{ "contentStorage": "postgres", "title": "People", "url": "/en/people-3.html", "entities": [ { "id": "person_cn_q106371734", "type": "person", "title": "Princess Longji", "slug": "princess-longji-q106371734", "aliases": [ "龙吉公主" ], "summary": "Princess Longji is a character in Investiture of the Gods, the daughter of the Hao Heaven Lord and the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, who was banished to the Qingluan Douque on Phoenix Mountain after a lapse at the Peach Banquet. She helps the Zhou camp defeat Luo Xuan, marries Hong Jin, is struck down in the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation and killed, and is made the Red Phoenix Star.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q106371734", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106371734" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "龙吉公主（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E5%90%89%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Princess Longji is a character in Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives her Chinese name as 龍吉公主 and an English alias, Longji Princess, and the Chinese Wikipedia character list uses the same name. This is the form of address used in the book and no other name is recorded, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origin and banishment\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia character list says she is a daughter of the Hao Heaven Lord and the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool. At the Peach Banquet in one year she was serving wine, broke the rules and let her thoughts turn to the mortal world, and for that she was banished to the Qingluan Douque on Phoenix Mountain. Wikidata gives that building as her residence and describes her as a goddess.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Helping the Zhou camp\n\nIn the list's account, when Luo Xuan set fire to Xiqi with his Ten-Thousand-Mile Smoke-Cloud treasure, Princess Longji came to help. She released water with her Mist and Dew Net to take in all the smoke, took Luo Xuan's Five-Dragon Wheel with her Four Seas Bottle, and cut down his mount with her Twin-Dragon Sword, so that Luo Xuan fled. In the entry on Liu Huan the list adds that Liu Huan was killed by her Twin-Dragon Sword. Facing the garrison commander Hong Jin at Sanshan Pass, she captured him with treasures such as the Dragon-Binding Rope. The Old Man under the Moon said the two were fated to marry. She thought it an ill-fated match, but she married Hong Jin anyway. After that husband and wife fought side by side. She wounded Kong Xuan with the Phoenix Sword, and she broke Hu Lei's substitute trick with the Heaven-and-Earth Needle so that his head could fall. The list notes that she and Deng Chanyu were the only two women commanders in the Zhou camp.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The end in the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation\n\nThe list says that in the Ten Thousand Immortals Formation she wounded several immortals with her White Light Sword but was struck on the crown by Jinling Shengmu's Four Images Pagoda, fell from her horse, was killed by the crowd of immortals, and was finally made the Red Phoenix Star. Wikidata likewise gives her manner of death as death in battle and her spouse as Hong Jin, but it records Tongguan as her place of death, which does not agree with the formation named in the list. The sources do not reconcile the two, so both are stated here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Princess Longji, also written 龍吉公主[^wikidata]\n- Status: daughter of the Hao Heaven Lord and the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, a goddess[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Residence: Qingluan Douque[^wikidata]\n- Spouse: Hong Jin[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: death in battle[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]]", "url": "/people/princess-longji-q106371734.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1064059", "type": "person", "title": "Queen Mother of the West", "slug": "queen-mother-west-q1064059", "aliases": [ "西王母" ], "summary": "The Queen Mother of the West is a goddess of Chinese mythology and folk belief and a female immortal of Daoism, who dwells at the Jade Pool on Mount Kunlun, paired with the King Father of the East. In the Classic of Mountains and Seas she is a leopard-tailed, tiger-toothed deity of plague, in the Story of King Mu she exchanges songs with King Mu of Zhou at the Jade Pool, and by the Inner Biography of Emperor Wu of Han she is a woman of unmatched beauty who keeps the peaches and the elixir of immortality.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1064059", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064059" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "西王母（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%AF%8D" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "The Queen Mother of the West is a goddess of Chinese mythology and folk belief and a female immortal of Daoism. She has many names, among them Wangmu Niangniang, Jinmu, the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, and Jinmu Yuanjun. These are titles. The sources disagree about her personal name, and there is no single recorded name, so the title stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Names and conflicting accounts\n\nChinese Wikipedia lists many of her names and honorific titles and cites the Tang writer Duan Chengshi's Youyang Zazu, which says that the Queen Mother of the West was surnamed Yang and named Hui, ruled the northwest corner of Kunlun and died on a dingchou day, with another account giving the name Wanjin. It also cites Du Guangting's Yongcheng Jixian Lu, which calls her the Golden Mother of Turtle Mountain, born at Yichuan in the divine continent and surnamed Gou. The two accounts do not agree, so both are given and neither is chosen. Wikidata classes her as a goddess, a Daoist deity and a mythical character, and also records her as a character in several television productions.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the Classic of Mountains and Seas\n\nThe article says that the term Western Mother already appears in Shang oracle inscriptions, and the scholar Chen Mengjia took it to mean her. In the Classic of Mountains and Seas the Queen Mother of the West looks like a person but has a leopard's tail and tiger's teeth, whistles, has tangled hair and wears a headdress, and is the deity in charge of the heavenly plague and the five afflictions. She dwells on Jade Mountain and is fed by three blue birds. The article notes that by the first century AD her image had left the original monstrous form and turned into that of a noblewoman.[^zhwiki]\n\n## With King Mu, Yi and Emperor Wu\n\nThe Story of King Mu records that King Mu of Zhou travelled west, presented a white jade tablet, a black jade disc and brocade, and was received by the Queen Mother of the West, who bowed twice and accepted. She feasted him at the Jade Pool and the two exchanged songs. She sang that if he did not die he might yet come again, and described herself as a daughter of the Lord of Heaven who lives among tigers and leopards with magpies for company. The Huainanzi says that Yi begged her for the elixir of immortality and that his wife Heng'e stole it and fled to the moon. From the Eastern Han on, the Story of Emperor Wu of Han and the Inner Biography of Emperor Wu of Han tell how the emperor awaited her on the seventh day of the seventh month and she came in a purple-cloud carriage and gave him seven immortal peaches, the pan peaches, said to bear fruit only once in three thousand years. The article says the Inner Biography is the first to describe her unmatched beauty, as a woman who looked about thirty.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Place in Daoism\n\nThe article says that as Daoism rose, her rank was raised. Accounts from the Eastern Jin on make her the Nine-Light Dark Lady born of the Primal Heavenly King and the Supreme Mother, counterpart of the King Father of the East, the pair being called Wood Lord and Metal Mother, with authority over all women who have attained immortality. The half-beast form with a tiger's head and leopard's tail is said, as the article cites it, not to be her true form but that of the White Tiger spirit of the west, her messenger.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novels\n\nThis site lists her as appearing in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West. Wikidata also records her as a character in several television productions, including New Legend of Madame White Snake and several versions of Journey to the West. The sources used here do not describe her episodes in the two novels.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Form of address: Queen Mother of the West, also called Wangmu Niangniang, the Golden Mother of the Jade Pool, Jinmu Yuanjun and others[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Kind: goddess, Daoist deity, mythical character[^wikidata]\n- Dwelling: the Jade Pool on Mount Kunlun[^zhwiki]\n- Counterpart: the King Father of the East[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]], [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]]", "url": "/people/queen-mother-west-q1064059.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1064069", "type": "person", "title": "Gan Mei", "slug": "lady-gan-q1064069", "aliases": [ "昭烈皇后" ], "summary": "Gan Mei (died 210), by the Chinese Wikipedia account of the Gan family and given name Mei, came from Pei and was taken as a concubine by Liu Bei at Xiaopei, bearing the later ruler Liu Shan. She was saved by Zhao Yun at Changban, was buried in Nan commandery, and was posthumously titled Empress Zhaolie at Zhuge Liang's request, to be buried with Liu Bei.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1064069", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064069" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "昭烈皇后 (蜀汉)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E7%83%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2)" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷34（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B734" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "Gan Mei was a concubine of Liu Bei and the mother of Liu Shan, later honored as Empress Zhaolie. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say only that the First Lord's Empress Gan was from Pei, and give no personal name for her. The opening of the Chinese Wikipedia article says that she was of the Gan family and named Mei, and notes that the Gazetteer of Kuizhou Prefecture gives the name Gan Mei. This name appears in a local gazetteer and not in the standard history, so it is used here as the article records it, with that qualification stated first. Wikidata's Chinese label is 昭烈皇后, with Lady Gan as an alias, and it records her death in 210 and birthplace Pei County. Zhaolie is a posthumous title and Lady Gan is a kin form of address, so neither is a personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Taken as a concubine\n\nThe Records say that when Liu Bei was governor of Yu province and stayed at Xiaopei, he took her as a concubine. Liu Bei lost his principal wives several times, and she often managed the household. She followed him to Jingzhou and bore the later ruler Liu Shan. The article dates Liu Shan's birth to the twelfth year of Jian'an, 207.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Changban at Dangyang\n\nWhen Cao Cao's army caught up with Liu Bei at Changban in Dangyang, the situation was desperate and Liu Bei abandoned her and the infant, and they were saved only through the protection of Zhao Yun.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and posthumous titles\n\nThe Records say that she later died and was buried in Nan commandery. In the second year of Zhangwu, 222, she was posthumously titled Lady Huangsi, and was to be moved to Shu, but Liu Bei died at Baidi before her coffin arrived. The chancellor Zhuge Liang submitted that Lady Huangsi had conducted herself with virtue and cultivated and guarded her person, that by the principle of the Spring and Autumn Annals a mother is honored through her son, and, citing precedents such as the high emperor's honoring of his mother and Emperor He's reburial of Lady Liang, proposed with Lai Gong, the minister of ceremonies, the title Empress Zhaolie under the rules for posthumous names, and asked that she be buried with Liu Bei. The edict approved. Wikidata records her place of death as Gong'an County and the year as 210.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Other statements in the article\n\nChinese Wikipedia also notes that a tomb of Lady Gan stands in today's Fengjie County, so some hold that Liu Bei was also buried at Fengjie and not returned to Chengdu, and it says that the Zizhi Tongjian's note under Yanxi 8 that Empress Dowager Gan died is a mistake, since the dowager who died that year must have been Liu Shan's stepmother, Empress Dowager Wu. It also cites the Shiyi Ji, which says she was poor but outstandingly beautiful, was taken as a concubine by Liu Bei at eighteen, and urged him to remove a jade statue so as not to waste his will on a toy, while adding that this report is doubtful because Wu and Wei had not yet been founded when she died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: of the Gan family, given name Mei (from the Gazetteer of Kuizhou Prefecture, as cited in Chinese Wikipedia)[^zhwiki]\n- Titles: Empress Zhaolie (posthumous), Lady Huangsi; kin form of address: Lady Gan[^zhengshi][^wikidata]\n- Origin: Pei[^zhengshi]\n- Spouse: Liu Bei; child: Liu Shan[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n- Died: 210[^wikidata]\n- Dynasty or state: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_320322|Pei County]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123771083|昭烈皇后]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/lady-gan-q1064069.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 210, "display": "210" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1064086", "type": "person", "title": "Gong Zhi", "slug": "gong-zhi-q1064086", "aliases": [ "巩志" ], "summary": "Gong Zhi (鞏志) is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a staff officer under Jin Xuan, governor of Wuling. When Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei against Wuling, he urged Jin Xuan to surrender and was refused, so he shot Jin Xuan dead, led the people over to Liu Bei, and was later appointed governor of Wuling.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1064086", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064086" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "巩志（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9E%8F%E5%BF%97" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Gong Zhi is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label is 鞏志, written 巩志 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 鞏志, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his occupation as official and his position as governor, with Wuling of the novel as both his workplace and his residence, and the setting as the novel's country of Han.