zhen against Zhu Ran at Jiangling and was enfeoffed Marquis of Guangping Pavilion. Under Emperor Ming he was advanced to Marquis of Yingxiang with three hundred households.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Frank remonstrance\n\nThe Records tell that Emperor Wen wished to move a hundred thousand warrior families of Ji province to Henan. Locusts and hunger afflicted the people, all the officials thought it wrong, and the emperor was very set on it. Xin Pi and the other officials asked for an audience, and the emperor, knowing they would remonstrate, put on a stern face and none dared speak. Xin Pi asked what his plan for moving them was, and said he spoke not from private interest but out of concern for the state. When the emperor rose to leave he followed and caught his robe, and the emperor said, \"Zuozhi, why do you press me so hard?\" Xin Pi said the move would lose the people's hearts and there would be nothing to feed them. The emperor moved half. Another time, hunting pheasant with the emperor, who said it was a joy, Xin Pi said it was a joy for His Majesty and a hardship for the others, and the emperor fell silent and went out hunting less. When the emperor wished to launch a great campaign against Wu, he advised first nurturing the people and settling soldiers on farms for ten years, but the emperor attacked Wu anyway and turned back at the river.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Refusing to flatter the powerful\n\nUnder Emperor Ming, the director of the secretariat Liu Fang and its chief Sun Zi were trusted, and all the great ministers befriended them, but Xin Pi did not. His son Xin Chang urged him to soften, and Xin Pi replied sternly that he had his own principles, that disagreement with Liu and Sun would at most keep him from being one of the three highest ministers, and that a man could not ruin his integrity to become one. When Bi Gui recommended him to replace Wang Si as senior secretary, Liu Fang and Sun Zi told the emperor that Xin Pi was upright but stiff and willful, and the emperor did not use him and sent him out as commandant of the guards. He also petitioned against the emperor's palace building when the people were worn out, and objected to levelling Mount Beimang to build a terrace.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The second year of Qinglong and his death\n\nIn 234, when Zhuge Liang led his army out to the south of the Wei River, the general-in-chief Sima Yi repeatedly asked to fight, and Emperor Ming never allowed it. Fearing Sima Yi could not be held back, the emperor made Xin Pi army adviser to the general-in-chief with credentials, and the six armies became orderly and obeyed his command, none daring to disobey. After Zhuge Liang died he returned to be commandant of the guards. After his death he was given the posthumous title Marquis Su and his son Xin Chang inherited the title. The Records give no year for his death.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Family and judgment\n\nChinese Wikipedia says his brother was Xin Ping, his daughter Xin Xianying married the minister of ceremonies Yang Dan, and his son Xin Chang inherited the Marquis of Duxiang title and rose to commandant of the guards. When Cao Pi was made heir he lost his composure with joy and hugged Xin Pi's neck, asking whether he knew how happy he was, and Xin Pi told his daughter, who sighed that the heir takes the place of the sovereign in the ancestral temple and the state and should feel anxiety, not joy, at such a time, and that it could not last. The article cites Chen Shou's verdict that Xin Pi and Yang Fu were firm, bright, public-spirited and straight, and that their upright remonstrance came close to the high character of Ji An.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Pi, courtesy name Zuozhi[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Yangzhai in Yingchuan[^zhengshi]\n- Died: about 235[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Posthumous title: Marquis Su[^zhengshi]\n- Family: brother Xin Ping, son Xin Chang, daughter Xin Xianying[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Dynasty or state: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_411081|Yuzhou]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124049062|辛毗]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xin-pi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 235, "display": "235" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10538513", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Qiang", "slug": "jia-qiang", "aliases": [ "贾蔷" ], "summary": "Jia Qiang, in Dream of the Red Chamber, is a legitimate great-great-grandson of the Ningguo house. His parents died early and he grew up with Jia Zhen. He attends school in name only. He later manages the family troupe and loves Lingguan. A commentary hints that they marry and that he helps the Jia house after its fall.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10538513", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10538513" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾蔷（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E8%94%B7" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Qiang is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata names him Jia Qiang. The record also has the forms Qiang'er, Master Qiang, Second Master Qiang, and Brother Qiang. None of them replaces the title. The article calls him a legitimate great-great-grandson of the Ningguo house and infers that his great-grandfather should be a younger brother of Jia Daihua. That is the article's own inference. He is handsome. This entry records him as a figure of the novel, and the story is set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the Ning house\n\nHis parents died early, and he grew up with Jia Zhen. Jia Zhen spoiled him from above, and Jia Rong helped him from below. Every day he answered the roll at school only to cover appearances. He still fought cocks, ran dogs, and looked at flowers, and he grew more arrogant. He later became manager of the Jia family troupe, fell in love with Lingguan, and spent his days trying to please her. She was devoted to him as well.