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that he served as a staff officer under Jin Xuan, governor of Wuling. When Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei to attack Wuling, Gong Zhi urged Jin Xuan to surrender to Liu Bei, and Jin Xuan refused. After Jin Xuan lost to Zhang Fei, Gong Zhi shot him dead with one arrow and went over to Liu Bei with the people, and Liu Bei then appointed him governor of Wuling. The article cites chapter 53 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Other works\n\nThe article adds that in the manga Huofeng Liaoyuan he does not appear in person. Liu Feng only mentions that, when Liu Bei attacked the four commanderies south of the Jing, Gong Zhi killed Jin Xuan, who had made a false surrender to Liu Bei in collusion with Han Xuan, and that he was Zhuge Liang's inside agent.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Gong Zhi (鞏志)[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character, governor of Wuling[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Occupation: official[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|The Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/gong-zhi-q1064086.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1066825", "type": "person", "title": "Xi Zheng", "slug": "xi-zheng-q1066825", "aliases": [ "郤正" ], "summary": "Xi Zheng (died 278), courtesy name Lingxian, from Yanshi in Henan and originally named Zuan, was a Shu Han official who rose to director of the secretariat and was known for his writing. He drafted the letter of surrender when Shu fell, left his family to accompany Liu Shan to Luoyang, served the Jin as magistrate of Anyang and governor of Baxi, and died in 278.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1066825", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066825" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "郤正（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%A4%E6%AD%A3" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志·卷42（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B742" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Xi Zheng was an official of Shu Han known for his writing. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say that his courtesy name was Lingxian, that he came from Yanshi in Henan, and that his original name was Zuan, later changed to Zheng. Wikidata's label is the same, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 278.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and youth\n\nThe Records say his grandfather Xi Jian was governor of Yi province at the end of Emperor Ling's reign and was killed by bandits, and in the chaos his father Xi Yi stayed in Shu. Xi Yi served under the general Meng Da, surrendered to Wei with him and became a clerk of the secretariat. Xi Zheng lost his father young and his mother remarried, so he stood alone, but he was content in poverty, loved study and read widely in the classics. At twenty he could write well, entered the court as a secretariat clerk, moved up to clerk, then to gentleman, and finally to director.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Detachment and writings\n\nHe cared little for honors and especially loved literature. He sought out and read nearly everything from the surviving writings of Sima Xiangru, Wang Bao, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu, Fu Yi, Zhang Heng and Cai Yong to the fine books and discussions of his own day that existed in Yi province. He held an inner post and lived next door to the eunuch Huang Hao for thirty years, during which Huang Hao rose from lowly to powerful and abused his authority. Xi Zheng was neither loved nor hated by Huang Hao, and so he never rose above a rank of 600 bushels but escaped trouble. Following the old scholars and borrowing others' phrases to say what he meant, he wrote the Explaining the Reproach, to follow Cui Yin's Reaching the Purpose. The Records say his poems, essays and rhapsodies came to nearly a hundred pieces.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The letter of surrender\n\nIn 263, Liu Shan followed Qiao Zhou's plan and sent envoys to surrender to Deng Ai, and the letter was written by Xi Zheng. In the first month of the following year Zhong Hui rebelled in Chengdu and Liu Shan was moved east to Luoyang in confusion. None of the great ministers of Shu were willing to go with him except Xi Zheng and the palace commandant Zhang Tong of Runan, who left their families and went alone. Liu Shan, guided correctly by Xi Zheng, made no mistakes in his conduct and sighed that he regretted knowing Xi Zheng so late, and contemporaries approved of Xi Zheng. He was enfeoffed as Marquis within the Passes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Under the Jin\n\nIn the Taishi era he became magistrate of Anyang and was then promoted to governor of Baxi. The edict of 272 praised him for having kept to duty in the troubled days in Chengdu, not departing from loyalty, and, once employed, for working with all his heart and showing a record of good governance, and named him governor of Baxi. He died in 278. Chen Shou's verdict is that Xi Zheng's writing is brilliant, with the manner of Zhang Heng and Cai Yong, that his conduct is worth emulating, and that he and Qiao Zhou had little to do in the Jin and much in Shu, so they were placed in the Shu volumes.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Happy and not thinking of Shu\n\nChinese Wikipedia also records a story. After Liu Shan came to Luoyang, Sima Zhao gave a banquet at which the old Shu ministers wept, but Liu Shan was unmoved and said, \"I am happy here and do not think of Shu.\" Xi Zheng told him, while he was out of the hall, that if asked again he should close his eyes for a moment and then say earnestly, \"My ancestors' graves are far away in Shu and not a day passes without my thinking of them.\" Liu Shan repeated this and Sima Zhao replied that it sounded like something Xi Zheng would say. Liu Shan was astonished, Sima Zhao and his attendants laughed, and he ceased to suspect him. This is the origin of the idiom about being happy and not thinking of Shu. The story does not appear in the biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms summarized above, and the article gives it only as a tale.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xi Zheng, courtesy name Lingxian, originally named Zuan[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Yanshi in Henan[^zhengshi]\n- Died: 278[^wikidata]\n- Offices: director of the secretariat in Shu; magistrate of Anyang and governor of Baxi under the Jin[^zhengshi]\n- Dynasty or state: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_410307|Yanshi District]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124438430|郤正]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xi-zheng-q1066825.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 278, "display": "278" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1066842", "type": "person", "title": "Ma Tie", "slug": "ma-tie-q1066842", "aliases": [ "马铁" ], "summary": "Ma Tie (179–211) was a son of Ma Teng, a brother of Ma Chao and a general of the northwest in the Three Kingdoms period. When Ma Chao rose against Cao Cao, Cao Cao put Ma Teng and his family to death, and Ma Tie died at that time.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1066842", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1066842" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "马铁（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%90%B5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Ma Tie was a son of Ma Teng, a general of the northwest in the Three Kingdoms period, and a brother of Ma Chao. Wikidata's Chinese label is 馬鐵, written 马铁 in simplified characters, with the English alias Ma Tit, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 馬鐵, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his birth as 179, his death as 211, and the manner of death as capital punishment.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and the move\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that when Cao Cao was made chancellor he wanted to bring Ma Chao to the capital as a subordinate, and Ma Chao did not accept. Cao Cao then summoned Ma Teng to the capital under the title of Commandant of the Guards, and Ma Chao was made General of the Flank and Marquis of Duting. Ma Tie moved with the family to Ye.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nThe article says that in 211 Ma Chao rose in revolt against Cao Cao, and Cao Cao put Ma Teng and his family and brothers to death, and Ma Tie died at that time. The opening line of the same article gives his death year as 212, which does not match the 211 of its body text, while Wikidata records 211. The article lists the Records of the Three Kingdoms as its reference but gives no further detail, so nothing more is told here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ma Tie (馬鐵)[^wikidata]\n- Father: Ma Teng; brother: Ma Chao[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Life: 179 to 211 (the article's opening line has 212)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: capital punishment[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124326121|马铁]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/ma-tie-q1066842.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 179, "display": "179" }, "death": { "year": 211, "display": "211" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1067200", "type": "person", "title": "Xu Zhi", "slug": "xu-zhi-q1067200", "aliases": [ "徐质" ], "summary": "Xu Zhi (died 254) was a general of late Cao Wei. In 254, after the magistrate of Dao, Li Jian, surrendered his city to Shu Han, Xu Zhi engaged the Shu Han army, and he was beheaded in the fighting with Jiang Wei at Xiangwu.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1067200", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067200" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "徐质（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E8%B3%AA" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Xu Zhi was a general of late Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label is 徐質, written 徐质 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 徐質, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata describes him as a military leader of Cao Wei and records his death in 254. The sources support little more, so only what is available is told below.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The campaign of 254\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the first year of Zhengyuan, 254, Li Jian, the magistrate of Dao in Cao Wei, surrendered the city to Shu Han and led its officials and people out to welcome the Shu Han army. The Wei general Xu Zhi, who was at the front, met the Shu Han forces, and the article records that the Shu Han general Zhang Ni was killed in the battle and the Han troops then withdrew. Jiang Wei afterwards advanced and besieged Xiangwu and fought Xu Zhi again, and Xu Zhi was beheaded and the Wei army retreated. The article leaves its source section empty and names no specific record, so these events are told only as the article gives them.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xu Zhi (徐質)[^wikidata]\n- Role: Cao Wei general, military leader[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 254[^wikidata]\n- Dynasty or state: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124633883|徐质]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xu-zhi-q1067200.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 254, "display": "254" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068320", "type": "person", "title": "Kuai Liang", "slug": "kuai-liang-q1068320", "aliases": [ "蒯良" ], "summary": "Kuai Liang, courtesy name Zirou, from Zhonglu in Xiangyang, Nan commandery in Jing province, was an important adviser to Liu Biao, governor of Jing province, at the end of the Eastern Han. Liu Biao praised his advice to calm the people through benevolence and righteousness as the argument of Yong Ji. His death is placed in 192 by Wikidata and before about 208 by Chinese Wikipedia.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068320", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068320" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "蒯良（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%AF%E8%89%AF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Kuai Liang, courtesy name Zirou, came from Zhonglu in Xiangyang, Nan commandery of Jing province, at the end of the Eastern Han. He was an important adviser to Liu Biao, governor of Jing province, and is named together with Kuai Yue. Wikidata's label and the Chinese Wikipedia article both give the name as 蒯良, with the courtesy name Zirou, so the title is unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The argument of Yong Ji\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in 190, when Liu Biao arrived to take over as governor of Jing province, he was worried about how to calm the unrest and consulted Kuai Liang and Kuai Yue at Yicheng. He said that powerful clan bandits were rampant, the people did not rally to him, Yuan Shu was stirring in Nanyang, and he wanted to raise troops but feared the people would refuse. Kuai Liang answered first. People do not rally because officials lack benevolence, he said, and they rally yet do not prosper because officials lack righteousness. If benevolence and righteousness go together, the people will come like water flowing downhill, so why worry or ask about conscription. Kuai Yue disagreed, holding that benevolence and righteousness suit peaceful times while troubled times need stratagems. Liu Biao liked Kuai Yue's plan very much and called it the scheme of Jiu Fan, but he also praised Kuai Liang's advice as the argument of Yong Ji, and made him chief secretary. The article notes that after Jing province was pacified, Kuai Liang's name no longer appears in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Dispute over his life and death\n\nWikidata records his death in 192. Chinese Wikipedia says that because Kuai Liang's name is absent from the list of officials who surrendered when Cao Cao took over Jing province, later historians hold that he died before about 208, and its opening line gives his dates as unknown. On the other hand, the Shishuo Xinyu, quoting the Jin Yangqiu in a note, says that Kuai Liang once served as minister of personnel and had a son, Kuai Jun, whose daughter married Sun Xiu, a grand-nephew of Sun Quan. The article suggests that he might have answered Cao Cao's summons in the Han court's name early and served as the minister of personnel in the imperial secretariat, or that the histories simply lack the record. These accounts do not agree and the sources give no verdict, so they are set out side by side. Wikidata also records his son as Kuai Jun.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nIn Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Kuai Liang is the elder brother of Kuai Yue, and in the battle of Xianshan between Sun Jian and Liu Biao he helps Liu Biao turn the defeat into a victory. He advises Huang Zu and Lu Gong to feign a retreat to Xianshan and set an ambush there, and the plan works, with Huang Zu shooting Sun Jian dead and the crisis of Liu Biao's new regime ended. In chapter 34 Kuai Yue mentions that Kuai Liang was skilled at judging horses and had died before the twelfth year of Jian'an, 207.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Anecdote\n\nThe article cites the Fuzi, which says that Kuai Yue was a descendant of Kuai Tong, a persuader of the early Western Han, and by the same reasoning Kuai Liang would be one also.