[^zhwiki]\n\n## What the commentary suggests\n\nThe Zhiyan zhai notes suggest that Jia Qiang and Lingguan eventually become a couple and that he helps the Jia house after its fall. The article does not present this as a scene already written in the main text.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Qiang[^wikidata]\n- Description: a character in Dream of the Red Chamber[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-qiang.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1057244", "type": "person", "title": "Zhou Shan", "slug": "zhou-shan", "aliases": [ "周善" ], "summary": "Zhou Shan is a fictional character invented for Romance of the Three Kingdoms, with no historical counterpart. In the novel he is a household general of Sun Quan, sent to Jingzhou to bring Lady Sun back to Wu, and he is killed by Zhang Fei when the party is intercepted in chapter 61.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1057244", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057244" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "周善（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%96%84" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:11+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Zhou Shan is an invented character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that no such person existed in history. Wikidata and Chinese Wikipedia both name him Zhou Shan, so the title is unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, he followed Sun Ce from childhood and, after Sun Ce's death, followed Sun Quan as one of his household generals. When Liu Bei entered western Shu, Zhou Shan was ordered to Jingzhou to bring Lady Sun, Sun Shangxiang, back to Wu. On the way he was intercepted by Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun and killed by Zhang Fei. The article cites chapter 61 of the novel, in which Zhao Yun cuts off the river crossing to recover Adou and Sun Quan sends a letter to turn back Cao Cao.[^zhwiki]\n\n## What Wikidata records\n\nWikidata lists his occupation as military officer, his allegiance as the Sun Quan of the novel, his manner of death as homicide, his killer as the Zhang Fei of the novel, his place of death as the novel's Jingzhou, and the setting as the novel's country of Han.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Zhou Shan[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character, subordinate general of Sun Quan[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: killed by Zhang Fei[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|The Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/zhou-shan.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10538467", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Jun", "slug": "jia-jun", "aliases": [ "贾菌" ], "summary": "Jia Jun, in Dream of the Red Chamber, is a great-great-grandson of the near branch of the Rongguo house and the son of Madam Lou. His father died early. At the family school he is closest to Jia Lan. In the school fight he helps Mingyan. He attends Qin Keqing's funeral in chapter 13, and nothing further is told.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10538467", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10538467" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾菌（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E8%8F%8C" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:08+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Jia Jun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata names him Jia Jun, so the title stays that name. He is a great-great-grandson of the near branch of the Rongguo house and the son of Madam Lou. This entry records him as a figure of the novel, and the story is set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The family school\n\nHis father died early, and he and his mother depended on each other. At the family school he is closest to Jia Lan. Though young, he has large ambitions and is mischievous and unafraid of people. In the fight at the school he helps Mingyan and joins in. In chapter 13 he attends Qin Keqing's funeral. The article says nothing further follows.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Jun[^wikidata]\n- Mother: Madam Lou[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-jun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069276", "type": "person", "title": "Wang Lei", "slug": "wang-lei", "aliases": [ "王累" ], "summary": "Wang Lei (died 211), from Xindu county in Guanghan commandery, Yi province, was a staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province, at the end of the Eastern Han. When Liu Zhang, on Zhang Song's advice, decided to welcome Liu Bei into Shu, Wang Lei hung himself upside down at the city gate to dissuade him, and when Liu Zhang would not listen he ended his own life; Wikidata records the manner of death as suicide.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069276", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069276" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "王累（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%B4%AF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:07+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Wang Lei was a staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province, at the end of the Eastern Han, from Xindu county in Guanghan commandery, Yi province. Wikidata's Chinese label is 王累, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 王累, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his death in 211 and the manner of death as suicide, and lists Wong Lui as an English alias.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the histories\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that the histories record little about him, mentioning him only in the Book of the Later Han, the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Chronicles of Huayang. In all of them the setting is that Liu Zhang, on the advice of his assistant Zhang Song, made an alliance with Liu Bei against Zhang Lu. Wang Lei then hung himself upside down from the city gate by a rope to urge Liu Zhang not to welcome Liu Bei into Shu. Liu Zhang would not listen, and Wang Lei cut his own throat at the gate.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms\n\nThe article says that the novel's account is broadly the same as the history, except for the manner of his death after Liu Zhang rejects his plea, which changes from cutting his throat to cutting the rope himself and falling to his death.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Scope of the sources\n\nThe two sources behind this entry contain only this episode, with no information on his family or his birth year beyond what is shown above, so nothing more is said here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wang Lei[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Xindu county, Guanghan commandery, Yi province[^zhwiki]\n- Office: staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province[^zhwiki]\n- Died: 211[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: suicide[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124334642|王累]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wang-lei.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 211, "display": "211" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068930", "type": "person", "title": "Xu Gong", "slug": "xu-gong", "aliases": [ "许贡" ], "summary": "Xu Gong (died about 197) was a late Han official who served as commandant and then governor of Wu commandery. After Sun Ce defeated him he petitioned the court to summon Sun Ce to the capital, the petition was intercepted, and Sun Ce had him strangled. Wikidata records his death year as 200, while Chinese Wikipedia argues it was no later than 197; his retainers later wounded Sun Ce in revenge.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068930", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068930" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "许贡（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E8%B2%A2" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xu Gong was an official of Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label is 許貢, written 许贡 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 許貢, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his manner of death as capital punishment and his death year as 200, while Chinese Wikipedia dates his life as unknown to about 197. The two do not agree and are set out side by side below.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Offices in Wu commandery\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the Chuping years, 190 to 193, he served as commandant of Wu commandery and was a friend of the noted scholar Xu Jing, who had fled Dong Zhuo's disorder to Jiangdong and was sheltered by Xu Gong and others. His superior was the governor of Wu, Sheng Xian of Kuaiji. When Yuan Shu's forces entered Yang province, the Zhou brothers of Kuaiji were defeated by Yuan Shu, and one of them, Zhou Yong, was killed by Xu Gong on the road home to Kuaiji. Around 194, Sheng Xian left office because of illness and Xu Gong became governor, while Zhu Zhi, an old subordinate of Sun Jian, became commandant. After taking up the post Xu Gong tried to persecute his predecessor Sheng Xian. The noted Wu man Gao Dai helped Sheng Xian hide in the house of Xu Gong's subordinate Xu Zhao, so Xu Gong seized Gao Dai's mother to lure him out and harm him, and Gao Dai escaped with the help of friends.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Defeat by Sun Ce\n\nThe article says that in 195 Sun Ce used the pretext of striking at Liu Yao, who held Jiangdong against Yuan Shu, to break away from Yuan Shu, defeated Liu Yao and pacified Danyang and Wu. After Xu Gong was beaten at Youquan, he went to the mountain bandit chief Yan Baihu, who held Wucheng. Yan Baihu was soon beaten by Sun Ce too and went to Xu Zhao at Yuhang, and Xu Gong could not go with him. Sun Ce said that Xu Zhao was loyal to his old lord and sincere to a former friend, which was the resolve of a man, and so did not wipe him out.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The petition and his death\n\nAfter losing power Xu Gong still looked for a chance to retake Wu commandery. He sent a memorial to the court saying Sun Ce was fierce and valiant like Xiang Yu, should be given honors and summoned to the capital, and that if left outside he would surely become a long-term danger. The memorial was intercepted by Sun Ce's watchers, and Sun Ce summoned him for questioning. Xu Gong denied having written it, and Sun Ce ordered his guards to strangle him. The article notes that since the court had already appointed Chen Yu as the new governor of Wu in the summer of 197, Xu Gong's death cannot have been later than 197.