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Kuai Liang, courtesy name Zirou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Zhonglu in Xiangyang, Nan commandery, Jing province[^zhwiki]\n- Died: 192 (Wikidata); another view puts it before about 208[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Family: Kuai Yue (his younger brother in the novel), son Kuai Jun[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Birthplace: Nan Commandery[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123670521|蒯良]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/kuai-liang-q1068320.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 192, "display": "192" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068338", "type": "person", "title": "Wang Jun", "slug": "wang-jun-q1068338", "aliases": [ "王濬" ], "summary": "Wang Jun (206–286), courtesy name Shizhi and childhood name Atong, from Hu county in Hongnong, was a general of the Western Jin. As governor of Yi province he built ships for the invasion of Wu, was named General of the Dragon Charge in 279, sailed down the Yangtze and broke the iron chains, and received Sun Hao's surrender; afterwards he quarrelled with Wang Hun over credit and was repeatedly shielded by Emperor Wu of Jin. He was given the posthumous title Marquis Wu.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068338", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068338" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "王濬（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%BF%AC" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "晋书/卷042（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7042" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Wang Jun was a general of the Western Jin. The Book of Jin says that his courtesy name was Shizhi and that he came from Hu county in Hongnong, and Chinese Wikipedia adds that his childhood name was Atong. Wikidata's label is 王濬, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his life as 206 to 286 and the posthumous name as Wu.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Youth and early career\n\nThe Book of Jin says that his family had held posts at the two-thousand-bushel rank for generations, that he read the old classics and was handsome, but that he did not cultivate his reputation and was not praised in his village, and that only late did his manner change, becoming open and far-sighted and filled with large ambition. Once he built a house and opened the road in front of the gate dozens of paces wide. When people said this was excessive, he answered that he wanted it to hold long halberds and banners, and when they all laughed he said that, as Chen Sheng had said, swallows and sparrows cannot know the aims of swans. The province called him as a clerk of Hedong, and corrupt local officials left of their own accord. Chinese Wikipedia adds that the governor Xu Miao's daughter was talented and unmarried, and Xu Miao had his subordinates gather while she watched in secret, and she chose Wang Jun, whom he then married to her. Yang Ji, brother of Yang Hu, judged that Wang Jun had large aims but extravagant habits and should not be given sole charge, while Yang Hu held that he had great ability and would be useful in carrying out his own aims.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Governing Ba and Yi\n\nHe later became a senior clerk to the general of chariots and cavalry, then governor of Ba commandery, which bordered Wu. Labor service in Shu was so heavy that many families did not even raise their newborn sons, and Wang Jun, moved by this, tightened the regulations and lightened the burdens so that those who bore children could recover. The article says that several thousand children were saved. He then moved to be governor of Guanghan and gave generous governance there. He once dreamed of three knives hung on the beam of his bedroom, and soon a fourth was added. His chief secretary Li Yi interpreted it: three knives make the character for province, and one more on the beam means addition to Liang, that is, he would be shepherd of Yi province. When the rebel Zhang Hong killed Huangfu Yan, the inspector of Yi province, the court appointed Wang Jun inspector there. He killed Zhang Hong and others by strategy, was enfeoffed as Marquis within the Passes, and drew many peoples from beyond the frontier to submit. Yang Hu thought him a man of rare strategy and secretly petitioned to keep him in Yi province.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The conquest of Wu\n\nThe article says that Yang Hu, Du Yu, Zhang Hua and others urged an attack on Wu and Emperor Wu of Jin agreed, so Wang Jun was ordered to build many ships in Yi province, which took nearly ten years. In the fourth month of 279, when court officials were opposed and the emperor hesitated, Wang Jun, then nearly seventy, wrote asking to march. He said Sun Hao was dissolute and cruel, all the wise and foolish of Jing and Yang lamented, and the ships in Yi had begun to rot, so that if the attack were delayed until Wu had a wise ruler or he himself had died, Wu would no longer be easy to take. The emperor agreed and made him General of the Dragon Charge to advance down the Yangtze. The children he had saved in Ba were now grown and had become his trusted troops. He broke through the iron chains on the river and took Xiling, Xiakou and Wuchang one after another, and reached Jianye, where Sun Hao came out and surrendered.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The quarrel with Wang Hun\n\nThe article says Wang Jun was supposed to be under the command of Wang Hun, whose army had already taken Moling but did not dare advance and told him to wait. Wang Jun, citing high wind on the river that prevented mooring, set out anyway, forced Sun Hao to surrender and won the chief credit. Wang Hun accused him of disobeying orders, and the authorities wished to imprison him. Emperor Wu did not agree but issued a rebuke. Wang Jun answered that the emperor's own edict had put the commanders under Jia Chong, not also under Wang Hun, and when Wang Hun accused him of taking treasures of the Wu palace, he defended himself again. Back at the capital, the officials charged him with great disrespect and, separately, with burning more than three hundred captured Wu ships without approval, and the emperor stopped both. He made Wang Jun General Who Assists the State with the post of colonel of the infantry, enfeoffed him Marquis of Xiangyang with ten thousand households, made his youngest son Wang Yi a village-pavilion marquis, and gave ten thousand rolls of silk and other rewards. The article says that whenever Wang Jun saw the emperor he could not stop recounting his achievements and grievances and sometimes left in anger without taking leave, and that the emperor, generous by nature, forgave him each time. His relative Fan Tong advised him never again to mention the conquest of Wu, and if anyone did, to say that it was owed to the emperor's virtue and the efforts of the generals. He did so, and the court came to see him as under-rewarded. The scholar Qin Xiu and others petitioned for him, and the emperor promoted him to General Who Guards the Army with the office of attendant-in-ordinary and commander of the rear army.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nIn 285 he was given the rank of Specially Advanced with the rights of a minister of the three offices, and on the gengzi day of the twelfth month, 28 January 286, he died, was buried at Baigu Mountain, was given the posthumous title Marquis Wu, and was said to be eighty. His son Wang Ju inherited the title. In the chaos after Emperor Huai's reign only two grandsons fled south into the Eastern Jin, and the family register was lost. Huan Wen later petitioned for his descendants to be sought out, but both grandsons were past sixty and died before they were employed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Judgments\n\nThe article quotes Yang Hu, that he had great ability and would be useful; Yang Ji, that his ambition was large and his luxury unrestrained so that he should not be given sole charge; Fan Tong, that his merit was fine but the way he held it was not fully good; and Fang Xuanling, that of the two Wangs, Wang Hun had harmed the good and Wang Jun had boasted of his merit.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wang Jun, courtesy name Shizhi, childhood name Atong[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Hu county in Hongnong[^zhengshi]\n- Life: 206 to 286[^wikidata]\n- Offices: governor of Yi province, General of the Dragon Charge, and others[^zhwiki]\n- Posthumous name: Wu[^wikidata]\n- Dynasty or state: Western Jin[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_411282|Lingbao]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124737015|王濬]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wang-jun-q1068338.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 206, "display": "206" }, "death": { "year": 286, "display": "286" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068917", "type": "person", "title": "Kebineng", "slug": "kebineng-q1068917", "aliases": [ "轲比能" ], "summary": "Kebineng (172–235) was a Xianbei chieftain of the Three Kingdoms period. He came from a minor Xianbei clan and was chosen as great leader for his courage and fairness, holding the area of Dai and Shanggu commanderies and eventually commanding over a hundred thousand archers. He alternated between submission and revolt against Cao Wei, was made King Who Submits to Righteousness by Cao Pi, and in 235 was killed by an assassin sent by Wang Xiong, governor of You province.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068917", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068917" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "轲比能（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%BB%E6%AF%94%E8%83%BD" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Kebineng was one of the Xianbei chieftains of the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label is 軻比能, written 轲比能 in simplified characters, with the variant 柯比能, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 軻比能, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his life as 172 to 235, his manner of death as homicide, and his ethnic group as Xianbei.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Rise\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that after the death of Tanshihuai, the leader of the Xianbei confederation, the confederation broke up. Kebineng came from a minor Xianbei clan and was described as brave and strong, fair in judgment and not greedy, so the people chose him as great leader. He held the area of Dai and Shanggu commanderies. His tribe lay near the northern border of Han, and after Yuan Shao took Hebei, many Han people fled beyond the frontier to join him, taught the Xianbei to make weapons, armor and shields, and taught them writing. He ruled his people on the Chinese pattern, set up laws, and hung banners when he went out hunting, directing advance and retreat by drum.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Relations with Cao Wei\n\nThe article says that in the Jian'an years he sent tribute to Cao Cao and asked for trade. He helped Cao Cao put down local revolts, but he also raided Han territory and helped the Wuhuan of Dai commandery harass the border, and was heavily defeated by Cao Zhang and driven beyond the frontier, after which he again sent tribute. In 220 he sent envoys with horses, and Cao Pi made him King Who Submits to Righteousness, and Xianbei and Wei traded in peace. He later fought Suli, the great leader of the eastern Xianbei, and Budugen, grandson of Tanshihuai, and forced Budugen back to Taiyuan and Yanmen. In 224 he attacked Suli again, Wei sent troops to intervene and defeated his subordinate Suonu, and he wrote to Wei to explain. After an attack by Tian Yu, colonel who protects the Wuhuan, he rebelled against Wei and raided You and Bing provinces.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Power and end\n\nAfterwards his people grew strong and were said to have over a hundred thousand mounted archers. Whatever plunder he took he shared equally with the others and kept nothing for himself, so his men were ready to die for him and the other great leaders feared and respected him, though he never matched the strength of Tanshihuai. In 228 his son-in-law Yuzhujian was attacked by Tian Yu, and Kebineng sent thirty thousand cavalry to help, surrounding Tian Yu at Macheng, and left only when Yan Zhi persuaded him. In 233 he lured Budugen into a marriage alliance, Budugen joined him, and together they raided Bing province and were defeated by the Wei general Qin Lang and withdrew north of the desert. Kebineng later killed Budugen, absorbed the Xianbei groups and unified most of the land south of the desert. In 235 Wang Xiong, governor of You province in Wei, sent the assassin Han Long, who killed him, and his younger brother was set up as leader. The article also notes that the Book of Jin calls his descendants the Khitan.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Kebineng (軻比能), also written 柯比能[^wikidata]\n- Role: Xianbei chieftain[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Life: 172 to 235[^wikidata]\n- Manner of death: homicide, killed by an assassin[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124415807|轲比能]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/kebineng-q1068917.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 172, "display": "172" }, "death": { "year": 235, "display": "235" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068930", "type": "person", "title": "Xu Gong", "slug": "xu-gong-q1068930", "aliases": [ "许贡" ], "summary": "Xu Gong (died about 197) was a late Han official who served as commandant and then governor of Wu commandery. After Sun Ce defeated him he petitioned the court to summon Sun Ce to the capital, the petition was intercepted, and Sun Ce had him strangled. Wikidata records his death year as 200, while Chinese Wikipedia argues it was no later than 197; his retainers later wounded Sun Ce in revenge.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068930", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068930" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "许贡（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E8%B2%A2" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Xu Gong was an official of Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label is 許貢, written 许贡 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 許貢, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata gives his manner of death as capital punishment and his death year as 200, while Chinese Wikipedia dates his life as unknown to about 197. The two do not agree and are set out side by side below.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Offices in Wu commandery\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the Chuping years, 190 to 193, he served as commandant of Wu commandery and was a friend of the noted scholar Xu Jing, who had fled Dong Zhuo's disorder to Jiangdong and was sheltered by Xu Gong and others. His superior was the governor of Wu, Sheng Xian of Kuaiji. When Yuan Shu's forces entered Yang province, the Zhou brothers of Kuaiji were defeated by Yuan Shu, and one of them, Zhou Yong, was killed by Xu Gong on the road home to Kuaiji. Around 194, Sheng Xian left office because of illness and Xu Gong became governor, while Zhu Zhi, an old subordinate of Sun Jian, became commandant. After taking up the post Xu Gong tried to persecute his predecessor Sheng Xian. The noted Wu man Gao Dai helped Sheng Xian hide in the house of Xu Gong's subordinate Xu Zhao, so Xu Gong seized Gao Dai's mother to lure him out and harm him, and Gao Dai escaped with the help of friends.