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Afterwards\n\nIn 200, because he had killed Xu Gong, Sun Ce was attacked by three of Xu Gong's retainers, including Xu Zhao, and died of his wounds. The article also describes how, when Sun Ce was hunting, three men claiming to be soldiers of Han Dang appeared. Sun Ce shot one of them, the other two shot him in the cheek, and his soldiers then arrived and killed all three retainers. It adds that the manga Huofeng Liaoyuan makes him a subordinate and disciple of Yu Ji.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xu Gong (許貢)[^wikidata]\n- Offices: commandant and governor of Wu commandery[^zhwiki]\n- Died: 200 in Wikidata; about 197, no later than the second year of Jian'an, in Chinese Wikipedia[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: strangled by order of Sun Ce (capital punishment in Wikidata)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124023604|许贡]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xu-gong.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 200, "display": "200" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068940", "type": "person", "title": "Yan Yu", "slug": "yan-yu", "aliases": [ "严舆" ], "summary": "Yan Yu (died 196) was from Wucheng in Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han, a younger brother of the bandit chief Yan Baihu and reputedly a man of great strength. When Sun Ce attacked Yan Baihu, Yan Yu went to Sun Ce's camp to sue for peace and was killed on the spot with a hand-halberd.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068940", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068940" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "严舆（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E8%BC%BF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Yan Yu was a man of Wucheng county in Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han and a younger brother of the bandit chief Yan Baihu. Wikidata's Chinese label is 嚴輿, written 严舆 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 嚴輿, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his death in 196 and lists Yan Baihu as his sibling, and the opening of the Chinese Wikipedia article dates his life from the second century to 196.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Killed by Sun Ce\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that Yan Yu was strong and agile and was said to be able to leap up from a seated position. When Sun Ce attacked Yan Baihu, Yan Yu went at his brother's order to Sun Ce's camp to sue for peace. At their meeting Sun Ce struck the mat with a sharp blade and Yan Yu flinched. Sun Ce laughed and said he had heard Yan Yu could leap from a seat and was nimble and was only joking. Yan Yu answered that the sight of a weapon always made him do that. Hearing this, Sun Ce knew that he was in fact a poor fighter and immediately killed him with a hand-halberd. Yan Baihu and the others were terrified when they heard that Yan Yu, famed for his strength, had been killed. The article credits this account to the Wu Lu quoted in the commentary to the Biography of Sun Ce in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe article also records that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms he first appears ordered by his brother Yan Baihu to resist Sun Ce and is driven back by Jiang Qin and Chen Wu. Later, in a negotiation over wine with Sun Ce, he is asked what Yan Baihu intends and answers that his brother demands to share Jiangdong equally. Sun Ce angrily says that a rat dares to treat him as an equal and orders him killed. Yan Yu stands up and draws his sword, and Sun Ce kills him with a thrown sword and has his head sent into the city. The article cites chapter 15 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yan Yu (嚴輿)[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Wucheng county, Wu commandery[^zhwiki]\n- Brother: Yan Baihu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 196[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123785355|严舆]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/yan-yu.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 196, "display": "196" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068338", "type": "person", "title": "Wang Jun", "slug": "wang-jun", "aliases": [ "王濬" ], "summary": "Wang Jun (206–286), courtesy name Shizhi and childhood name Atong, from Hu county in Hongnong, was a general of the Western Jin. As governor of Yi province he built ships for the invasion of Wu, was named General of the Dragon Charge in 279, sailed down the Yangtze and broke the iron chains, and received Sun Hao's surrender; afterwards he quarrelled with Wang Hun over credit and was repeatedly shielded by Emperor Wu of Jin. He was given the posthumous title Marquis Wu.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068338", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068338" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "王濬（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%BF%AC" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "晋书/卷042（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7042" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:02+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Wang Jun was a general of the Western Jin. The Book of Jin says that his courtesy name was Shizhi and that he came from Hu county in Hongnong, and Chinese Wikipedia adds that his childhood name was Atong. Wikidata's label is 王濬, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his life as 206 to 286 and the posthumous name as Wu.