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Defeat by Sun Ce\n\nThe article says that in 195 Sun Ce used the pretext of striking at Liu Yao, who held Jiangdong against Yuan Shu, to break away from Yuan Shu, defeated Liu Yao and pacified Danyang and Wu. After Xu Gong was beaten at Youquan, he went to the mountain bandit chief Yan Baihu, who held Wucheng. Yan Baihu was soon beaten by Sun Ce too and went to Xu Zhao at Yuhang, and Xu Gong could not go with him. Sun Ce said that Xu Zhao was loyal to his old lord and sincere to a former friend, which was the resolve of a man, and so did not wipe him out.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The petition and his death\n\nAfter losing power Xu Gong still looked for a chance to retake Wu commandery. He sent a memorial to the court saying Sun Ce was fierce and valiant like Xiang Yu, should be given honors and summoned to the capital, and that if left outside he would surely become a long-term danger. The memorial was intercepted by Sun Ce's watchers, and Sun Ce summoned him for questioning. Xu Gong denied having written it, and Sun Ce ordered his guards to strangle him. The article notes that since the court had already appointed Chen Yu as the new governor of Wu in the summer of 197, Xu Gong's death cannot have been later than 197.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Afterwards\n\nIn 200, because he had killed Xu Gong, Sun Ce was attacked by three of Xu Gong's retainers, including Xu Zhao, and died of his wounds. The article also describes how, when Sun Ce was hunting, three men claiming to be soldiers of Han Dang appeared. Sun Ce shot one of them, the other two shot him in the cheek, and his soldiers then arrived and killed all three retainers. It adds that the manga Huofeng Liaoyuan makes him a subordinate and disciple of Yu Ji.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xu Gong (許貢)[^wikidata]\n- Offices: commandant and governor of Wu commandery[^zhwiki]\n- Died: 200 in Wikidata; about 197, no later than the second year of Jian'an, in Chinese Wikipedia[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: strangled by order of Sun Ce (capital punishment in Wikidata)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124023604|许贡]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xu-gong-q1068930.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 200, "display": "200" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1068940", "type": "person", "title": "Yan Yu", "slug": "yan-yu-q1068940", "aliases": [ "严舆" ], "summary": "Yan Yu (died 196) was from Wucheng in Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han, a younger brother of the bandit chief Yan Baihu and reputedly a man of great strength. When Sun Ce attacked Yan Baihu, Yan Yu went to Sun Ce's camp to sue for peace and was killed on the spot with a hand-halberd.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1068940", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068940" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "严舆（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E8%BC%BF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Yan Yu was a man of Wucheng county in Wu commandery at the end of the Eastern Han and a younger brother of the bandit chief Yan Baihu. Wikidata's Chinese label is 嚴輿, written 严舆 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 嚴輿, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his death in 196 and lists Yan Baihu as his sibling, and the opening of the Chinese Wikipedia article dates his life from the second century to 196.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Killed by Sun Ce\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that Yan Yu was strong and agile and was said to be able to leap up from a seated position. When Sun Ce attacked Yan Baihu, Yan Yu went at his brother's order to Sun Ce's camp to sue for peace. At their meeting Sun Ce struck the mat with a sharp blade and Yan Yu flinched. Sun Ce laughed and said he had heard Yan Yu could leap from a seat and was nimble and was only joking. Yan Yu answered that the sight of a weapon always made him do that. Hearing this, Sun Ce knew that he was in fact a poor fighter and immediately killed him with a hand-halberd. Yan Baihu and the others were terrified when they heard that Yan Yu, famed for his strength, had been killed. The article credits this account to the Wu Lu quoted in the commentary to the Biography of Sun Ce in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe article also records that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms he first appears ordered by his brother Yan Baihu to resist Sun Ce and is driven back by Jiang Qin and Chen Wu. Later, in a negotiation over wine with Sun Ce, he is asked what Yan Baihu intends and answers that his brother demands to share Jiangdong equally. Sun Ce angrily says that a rat dares to treat him as an equal and orders him killed. Yan Yu stands up and draws his sword, and Sun Ce kills him with a thrown sword and has his head sent into the city. The article cites chapter 15 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yan Yu (嚴輿)[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Wucheng county, Wu commandery[^zhwiki]\n- Brother: Yan Baihu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 196[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123785355|严舆]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/yan-yu-q1068940.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 196, "display": "196" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069276", "type": "person", "title": "Wang Lei", "slug": "wang-lei-q1069276", "aliases": [ "王累" ], "summary": "Wang Lei (died 211), from Xindu county in Guanghan commandery, Yi province, was a staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province, at the end of the Eastern Han. When Liu Zhang, on Zhang Song's advice, decided to welcome Liu Bei into Shu, Wang Lei hung himself upside down at the city gate to dissuade him, and when Liu Zhang would not listen he ended his own life; Wikidata records the manner of death as suicide.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069276", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069276" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "王累（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%B4%AF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Wang Lei was a staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province, at the end of the Eastern Han, from Xindu county in Guanghan commandery, Yi province. Wikidata's Chinese label is 王累, and the Chinese Wikipedia article is also under 王累, so the title is unchanged. Wikidata records his death in 211 and the manner of death as suicide, and lists Wong Lui as an English alias.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the histories\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that the histories record little about him, mentioning him only in the Book of the Later Han, the Records of the Three Kingdoms and the Chronicles of Huayang. In all of them the setting is that Liu Zhang, on the advice of his assistant Zhang Song, made an alliance with Liu Bei against Zhang Lu. Wang Lei then hung himself upside down from the city gate by a rope to urge Liu Zhang not to welcome Liu Bei into Shu. Liu Zhang would not listen, and Wang Lei cut his own throat at the gate.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms\n\nThe article says that the novel's account is broadly the same as the history, except for the manner of his death after Liu Zhang rejects his plea, which changes from cutting his throat to cutting the rope himself and falling to his death.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Scope of the sources\n\nThe two sources behind this entry contain only this episode, with no information on his family or his birth year beyond what is shown above, so nothing more is said here.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wang Lei[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Xindu county, Guanghan commandery, Yi province[^zhwiki]\n- Office: staff officer under Liu Zhang, governor of Yi province[^zhwiki]\n- Died: 211[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Manner of death: suicide[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124334642|王累]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wang-lei-q1069276.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 211, "display": "211" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069286", "type": "person", "title": "Xin Pi", "slug": "xin-pi-q1069286", "aliases": [ "辛毗" ], "summary": "Xin Pi (died about 235), courtesy name Zuozhi, from Yangzhai in Yingchuan, first followed Yuan Shao with his brother Xin Ping, later joined Cao Cao and became a leading minister of Cao Wei. He was known for blunt remonstrance under both Cao Pi and Cao Rui, and in 234, when Zhuge Liang came out to the south of the Wei River, he served with credentials as army adviser to the general-in-chief and kept Sima Yi from fighting. He was given the posthumous title Marquis Su.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069286", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069286" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "辛毗（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%AF%97" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷25（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B725" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Xin Pi was a leading minister of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Zuozhi and that he came from Yangzhai in Yingchuan. Wikidata's label is 辛毗, so the title stays as it was. Wikidata records his death in 235, Chinese Wikipedia writes it as 235 with a question mark, and the Records say only that after Zhuge Liang's death he returned to the post of commandant of the guards and then died, being given the posthumous title Marquis Su, without giving a year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origin and joining Cao Cao\n\nThe Records say his ancestors had moved east from Longxi in the Jianwu years of the Eastern Han and that he followed Yuan Shao with his brother Xin Ping. When Cao Cao was minister of works he called Xin Pi, who could not accept. Later, when Yuan Shang attacked his brother Yuan Tan at Pingyuan, Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi to sue to Cao Cao for peace. Cao Cao was about to campaign against Jing province and was pleased at the message, but a few days later wished to take Jing province first and let the Yuan brothers wear each other down. Xin Pi sensed the change and told Guo Jia, who passed it on to Cao Cao. Cao Cao asked whether Yuan Tan could be trusted and whether Yuan Shang could surely be beaten. Xin Pi replied that it was pointless to ask whether Yuan Tan was honest or deceitful and that only the situation mattered. The Yuan brothers were fighting each other, years of war and then drought, locusts and famine had emptied their granaries, and this was the moment heaven destroyed Yuan Shang, whereas Jing province was rich and had no weakness, and of all the enemies in the four directions Hebei was the greatest, so that to pacify Hebei would strengthen the six armies and shake the realm. Cao Cao said it was good and accepted Yuan Tan's request for peace. The next year he took Ye and recommended Xin Pi as a palace counselor.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## The family's vengeance\n\nChinese Wikipedia adds that Xin Ping's household had been put to death by Shen Pei because Xin Pi had gone over to Cao Cao. When the gates of Ye opened, Xin Pi rushed straight to the prison and found them all killed. When Shen Pei was captured, Xin Pi lashed his head with a horsewhip and the two cursed each other. Cao Cao, moved by Shen Pei's loyalty, wanted to free him, but Xin Pi and others wept and demanded his execution, and Cao Cao agreed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Cao Pi and Cao Rui\n\nThe Records say that when Cao Cao sent the protector-general Cao Hong to pacify Xiabian he had Xin Pi and Cao Xiu take part, saying that in the past the high emperor loved wealth and women and Zhang Liang and Chen Ping corrected his faults, and that now the duty of Xin Pi and Cao Xiu was not light. After the army returned Xin Pi became senior clerk to the chancellor. Under Emperor Wen he became palace attendant and Marquis within the Passes. When the court discussed changing the calendar, he argued that the house of Wei followed the line of Shun and Yu and answered heaven and the people, and that only Tang and Wu, who won by war, had needed to change the calendar, and the emperor agreed. He served as army adviser to Cao Zhen against Zhu Ran at Jiangling and was enfeoffed Marquis of Guangping Pavilion. Under Emperor Ming he was advanced to Marquis of Yingxiang with three hundred households.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Frank remonstrance\n\nThe Records tell that Emperor Wen wished to move a hundred thousand warrior families of Ji province to Henan. Locusts and hunger afflicted the people, all the officials thought it wrong, and the emperor was very set on it. Xin Pi and the other officials asked for an audience, and the emperor, knowing they would remonstrate, put on a stern face and none dared speak. Xin Pi asked what his plan for moving them was, and said he spoke not from private interest but out of concern for the state. When the emperor rose to leave he followed and caught his robe, and the emperor said, \"Zuozhi, why do you press me so hard?\" Xin Pi said the move would lose the people's hearts and there would be nothing to feed them. The emperor moved half. Another time, hunting pheasant with the emperor, who said it was a joy, Xin Pi said it was a joy for His Majesty and a hardship for the others, and the emperor fell silent and went out hunting less. When the emperor wished to launch a great campaign against Wu, he advised first nurturing the people and settling soldiers on farms for ten years, but the emperor attacked Wu anyway and turned back at the river.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Refusing to flatter the powerful\n\nUnder Emperor Ming, the director of the secretariat Liu Fang and its chief Sun Zi were trusted, and all the great ministers befriended them, but Xin Pi did not. His son Xin Chang urged him to soften, and Xin Pi replied sternly that he had his own principles, that disagreement with Liu and Sun would at most keep him from being one of the three highest ministers, and that a man could not ruin his integrity to become one. When Bi Gui recommended him to replace Wang Si as senior secretary, Liu Fang and Sun Zi told the emperor that Xin Pi was upright but stiff and willful, and the emperor did not use him and sent him out as commandant of the guards. He also petitioned against the emperor's palace building when the people were worn out, and objected to levelling Mount Beimang to build a terrace.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The second year of Qinglong and his death\n\nIn 234, when Zhuge Liang led his army out to the south of the Wei River, the general-in-chief Sima Yi repeatedly asked to fight, and Emperor Ming never allowed it. Fearing Sima Yi could not be held back, the emperor made Xin Pi army adviser to the general-in-chief with credentials, and the six armies became orderly and obeyed his command, none daring to disobey. After Zhuge Liang died he returned to be commandant of the guards. After his death he was given the posthumous title Marquis Su and his son Xin Chang inherited the title. The Records give no year for his death.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Family and judgment\n\nChinese Wikipedia says his brother was Xin Ping, his daughter Xin Xianying married the minister of ceremonies Yang Dan, and his son Xin Chang inherited the Marquis of Duxiang title and rose to commandant of the guards. When Cao Pi was made heir he lost his composure with joy and hugged Xin Pi's neck, asking whether he knew how happy he was, and Xin Pi told his daughter, who sighed that the heir takes the place of the sovereign in the ancestral temple and the state and should feel anxiety, not joy, at such a time, and that it could not last. The article cites Chen Shou's verdict that Xin Pi and Yang Fu were firm, bright, public-spirited and straight, and that their upright remonstrance came close to the high character of Ji An.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Pi, courtesy name Zuozhi[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Yangzhai in Yingchuan[^zhengshi]\n- Died: about 235[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Posthumous title: Marquis Su[^zhengshi]\n- Family: brother Xin Ping, son Xin Chang, daughter Xin Xianying[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Dynasty or state: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_411081|Yuzhou]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124049062|辛毗]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xin-pi-q1069286.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 235, "display": "235" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069307", "type": "person", "title": "Tadun", "slug": "tadun-q1069307", "aliases": [ "蹋顿" ], "summary": "Tadun (died 207) was a Wuhuan chieftain in the Liaoxi region at the end of the Han. He served as chanyu in place of the young Louban and later backed Yuan Shang against Cao Cao. He was killed after the defeat at Mount Bailang in 207.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069307", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069307" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "蹋顿（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B9%8B%E9%A0%93" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Tadun was a Wuhuan chieftain active around Liaoxi commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Tadun, and the name is also written with a variant second character, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death in 207; his birth year is not known.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Serving as chanyu\n\nIn the Chuping years of Emperor Xian, the chanyu Qiuliju died and his son Louban was still a child. His nephew Tadun had courage and good judgment, so he was set up as chanyu in Louban's place and commanded the Wuhuan tribes of Liaoxi, Youbeiping and Liaodong. All the tribes obeyed his orders. In 199, while Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan were at war, Tadun sent troops to help Yuan Shao and broke Gongsun Zan. Yuan Shao then used an imperial edict in the court's name to grant the title and seals of chanyu to Tadun and to the three kings Nanlou of Shanggu, Supuyan of Liaodong and Wuyan of Youbeiping. When Louban grew up, Nanlou and Supuyan led their followers in setting him up as chanyu, and Tadun stepped down to be king while still managing Wuhuan affairs.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Backing Yuan Shang and the defeat at Mount Bailang\n\nAfter Yuan Shao died, Yuan Shang was beaten by Cao Cao in 205 and turned to Tadun. More than a hundred thousand households of officials and commoners from You and Ji provinces had fled to the Wuhuan, and Yuan Shang hoped to use these people to win back Hebei. The Wuhuan troops of the three commanderies attacked Guangping, were beaten by Cao Cao, and withdrew. In 207 Cao Cao took the field himself. In the eighth month he routed the combined Wuhuan and Yuan army at Mount Bailang near Liucheng, in what is now northwest Jinxi in Liaoning. The Tiger and Leopard cavalry under Cao Chun captured Tadun, and Zhang Liao killed him in the battle. Cao Cao pressed the pursuit and received the surrender of more than two hundred thousand Hu and Han people, who were all moved inland. The Wuhuan gradually merged with the Han afterwards.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Assessment\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article quotes Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms as saying that Tadun was also fierce and martial, that elders on the frontier compared him with Modun, and that he relied on his remote position to take in fugitives and lord it over the various peoples. It also quotes Fan Ye's History of the Later Han on his savagery and his hold on the land of Liaoxi, and Ye Shi's remark that Cao Cao killed him in a single battle. The article also notes that chapter 33 of the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms has him keep helping Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi against Cao Cao after their defeat, and be cut down from his horse by Zhang Liao.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Tadun, also written with a variant character[^zhwiki]\n- Died: 207[^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Wuhuan[^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q1069307_q70806|Tadun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/tadun-q1069307.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 207, "display": "207" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069312", "type": "person", "title": "Kuai Yue", "slug": "kuai-yue-q1069312", "aliases": [ "蒯越" ], "summary": "Kuai Yue (died 214), courtesy name Yidu, was a leading adviser to Liu Biao in Jing province at the end of the Han. He planned the luring and killing of local bandit leaders for Liu Biao, and later urged Liu Cong to surrender to Cao Cao, who said he was happier to gain Kuai Yue than to gain Jing province.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069312", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069312" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "蒯越（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%AF%E8%B6%8A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Kuai Yue was an adviser to Liu Biao in Jing province at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Kuai Yue, and the article gives his courtesy name as Yidu, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 214 and his birthplace in the Xiangyang area.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Early career\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Kuai Yue came from a leading family of Nan commandery in Jing province and had a good name while young. The general-in-chief He Jin heard that he was skilled at planning and made him a clerk of the eastern bureau. Kuai Yue urged He Jin to strike first and kill the eunuchs. He Jin hesitated, and Kuai Yue, expecting his ruin, asked to be sent out as magistrate of Ruyang. He Jin was indeed killed by the eunuchs, and Kuai Yue came through safely.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Serving Liu Biao\n\nIn 190 Liu Biao took up his post as inspector of Jing province and called Kuai Yue, Kuai Liang and Cai Mao to Yicheng for advice. He worried that local bandit chiefs were running wild, that the people did not follow him, and that Yuan Shu was stirring in Nanyang. Kuai Liang advised ruling with benevolence, so that the people would come over of themselves. Kuai Yue disagreed. In troubled times, he said, a ruler needs stratagem; soldiers should be chosen for quality, not number; Yuan Shu was brave but lacked judgment and was not to be feared; and most bandit chiefs were greedy and cruel, so men could be sent to lure them with gain, after which the cruel ones could be killed and their followers taken in. Liu Biao could then hold Jiangling and guard Xiangyang, and the eight commanderies of Jing province would submit on the strength of a proclamation. Liu Biao praised the plan as worthy of Jiufan and adopted it. The article says Kuai Yue lured in fifty-five bandit leaders (another account says fifteen), who were killed and their men absorbed. Zhang Hu and Chen Sheng of Jiangxia still held Xiangyang, so Liu Biao sent Kuai Yue and Pang Ji to persuade them, and they agreed to surrender. Liu Biao thus gained broad control of Jing province and based himself at Xiangyang. For this Kuai Yue was made grand administrator of Zhangling and enfeoffed as Marquis of Fanting.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Urging submission to Cao Cao\n\nThe article describes Kuai Yue and Cai Mao as the well-known pro-Cao party in Jing province. In 200, while Yuan Shao and Cao Cao faced each other at Guandu, he advised Liu Biao not to back Yuan Shao but to court Cao Cao. In 208 Sun Quan marched west and killed Huang Zu, which sharply weakened the anti-Cao side. That autumn Liu Biao died, and Kuai Yue and Cai Mao set up his younger son Liu Cong. When Cao Cao reached Xinye, Liu Cong at first meant to join Liu Qi and Liu Bei against him, but Kuai Yue, Fu Xun and others opposed this, and Liu Cong surrendered. Cao Cao wrote to Xun Yu that he was happy not because he had gained Jing province but because he had gained Yidu. After settling Jiangling, Cao Cao rewarded his supporters, and Kuai Yue was made superintendent of the imperial household, one of the nine ministers.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nThe article says that after surrendering to Cao Cao, Kuai Yue did little of note. In 214 he fell gravely ill and wrote to ask Cao Cao to look after his family. Cao Cao replied that he would not fail the trust.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Assessment\n\nThe article quotes Liu Biao calling Kuai Yue's plans the plans of Jiufan, and quotes Fu Xuan's Fuzi, which calls him a descendant of Kuai Tong, deep and resourceful, a man of striking stature and bearing.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Kuai Yue[^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Yidu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 214[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_420600|Xiangyang]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123670591|Kuai Yue]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/kuai-yue-q1069312.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 214, "display": "214" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069834", "type": "person", "title": "Wu Can", "slug": "wu-can-q1069834", "aliases": [ "吾粲" ], "summary": "Wu Can (187–245), courtesy name Kongxiu, was an official of Eastern Wu from Wucheng in Wu commandery. Rising from a minor clerk, he insisted on rescuing drowning soldiers at Dongkou, later became grand administrator of Kuaiji and grand tutor to the heir. In the dispute between the two palaces he held to the rule of legitimate succession and was slandered by Sun Ba and Yang Zhu, then jailed and executed.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069834", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069834" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "吾粲（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%BE%E7%B2%B2" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷57（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Wu Can was an official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Kongxiu and that he came from Wucheng in Wu commandery. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Wu Can, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 187 to 245, with a birthplace in the Huzhou area.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Origins and early career\n\nThe Records say that when Sun He was a county chief, Wu Can was a minor clerk and Sun He thought highly of him. When Sun He later became a general and could choose his own senior officials, he recommended Wu Can as assistant of Quwu and then promoted him to chief clerk, with a reputation for good administration. Though he rose from an obscure family, he stood level in reputation with fellow townsmen such as Lu Xun and Bu Jing. When Sun Quan was general of chariots and cavalry he called Wu Can as record keeper, then sent him out as magistrate of Shanyin and recalled him as colonel of staff. Pei Songzhi's note quotes the Wu Lu that when Wu Can was a few years old a woman saw him and told his mother that the boy had the bones of a minister.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Dongkou\n\nIn the first year of Huangwu, Wu Can, Lu Fan, He Qi and others held off the Wei general Cao Xiu at Dongkou with the fleet. A great wind snapped the ships' cables. Many drifted ashore and were captured by Wei, or capsized. Around the large ships that were left, people in the water clung on and cried out, but other officers and soldiers, fearing the ships would capsize, beat them off with spears. Only Wu Can and Huang Yuan had their crews haul the people aboard. Their attendants said the ship was heavy and must go down. Wu Can replied that if the ship sank they would die together, and that when people were at their last limit one could not abandon them. Wu Can and Huang Yuan saved more than a hundred.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Provincial and court posts\n\nOn his return he became grand administrator of Kuaiji. He called the retired scholar Xie Tan to be his bureau head. Xie Tan pleaded illness, and Wu Can sent him a note urging him not to hide himself so deep. Wu Can also raised troops and was made colonel who exemplifies righteousness. With Lü Dai he put down the Shanyue, then came to court as colonel of the cavalry garrison and minister of the household, and was promoted to grand tutor of the heir.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The dispute of the two palaces and his death\n\nWhen the affair of the two palaces broke out, Wu Can spoke out and held to what was correct, insisting on the distinction between the legitimate heir and the other son. He wanted Sun Ba, Prince of Lu, to be sent to garrison Xiakou, and Yang Zhu not to be allowed to stay in the capital. He also repeatedly passed news to Lu Xun, then stationed at Wuchang, who sent memorial after memorial in protest. For this Sun Ba, Yang Zhu and others slandered him, and he was put in prison and executed. In his closing comment Chen Shou pairs him with Zhu Ju: both met hard times and lost their lives for standing on the right, and he calls it sad.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wu Can[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Kongxiu[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 187–245[^wikidata]\n- Home: Wucheng, Wu commandery[^zhengshi]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_330500|Huzhou]][^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q1069834_q70806|Wu Can]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/wu-can-q1069834.