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Youth and early career\n\nThe Book of Jin says that his family had held posts at the two-thousand-bushel rank for generations, that he read the old classics and was handsome, but that he did not cultivate his reputation and was not praised in his village, and that only late did his manner change, becoming open and far-sighted and filled with large ambition. Once he built a house and opened the road in front of the gate dozens of paces wide. When people said this was excessive, he answered that he wanted it to hold long halberds and banners, and when they all laughed he said that, as Chen Sheng had said, swallows and sparrows cannot know the aims of swans. The province called him as a clerk of Hedong, and corrupt local officials left of their own accord. Chinese Wikipedia adds that the governor Xu Miao's daughter was talented and unmarried, and Xu Miao had his subordinates gather while she watched in secret, and she chose Wang Jun, whom he then married to her. Yang Ji, brother of Yang Hu, judged that Wang Jun had large aims but extravagant habits and should not be given sole charge, while Yang Hu held that he had great ability and would be useful in carrying out his own aims.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Governing Ba and Yi\n\nHe later became a senior clerk to the general of chariots and cavalry, then governor of Ba commandery, which bordered Wu. Labor service in Shu was so heavy that many families did not even raise their newborn sons, and Wang Jun, moved by this, tightened the regulations and lightened the burdens so that those who bore children could recover. The article says that several thousand children were saved. He then moved to be governor of Guanghan and gave generous governance there. He once dreamed of three knives hung on the beam of his bedroom, and soon a fourth was added. His chief secretary Li Yi interpreted it: three knives make the character for province, and one more on the beam means addition to Liang, that is, he would be shepherd of Yi province. When the rebel Zhang Hong killed Huangfu Yan, the inspector of Yi province, the court appointed Wang Jun inspector there. He killed Zhang Hong and others by strategy, was enfeoffed as Marquis within the Passes, and drew many peoples from beyond the frontier to submit. Yang Hu thought him a man of rare strategy and secretly petitioned to keep him in Yi province.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The conquest of Wu\n\nThe article says that Yang Hu, Du Yu, Zhang Hua and others urged an attack on Wu and Emperor Wu of Jin agreed, so Wang Jun was ordered to build many ships in Yi province, which took nearly ten years. In the fourth month of 279, when court officials were opposed and the emperor hesitated, Wang Jun, then nearly seventy, wrote asking to march. He said Sun Hao was dissolute and cruel, all the wise and foolish of Jing and Yang lamented, and the ships in Yi had begun to rot, so that if the attack were delayed until Wu had a wise ruler or he himself had died, Wu would no longer be easy to take. The emperor agreed and made him General of the Dragon Charge to advance down the Yangtze. The children he had saved in Ba were now grown and had become his trusted troops. He broke through the iron chains on the river and took Xiling, Xiakou and Wuchang one after another, and reached Jianye, where Sun Hao came out and surrendered.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The quarrel with Wang Hun\n\nThe article says Wang Jun was supposed to be under the command of Wang Hun, whose army had already taken Moling but did not dare advance and told him to wait. Wang Jun, citing high wind on the river that prevented mooring, set out anyway, forced Sun Hao to surrender and won the chief credit. Wang Hun accused him of disobeying orders, and the authorities wished to imprison him. Emperor Wu did not agree but issued a rebuke. Wang Jun answered that the emperor's own edict had put the commanders under Jia Chong, not also under Wang Hun, and when Wang Hun accused him of taking treasures of the Wu palace, he defended himself again. Back at the capital, the officials charged him with great disrespect and, separately, with burning more than three hundred captured Wu ships without approval, and the emperor stopped both. He made Wang Jun General Who Assists the State with the post of colonel of the infantry, enfeoffed him Marquis of Xiangyang with ten thousand households, made his youngest son Wang Yi a village-pavilion marquis, and gave ten thousand rolls of silk and other rewards. The article says that whenever Wang Jun saw the emperor he could not stop recounting his achievements and grievances and sometimes left in anger without taking leave, and that the emperor, generous by nature, forgave him each time. His relative Fan Tong advised him never again to mention the conquest of Wu, and if anyone did, to say that it was owed to the emperor's virtue and the efforts of the generals. He did so, and the court came to see him as under-rewarded. The scholar Qin Xiu and others petitioned for him, and the emperor promoted him to General Who Guards the Army with the office of attendant-in-ordinary and commander of the rear army.