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 187, "display": "187" }, "death": { "year": 245, "display": "245" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1069914", "type": "person", "title": "Lu You", "slug": "lu-you-q1069914", "aliases": [ "陆游" ], "summary": "Lu You (1125–1210), courtesy name Wuguan, from Shanyin in Yuezhou, was a poet of the Southern Song. He was struck from the list by Qin Hui in his youth, then served under Emperor Xiaozong, in Sichuan on Wang Yan's staff and under Fan Chengda, always urging a campaign north. He retired to Shanyin and died in 1210 at the age of eighty-five.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1069914", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069914" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "陆游（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E6%B8%B8" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "宋史/卷395（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7395" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Lu You was a poet of the Southern Song. The History of Song says his courtesy name was Wuguan and that he came from Shanyin in Yuezhou. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Lu You, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 1125 to 1210 and gives Kaifeng as his birthplace.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Early years\n\nThe History of Song says he could write poetry and prose at twelve and was made a gentleman by hereditary privilege. In the special examination for officials already in post he was recommended first, but Qin Hui's grandson Qin Xun placed just below him. Qin Hui was furious and even punished the examiners. The next year, in the ministry of rites examination, the examiners again placed Lu You among the top, and Qin Hui openly struck him out, so that he was hated by Qin Hui from then on. Only after Qin Hui died did he go to Ningde in Fuzhou as a registrar, and on recommendation he became an editor in the bureau of edicts. The Chinese Wikipedia article dates the Ningde post to 1158 and adds that he learned swordsmanship and read military books in youth, with a mind set on recovering the north.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## At court and in posts outside\n\nThe History of Song records that he argued strongly against Yang Cunzhong's long hold on the imperial guard, which the emperor praised, and Yang was dismissed. He also memorialized against eunuchs buying northern curios for the throne. When Emperor Xiaozong took the throne he became a compiler in the privy council. Shi Hao and Huang Zushun recommended him as skilled in literary composition and versed in precedent. Xiaozong received him, said he had learned much and spoke to the point, and conferred a jinshi degree on him. Later, when Long Dayuan and Zeng Di were seizing influence, he spoke of it to the privy councillor Zhang Dao. The matter reached the emperor, who was angered and sent Lu You out as vice-prefect of Jiankang, soon moved to Longxing. Critics then charged him with befriending the censors, stirring up controversy and pressing Zhang Jun to make war, and he was dismissed. After a long time he became vice-prefect of Kuizhou.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Sichuan and later posts\n\nWhen Wang Yan was pacification commissioner of Sichuan and Shaanxi, he took Lu You on as a staff officer. Lu You laid out a plan of advance: any campaign in the central plains should begin from Chang'an, and Chang'an should be taken by way of Longyou, with grain stored and troops trained, attacking when an opening came and holding otherwise. When Fan Chengda governed Shu, Lu You was a staff counsellor. They were friends through writing, and Lu You paid little heed to etiquette. People mocked him as dissolute, so he called himself Fangweng. He rose to supervisor of the ever-normal granaries in Jiangxi, and during a flood there memorialized to release grain from the charity granaries. He then governed Yanzhou and became junior director of armaments. In the first year of Shaoxi he became director in the ministry of rites and compiler in the veritable records office. In 1202, because the records of the Xiaozong and Guangzong reigns and the history of three reigns were unfinished, he was ordered to take part in compiling the national history, not required to attend court, and was soon made director of the palace library. When the work was done the next year, he was raised to scholar awaiting orders of the Baozhang pavilion and retired.[^zhengshi]\n\n## His poetry and death\n\nThe History of Song says his talent was soaring and that he excelled above all at poetry. In old age he came out again and wrote the Nanyuan record and the record of the Yuegu spring for Han Tuozhou, which drew criticism. Zhu Xi once said that his ability was too high and his footprints too near, and he feared Lu You would be pulled along by the powerful and not keep his late integrity. Lu You died in the second year of Jiading at the age of eighty-five. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives the date as 26 January 1210, says he wrote the poem Shi Er (To My Sons) near the end, and lists among his works the Jiannan poem manuscript, the Weinan collected writings and the Laoxue'an notes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lu You[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Wuguan[^zhengshi]\n- Sobriquet: Fangweng[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 1125–1210[^wikidata]\n- Era: Southern Song[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace according to Wikidata: [[place_cn_410200|Kaifeng]][^wikidata]", "url": "/people/lu-you-q1069914.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1125, "display": "1125" }, "death": { "year": 1210, "display": "1210" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1071424", "type": "person", "title": "Lun Zhi", "slug": "lun-zhi-q1071424", "aliases": [ "伦直" ], "summary": "Lun Zhi (died 238) was a general under Gongsun Yuan in the Three Kingdoms period, and appears in Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a staff officer. He agreed with Jia Fan and spoke out against rebelling against Cao Wei, and was beheaded by Gongsun Yuan together with Jia Fan.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1071424", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071424" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "伦直（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%9B%B4" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Lun Zhi was a subordinate of Gongsun Yuan in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lun Zhi, though the article text also writes the name with a variant first character, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death in 238; his birth year is not known, and the entry places him under Cao Wei.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Account\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Lun Zhi was a general under Gongsun Yuan, and the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms makes him a staff officer. When Gongsun Yuan was about to rebel against Cao Wei, Lun Zhi agreed with Jia Fan and spoke out plainly, saying Gongsun Yuan should not rebel. Gongsun Yuan did not listen, and had him beheaded together with Jia Fan. The article adds that after Sima Yi entered Xiangping city, he treated Lun Zhi's descendants generously. The article gives little more, and no place of origin, courtesy name or birth year, so nothing further is added here.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lun Zhi, also written with a variant first character in the article[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 238[^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124613486|Lun Zhi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/lun-zhi-q1071424.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 238, "display": "238" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q107192894", "type": "person", "title": "Li Ping'er", "slug": "li-ping-er-q107192894", "aliases": [ "李瓶儿" ], "summary": "Li Ping'er is one of the main characters of the Ming novel Jin Ping Mei and a tragic figure in it. She is the sixth wife of Ximen Qing. She was first a concubine of Liang Zhongshu, then married Hua Zixu and Jiang Zhushan, and after joining Ximen Qing's household bore a son. She died soon after the child was frightened to death.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q107192894", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107192894" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李瓶儿（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%93%B6%E5%84%BF" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Li Ping'er is a character in the Ming novel Jin Ping Mei and, according to the Chinese Wikipedia article, one of its main characters and one of its tragic figures. Wikidata's Chinese label and the article title are both Li Ping'er, and Wikidata also records forms such as Ping Jie and Sixth Lady. The name is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. This entry records her as a concubine of Ximen Qing in the Song setting of the novel, with the years 1091 and 1117.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance and pet name\n\nThe article quotes the novel as describing her as short, with a round fair face and finely arched brows. It says she was born on the fifteenth of the first month, and that on her birthday someone gave a pair of little fish-shaped bottles, so her pet name became Ping Jie.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Her story\n\nIn the article's summary, she was first a concubine of Liang Zhongshu. When the Liangshan heroes attacked Daming prefecture she fled and married Hua Zixu. After Hua Zixu died she was meant to marry Ximen Qing, but he ignored her because of some trouble of his own, and she married Jiang Zhushan. Ximen Qing felt no remorse and instead came to hate her, framed Jiang Zhushan, and took her as his sixth wife. After she entered the household he treated her cruelly in many ways, until she bore his first son and also brought a great deal of property, and then his attitude turned to affection and gentleness. Pan Jinlian, out of jealousy, later trained a cat to frighten Li Ping'er's son to death, and Li Ping'er died soon after. The article says that Ximen Qing showed rare warmth and sincerity at her deathbed and after her death, which is something not otherwise seen in him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Character and meaning\n\nThe article says that in the households of Hua Zixu and Jiang Zhushan she was a fairly fierce woman. For instance she gave Hua Zixu's money to Ximen Qing, and when Hua Zixu asked about it she scolded him for three days; when he fell ill she was unwilling to pay for a doctor although she was rich. After marrying Ximen Qing her temper changed greatly: she endured in silence being tormented by Ximen Qing, bullied by Pan Jinlian and having her son killed, and showed great care and sympathy for servants. The article reads her tragedy as a miniature of the common tragedy of women in her age, saying she was willing to bear anything because with Ximen Qing she first felt something like care and tenderness. It also notes that the novel's description of her illness and death reflects the medical ideas of the time of writing, and lists the film Millennium Jin Ping Mei, in which she is played by Sachiyo Yamada.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Ping'er, pet name Ping Jie[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: concubine (sixth wife) of Ximen Qing[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song state of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q753535|Jin Ping Mei]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/li-ping-er-q107192894.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1091, "display": "1091" }, "death": { "year": 1117, "display": "1117" }, "disambiguation": "Character in Jin Ping Mei", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q107207758", "type": "person", "title": "Bao Xin", "slug": "bao-xin-sanguo-q107207758-q807052", "aliases": [ "鲍信" ], "summary": "Bao Xin is a Han dynasty official in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata records him as a fictional character based on the historical Bao Xin. The only source here is Wikidata, which gives his role, his affiliation and a sibling.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q107207758", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107207758" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "Bao Xin is a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label is Bao Xin, written in traditional characters in one form and simplified in the other, and it describes him as a fictional figure of the novel and a Han dynasty official, so the heading stays the same. This entry is the figure in the work, not the historical person of the same name.[^wikidata]\n\n## What Wikidata records\n\nWikidata classes this item as a fictional human and a literary character, gives his occupation as politician, and his affiliation as Han. Its English description calls him a fictional Han dynasty general and its Chinese description calls him a Han official, so the two do not quite agree. It also lists a sibling, Bao Zhong. Wikidata gives no courtesy name, home, birth or death dates or plot, and nothing further is added here.[^wikidata]\n\n## Relation to the historical person\n\nThe site has a separate entry for the historical person on whom the figure in the novel is based; see [[person_cn_q807052|Bao Xin]].[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Bao Xin[^wikidata]\n- Category: fictional human, literary character[^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Han[^wikidata]\n- Sibling: Bao Zhong[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]", "url": "/people/bao-xin-sanguo-q107207758-q807052.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1072396", "type": "person", "title": "Töregene", "slug": "toregene-khatun-q1072396", "aliases": [ "昭慈皇后" ], "summary": "Töregene (died around 1246), of the Naimazhen clan, was the wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei and the mother of Güyük. After Ögedei's death she ruled as regent for about five years, brought about Güyük's accession, and then lost power as mother and son fell out. She was later given the posthumous title Empress Zhaoci.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1072396", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072396" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "昭慈皇后（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E6%85%88%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "元史·卷114（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7114" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Töregene was a wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei. The History of Yuan says in its biographies of empresses: Empress Zhaoci of Taizong, named Tuoliegena (Töregene), of the Naimazhen clan, who bore Dingzong. Zhaoci is a title given afterwards, and Töregene is her own name, so the heading uses the name. Wikidata gives two death years, 1246 and 1247, the Chinese Wikipedia article gives 1246, and Wikidata gives her birth year as 1185.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]\n\n## Family and arrival at court\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says the clan name Naimazhen, with the personal name Töregene, appears in the History of Yuan's table of empresses as Tunajina and in the Secret History of the Mongols as Dorege'ne, which are different renderings of the same name. Naimazhen means a woman of the Naiman. She was first the consort of Quduu, eldest son of the Merkit chief Toqto'a. When Genghis Khan destroyed the Merkit, he noticed an attractive woman among the captives, learned who she was, and gave her to Ögedei, who took her as his wife. She later bore Güyük. The article adds that she was a follower of the Nestorian church and treated Christians visiting the court with courtesy.