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nIn 285 he was given the rank of Specially Advanced with the rights of a minister of the three offices, and on the gengzi day of the twelfth month, 28 January 286, he died, was buried at Baigu Mountain, was given the posthumous title Marquis Wu, and was said to be eighty. His son Wang Ju inherited the title. In the chaos after Emperor Huai's reign only two grandsons fled south into the Eastern Jin, and the family register was lost. Huan Wen later petitioned for his descendants to be sought out, but both grandsons were past sixty and died before they were employed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Judgments\n\nThe article quotes Yang Hu, that he had great ability and would be useful; Yang Ji, that his ambition was large and his luxury unrestrained so that he should not be given sole charge; Fan Tong, that his merit was fine but the way he held it was not fully good; and Fang Xuanling, that of the two Wangs, Wang Hun had harmed the good and Wang Jun had boasted of his merit.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wang Jun, courtesy name Shizhi, childhood name Atong[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Hu county in Hongnong[^zhengshi]\n- Life: 206 to 286[^wikidata]\n- Offices: governor of Yi province, General of the Dragon Charge, and others[^zhwiki]\n- Posthumous name: Wu[^wikidata]\n- Dynasty or state: Western Jin[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_411282|Lingbao]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124737015|王濬]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wang-jun.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 206, "display": "206" }, "death": { "year": 286, "display": "286" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1067200", "type": "person", "title": "Xu Zhi", "slug": "xu-zhi", "aliases": [ "徐质" ], "summary": "Xu Zhi (died 254) was a general of late Cao Wei. In 254, after the magistrate of Dao, Li Jian, surrendered his city to Shu Han, Xu Zhi engaged the Shu Han army, and he was beheaded in the fighting with Jiang Wei at Xiangwu.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1067200", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067200" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "徐质（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%B3%AA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:20:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Xu Zhi was a general of late Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label is 徐質, written 徐质 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 徐質, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata describes him as a military leader of Cao Wei and records his death in 254. The sources support little more, so only what is available is told below.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The campaign of 254\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the first year of Zhengyuan, 254, Li Jian, the magistrate of Dao in Cao Wei, surrendered the city to Shu Han and led its officials and people out to welcome the Shu Han army. The Wei general Xu Zhi, who was at the front, met the Shu Han forces, and the article records that the Shu Han general Zhang Ni was killed in the battle and the Han troops then withdrew. Jiang Wei afterwards advanced and besieged Xiangwu and fought Xu Zhi again, and Xu Zhi was beheaded and the Wei army retreated. The article leaves its source section empty and names no specific record, so these events are told only as the article gives them.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xu Zhi (徐質)[^wikidata]\n- Role: Cao Wei general, military leader[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 254[^wikidata]\n- Dynasty or state: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124633883|徐质]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xu-zhi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 254, "display": "254" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" } ], "siteStats": { "published": 82202, "relations": 78539, "tags": 43, "categories": 30, "types": [ { "key": "person", "label": "People", "count": 6704 }, { "key": "place", "label": "Places", "count": 58164 }, { "key": "event", "label": "Events", "count": 292 }, { "key": "organization", "label": "Organizations", "count": 3700 }, { "key": "work", "label": "Works", "count": 11908 }, { "key": "concept", "label": "Concepts", "count": 1434 } ], "languages": [ { "key": "zh", "label": "简体中文", "count": 82202 }, { "key": "en", "label": "English", "count": 48961 }, { "key": "ja", "label": "日本語", "count": 1158 }, { "key": "fr", "label": "Français", "count": 1064 }, { "key": "es", "label": "Español", "count": 1042 }, { "key": "it", "label": "Italiano", "count": 1021 }, { "key": "ms", "label": "Bahasa Melayu", "count": 997 }, { "key": "ar", "label": "العربية", "count": 993 }, { "key": "id", "label": "Bahasa Indonesia", "count": 990 }, { "key": "ru", "label": "Русский", "count": 987 }, { "key": "hi", "label": "हिन्दी", "count": 985 }, { "key": "th", "label": "ไทย", "count": 984 }, { "key": "pt", "label": "Português", "count": 972 }, { "key": "de", "label": "Deutsch", "count": 970 }, { "key": "nl", "label": "Nederlands", "count": 970 }, { "key": "vi", "label": "Tiếng Việt", "count": 962 }, { "key": "ko", "label": "한국어", "count": 961 }, { "key": "tr", "label": "Türkçe", "count": 952 }, { "key": "zh-hant", "label": "繁體中文", "count": 920 } ] }, "lang": "en", "pagination": { "page": 464, "pageSize": 100, "total": 50001, "pageCount": 501, "prevUrl": "/en/index-463.json", "nextUrl": "/en/index-465.json" } }