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Regency\n\nThe History of Yuan records that Taizong died in the eleventh month of the xinchou year and that she ruled in her own right for five years. In the bingwu year she gathered the princes and officials to discuss who should become Dingzong, and court affairs largely came from her. The Chinese Wikipedia article gives more detail. Ögedei died in the winter of 1241, and in the spring of the next year she won the agreement of Chagatai and other kin and ruled as regent. Her rank among the empresses had not been high, but she had five sons and was shrewd, and became the most powerful empress. She won over the princes and nobles with lavish gifts. She clashed with Ögedei's old ministers such as Mahmud Yalavach and Chinqai, and favored Fatima and Abd al-Rahman. Yelü Chucai opposed Abd al-Rahman's rise and the article says he died of depression. The article also mentions that Temüge Otchigin once marched on Karakorum; she raised troops for defense and sent envoys to ask his reasons, and he withdrew. In 1245 she sent troops against the area of Huaixi, Sizhou and Yangzhou, and they withdrew when the Song commissioner Zhao Kui asked for peace.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Güyük's accession and her last years\n\nThe article says Ögedei had named his grandson Širemün as heir, but Töregene did not want to follow this, courted the princes, and sought to put her own son Güyük on the throne. In the spring of 1246 the princes and officials held a quriltai near Karakorum and agreed on Güyük, who took the throne in the seventh month. She kept hold of power afterwards, and mother and son fell out. Güyük had her favorite Fatima seized and killed, had Abd al-Rahman executed, and brought back Chinqai and Mahmud Yalavach. The article says she was filled with regret and died soon afterwards. The History of Yuan says she died in the second year of Zhiyuan and was posthumously named Empress Zhaoci and placed in Taizong's temple, and its collation note says that second year should read third year, and quotes Rashid al-Din's Jami al-tawarikh that she died two or three months after Güyük took the throne, so the records on her death do not agree. The article quotes the History of Yuan as saying she trusted treacherous men and let government fall into disorder, and notes that neither Chinese nor Western sources praise her rule.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Töregene (Tuoliegena), of the Naimazhen clan[^zhengshi]\n- Posthumous title: Empress Zhaoci[^zhengshi]\n- Born: 1185[^wikidata]\n- Died: 1246 and 1247 are both recorded in Wikidata; the Chinese Wikipedia article gives 1246[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Family: wife of Taizong Ögedei, mother of Dingzong Güyük[^zhengshi]", "url": "/people/toregene-khatun-q1072396.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1185, "display": "1185" }, "death": { "year": 1247, "display": "1247" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074366", "type": "person", "title": "Liu Pi", "slug": "liu-pi-q1074366", "aliases": [ "刘辟" ], "summary": "Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders around Runan in the late Eastern Han. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao and was driven back by Cao Ren. The Records of the Three Kingdoms contain two conflicting accounts of when he died, and this entry follows Wikidata in giving 201.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074366", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074366" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "刘辟 (东汉)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%98%E8%BE%9F_(%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Liu Pi, so the heading stays the same. This entry records his death as 201 and his birth as around 150. The article notes that his death year is given as either 196 or 201 in conflicting accounts.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Career\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says that after Zhang Jue died and Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao were killed by Huangfu Song, the main Yellow Turban force was destroyed. Liu Pi led his followers into Runan commandery as bandits, while the remnants of the Yellow Turbans rose in revolt elsewhere. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao and helped Yuan Shao. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to support him, and Cao Ren drove them back. What happened to him afterwards is unclear.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The conflicting accounts of his death\n\nThe article points out that Chen Shou's Records of the Three Kingdoms is inconsistent on his death. The annals of Emperor Wu say that in the first year of Jian'an the Yellow Turbans of Runan and Yingchuan, He Yi, Liu Pi, Huang Shao, He Man and others, each with tens of thousands of followers, at first answered Yuan Shu and then attached themselves to Sun Jian. In the second month Cao Cao advanced, broke them and beheaded Liu Pi and Huang Shao. Yet the biography of the First Lord says that when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao faced each other at Guandu, the Yellow Turban Liu Pi and others in Runan turned on Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao, and Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei with troops to raid the Xu area with Liu Pi. The annals of Emperor Wu also record, for the eighth month of Jian'an 5, that surrendered rebels in Runan under Liu Pi revolted for Yuan Shao and that Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to defeat them, which would put his death after Jian'an 5. The article says the two accounts contradict each other and that it is not known which is right. Another account says he fell in battle after Cao Ren defeated him, and another that he was killed in 196 after Cao Cao broke Runan. Because the sources disagree, this entry follows only Wikidata in giving 201.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe article records that in chapter 31 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when Gao Lan attacks Runan, Liu Pi shields Liu Bei as he breaks out and is killed by Gao Lan, who is in turn killed by Zhao Yun.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Pi[^wikidata]\n- Died: recorded as 201 on this entry, with a conflicting account of 196[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123991779|Liu Pi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/liu-pi-q1074366.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 201, "display": "201" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074409", "type": "person", "title": "Sima Lang", "slug": "sima-lang-q1074409", "aliases": [ "司马朗" ], "summary": "Sima Lang (171–217), courtesy name Boda, from Wen in Henei, was an elder brother of Sima Yi and an official under Cao Cao who rose to inspector of Yan province. In 217, on the campaign against Wu, a plague broke out at Chaoxiang. He visited the sick soldiers, caught the illness himself and died at forty-seven.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074409", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074409" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "司马朗（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E6%9C%97" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志·卷15（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B715" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Sima Lang was an official under Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han and an elder brother of Sima Yi. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Boda and that he came from Wen in Henei. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Sima Lang, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 171 to 217, with a birthplace at present-day Wen county in Henan.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Youth and the troubled times\n\nThe Sima Biao Xuzhuan quoted in the notes names his grandfather as Sima Jun and his father as Sima Fang, and says he was the eldest of Sima Fang's eight sons, the second being the later Emperor Xuan of Jin, Sima Yi. The Records say that at nine, when a guest addressed his father by his courtesy name, he said that one who treats another's parent lightly shows no respect for his own, and the guest apologized. At twelve he passed the examination in the classics and became a boy gentleman. The examiner thought him too big for his age and suspected him of understating it. He answered that his family had grown tall for generations and that cutting years off his age to get ahead early was no aim of his, and the examiner was impressed. When armies rose in the east, Li Shao, a former inspector of Ji province, wanted to move from Yewang to Wen. Sima Lang warned that moving would unsettle the people. Li Shao did not listen, and the people of the hill border did indeed riot.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Meeting Dong Zhuo and the flight from war\n\nWhen Dong Zhuo moved the emperor to Chang'an, Sima Lang's father was a censor and had to go west. With the land in turmoil, he sent Sima Lang home with the family. Someone denounced Sima Lang as trying to flee and he was brought to Dong Zhuo, who said that he was the same age as his dead son and that he had nearly been betrayed. Sima Lang used the chance to speak of the rising troubles, the boiling provinces and the fleeing people, and begged Dong Zhuo to think again. Knowing Dong Zhuo would fall, and afraid of being held, he gave goods to Dong Zhuo's officials and won leave to go home. At Wen he urged the village elders to move east to Liyang while the roads were still open, where a marriage relative, Zhao Weisun, commanded troops. The elders were attached to the old place and none followed, except Zhao Zi of the same county, who went with his family. A few months later the armies of the east rose, tens of thousands strong, and gathered at Xingyang and Henei. The generals could not agree, soldiers plundered, and nearly half the people died. When the eastern armies dispersed and Cao Cao and Lü Bu faced each other at Puyang, he returned home. A great famine followed, people ate each other, and he looked after his clan and taught his brothers so that the family did not fall in a failing age.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Under Cao Cao\n\nAt twenty-two he was summoned by Cao Cao as a clerk in the office of the minister of works, made magistrate of Chenggao, left because of illness, and then served as chief of Tangyang. His rule was lenient: he used no flogging, and the people did not break the rules. When the county had to build boats, the people who had been moved away came back on their own to help. He then became magistrate of Yuancheng and entered the court as a record keeper to the chancellor. He argued that the collapse of the realm followed from Qin's abolition of the five ranks of nobility and from the commanderies lacking any preparation for drill, and proposed that provinces and commanderies keep troops against the four barbarians and against the disloyal, and also that the well-field system be revived. The proposals were not carried out, though keeping troops in the provinces had been his intention. He became inspector of Yan province, where his government was widely effective. Even on campaign he wore coarse clothes and ate plain food as an example. When Zhong Yao and Wang Can wrote that only a sage can bring about peace, he held that figures like Yi Yin and Yan Hui, though not sages, could bring peace if they were followed by several generations. The note quoting the Wei Shu says Emperor Wen liked his argument and had it copied by the secretaries.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Death and descendants\n\nIn 217 he joined Xiahou Dun, Zang Ba and others in the campaign against Wu. At Chaoxiang a great plague broke out among the soldiers. He went round to see them in person and provided medicine, caught the illness himself, and died at forty-seven. He left orders to be buried in plain cloth and a headscarf in everyday clothes, and the people of Yan province remembered him. When Emperor Ming took the throne, Sima Lang's son Sima Yi (written 遗, a different character from his brother's name) was made Marquis of Changwu with a hundred households. His brother Sima Fu then gave his own son Sima Wang to succeed Sima Lang. After that son died, Sima Wang's son Sima Hong inherited the line. Chen Shou's closing comment praises this group of officials as ones whose reputations matched their substance.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Sima Lang[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Boda[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 171–217[^wikidata]\n- Home: Wen, Henei[^zhengshi]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_410825|Wen county]][^wikidata]\n- Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124155359|Sima Lang]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/sima-lang-q1074409.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 171, "display": "171" }, "death": { "year": 217, "display": "217" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074543", "type": "person", "title": "Dong Jue", "slug": "dong-jue-q1074543", "aliases": [ "董厥" ], "summary": "Dong Jue, courtesy name Gongxi, from Yiyang in Jing province, was an important official of late Shu Han. He began on Zhuge Liang's staff, rose to director of the masters of writing and general who supports the state, and after Shu fell surrendered to Wei and was moved to Luoyang.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074543", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074543" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "董厥（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%8E%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Dong Jue was an important official in the last years of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Dong Jue, and the article gives his courtesy name as Gongxi, so the heading stays the personal name. Wikidata records his birth as 204, with a birthplace in the Zaoyang area; the article gives his dates as unknown.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the chancellor's office and the secretariat\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Dong Jue served early on in the staff of the chancellor Zhuge Liang, as a clerk and later a record keeper. Zhuge Liang called him a good man and said his judgment in discussion was careful and fitting. After Zhuge Liang died he moved step by step into the masters of writing, and at the end of the Yanxi era became vice director. After Chen Zhi died in 259 he rose from vice director to director, with Zhuge Zhan as vice director, and they ran the secretariat together. In 261 he became general who supports the state and Marquis of Nanxiang, still in charge of the secretariat's business, and he, Zhuge Zhan and Fan Jian handled affairs of state together. The article says that the eunuch Huang Hao held power then, that neither Dong Jue nor Zhuge Zhan was able to correct it, and that Chen Shou criticized them for being unable to set things right.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Jiang Wei and the fall of Shu\n\nIn 262 Jiang Wei was beaten by Deng Ai at Houhe. According to the article, Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue and others judged that Jiang Wei's yearly campaigns had achieved nothing and exhausted the country, and sent a memorial asking the emperor to recall Jiang Wei to Chengdu and strip him of his command. Huang Hao also wanted to remove Jiang Wei from his post as grand general and replace him with Yan Yu. Jiang Wei became afraid and stationed part of the Shu army at Tazhong rather than going back to Chengdu. In 263 Zhong Hui and Deng Ai invaded Shu in force. Dong Jue and Zhang Yi went to defend around the Yang'an pass and later withdrew with Jiang Wei to Jiange. After the front failed the Shu defenses quickly collapsed, and Jiang Wei and others, on the emperor's order, laid down their arms at Qixian. Dong Jue surrendered with them.[^zhwiki]\n\n## After joining Wei\n\nThe article records that in 264, the year after Shu fell, Dong Jue and Fan Jian and others were moved to Luoyang, where he served as adviser to the chancellor, later holding the additional post of mounted attendant, and was sent to pacify and visit the Shu lands. Little is recorded of his later life, and his death year is not found in the standard histories.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Dong Jue[^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Gongxi[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Born: recorded as 204 on this entry[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_420683|Zaoyang]][^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124424922|Dong Jue]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/dong-jue-q1074543.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 204, "display": "204" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1074774", "type": "person", "title": "Xin Ping", "slug": "xin-ping-q1074774", "aliases": [ "辛评" ], "summary": "Xin Ping (died 204), courtesy name Zhongzhi, from Yangdi in Yingchuan, was an adviser to Yuan Shao and then Yuan Tan at the end of the Eastern Han, and the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. He sided with Yuan Tan in the quarrel with Yuan Shang, and in 204 his whole clan was killed in Ye by Shen Pei.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1074774", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074774" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "辛评（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E8%A9%95" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Xin Ping was an adviser on the Yuan side at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Xin Ping, and the article says his courtesy name was Zhongzhi, that he came from Yangdi in Yingchuan, and that he was the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. The heading therefore stays the personal name. This entry records his death in 204, his birth only to the second century, and a birthplace in the Yuzhou area.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## From Han Fu to Yuan Shao\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Xin Ping was first a subordinate of Han Fu. In 191 he, Xun Chen and Guo Tu together persuaded Han Fu to give up the governorship of Ji province to Yuan Shao, and Xin Ping was then invited to serve under Yuan Shao. After Guandu, two sons of Shen Pei were captured, and when someone slandered Shen Pei to Yuan Shao, Guo Tu and Xin Ping agreed with the charge, and Yuan Shao had Meng Dai take over Shen Pei's guard of Ye.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Supporting Yuan Tan\n\nYuan Shao died in anger and worry in 202. He had wanted to name Yuan Shang, who was handsome and loved by his later wife Lady Liu, but had not said so formally. Many wished to make the eldest son Yuan Tan heir. The party of Feng Ji and Shen Pei was at odds with the party of Xin Ping, Guo Tu and Yuan Tan, and Feng Ji and his allies, fearing harm from Yuan Tan once he took power, secretly altered Yuan Shao's last wishes to put Yuan Shang in his place. Yuan Tan could not succeed, called himself general of chariots and cavalry, and camped at Liyang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death of his clan\n\nThe article says that Xin Ping and Guo Tu urged Yuan Tan to attack Yuan Shang, were defeated and fell back to Nanpi. His generals deserted, Yuan Shang attacked in force, and Yuan Tan withdrew to Pingyuan. While Yuan Shang besieged the city, Yuan Tan sent Xin Pi to ask Cao Cao for help, but Xin Pi instead advised Cao Cao to use the chance to take over Hebei, and Cao Cao sent a large army against Yuan Shang, who hurried back to Ye. Xin Pi urged Xin Ping to surrender to Cao Cao. He refused, yet Yuan Tan came to distrust him because his brother had gone over to Cao Cao. Shen Pei, angry at Xin Pi's betrayal, sent troops to kill the Xin clan in Ye. After the gates opened, Xin Pi ran straight to the prison to look for Xin Ping's family and found them all dead. The article adds that the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms invents a scene in which Xin Ping, distrusted by Yuan Tan and stung by his words, dies of anger, to Yuan Tan's regret.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Ping[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Zhongzhi[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Died: 204[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_411081|Yuzhou]][^wikidata]\n- Era: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123678395|Xin Ping]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/xin-ping-q1074774.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 204, "display": "204" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1075357", "type": "person", "title": "Lu Zhishen", "slug": "lu-zhishen-q1075357", "aliases": [ "鲁智深" ], "summary": "Lu Zhishen is one of the 108 heroes of Liangshan in Water Margin. Born Lu Da in Weizhou, he was an officer in a garrison office until he killed the butcher Zheng Tu and became a monk under the name Zhishen, known as the Flowery Monk. He saved Lin Chong at Wild Boar Forest, joined Liangshan, opposed accepting amnesty, and died in a temple at Hangzhou after the campaign against Fang La.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1075357", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075357" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "鲁智深（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%99%BA%E6%B7%B1" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "Lu Zhishen is an important character in the classical vernacular novel Water Margin and one of the 108 heroes of Liangshan. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lu Zhishen, and the article says his original name was Lu Da, his monastic name Zhishen, and that he is called the Flowery Monk because of the tattoos on his body, so the heading stays the name used in the book. This entry records the novel's setting as the Song state, with the death year given by Wikidata as 1120.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Killing and ordination\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Lu Da was tall and powerfully built, with a temper like fire and enormous strength. He was an officer in the office of Zhong Shizhong in Weizhou, and met Shi Jin and Li Zhong in a teahouse. While the three were drinking they heard that the girl Jin Cuilian was being bullied by the local bully Zheng Tu, called Lord West of the Pass. Lu Da went to teach him a lesson and killed him by accident, then fled Weizhou. With help from Squire Zhao he went to Wenshu Monastery on Mount Wutai and was ordained, taking the name Zhishen. He could not keep the monastic rules, got drunk and caused trouble more than once, and the elder Zhizhen sent him to the Great Xiangguo Monastery in Bianliang. On the road he posed as the bride in Peach Blossom Village to thrash Zhou Tong, who was forcing a villager's daughter into marriage, and at Waguan Monastery he joined Shi Jin in killing Cui Daocheng and Qiu Xiaoyi, who had seized the temple.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Wild Boar Forest and Liangshan\n\nThe article says that at the Xiangguo Monastery he was set to guard the vegetable garden and cowed the local ruffians who came to make trouble by pulling up a willow by its roots. He swore brotherhood with Lin Chong, and when Lin Chong was framed by Gao Qiu and sent to Cangzhou in exile, he followed secretly, beat down the guards Dong Chao and Xue Ba at Wild Boar Forest, and saw Lin Chong to within seventy li of Cangzhou before leaving. Gao Qiu forced him out of the monastery, and he burned the garden and became a fugitive. He later took Erlong Mountain with Yang Zhi, Cao Zheng and others, and Wu Song and others came to join them. When Huyan Zhuo attacked Qingzhou, Erlong, Peach Blossom and White Tiger mountains joined forces, Song Jiang brought Liangshan troops to help, and Huyan Zhuo was captured and joined Liangshan; the heroes of the three mountains then went up to Liangshan together. After reaching Liangshan he proposed recruiting Shi Jin, who had been captured by Governor He at Huazhou. He rushed into the city alone and was captured too, until Liangshan took Huazhou and freed them both.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Against amnesty, and his end\n\nThe article records that he ranks thirteenth among the Liangshan heroes, matched to the Heaven Lonely Star among the thirty-six heavenly spirits, and is the first of the ten foot-soldier leaders. When Song Jiang's poem hinted at accepting amnesty, he, Wu Song and Li Kui flared up on the spot, and he said the whole court was full of traitors and that accepting amnesty would do no good. After the amnesty he went with Song Jiang to see the elder Zhizhen on Mount Wutai, and took part in the campaigns against the Liao, Tian Hu, Wang Qing and Fang La, capturing Fang La alive at Wulong Ridge. After the war Song Jiang urged him to return to lay life and take office, and he said his heart was ashes and he wanted only a quiet place. He stayed at Liuhe Temple in Hangzhou and looked after the gravely ill Lin Chong together with Wu Song, who was also there. Lin Chong died. Half a year later, one night, he heard the tide on the Qiantang river, realized his end had come, bathed, changed his clothes and passed away. The article adds that in the old text of Water Margin he does not die in Hangzhou but goes back to Mount Wutai with Wu Song to practice.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Names: Lu Zhishen, originally Lu Da, monastic name Zhishen, nicknamed the Flowery Monk[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Home: Weizhou[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song state[^wikidata]\n- Star: Heaven Lonely Star, thirteenth of the 108[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lu-zhishen-q1075357.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10757585", "type": "person", "title": "Yang Feng", "slug": "yang-feng-q10757585", "aliases": [ "杨锋" ], "summary": "Yang Feng is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, chief of the twenty-one caves of Yinye Cave among the Nanman. Having received kindness from Zhuge Liang, he pretended to bring troops to help Meng Huo, seized Meng Huo, Meng You and the chieftain Duosi at a banquet, and handed them to Zhuge Liang, bringing about Meng Huo's fifth capture.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10757585", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10757585" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "杨锋（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E9%8B%92" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "Yang Feng is a fictional character in the chapter-novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label is Yang Feng, written in traditional characters in one form and simplified in the other, and the Chinese Wikipedia article carries the same name and calls him a fictional character of the novel, so the heading stays the same. The article describes him as chief of the twenty-one caves of Yinye Cave among the Nanman, and the work's setting is Shu Han.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the story\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Yang Feng had been treated kindly by Zhuge Liang, and his brothers and nephews all owed their lives to Zhuge Liang. He therefore pretended to bring his five sons and thirty thousand troops to help Meng Huo fight. Meng Huo, Meng You and the chieftain Duosi thought reinforcements had come and held a banquet for Yang Feng and his sons. The banquet in camp was dull, so Yang Feng had the Nanman women who followed the army perform a sword-and-shield dance. Two of Yang Feng's sons offered wine to Meng Huo and Meng You, and at Yang Feng's shout they seized the two from their seats, while Yang Feng caught the chieftain Duosi and the women surrounded the banquet ground. Yang Feng handed them to Zhuge Liang, Duosi's Tulong Cave fell, and this was the fifth capture of Meng Huo. Yang Feng and his sons were granted ranks and titles by Zhuge Liang, and his cave troops were richly rewarded. They thanked him and left. The article notes the episode comes from chapter 89 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yang Feng (traditional form 楊鋒)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: chief of the twenty-one caves of Yinye Cave among the Nanman[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: fictional character[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/yang-feng-q10757585.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761738", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Yingchun", "slug": "jia-yingchun-q10761738", "aliases": [ "贾迎春" ], "summary": "Jia Yingchun is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, a daughter of Jia She of the Rongguo house by a concubine, half-sister of Jia Lian, and a resident of Ziling Isle in the Grand View Garden. Gentle and kind but timid, she was married off by Jia She to settle a debt to the 'wolf of Zhongshan', Sun Shaozu, and died after ill-treatment.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761738", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761738" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾迎春（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E8%BF%8E%E6%98%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Jia Yingchun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Yingchun, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Her father is Jia She, the elder master of the Rongguo house. Wikidata describes her as a character of the novel and a daughter of Jia She, and the setting is the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and character\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, she is a daughter of Jia She by a concubine, a half-sister of Jia Lian and an older cousin of Jia Baoyu. In the Grand View Garden she lives in the Zhuijin Tower on Ziling Isle, so her alias in the Begonia Poetry Club is Lingzhou. She is gentle and kind and also timid and weak, and is nicknamed Wooden Second. The article says the manuscripts differ on her birth: the Jiaxu copy says she was born to Jia She's former wife, the Russian copy to Jia She's wife, the Gengchen copy to Jia Zheng's former wife, the Jimao copy says she is Jia She's daughter raised by Jia Zheng as his own, and the Qixu copy says she was born to Jia She's concubine. Liu Xinwu holds that all these descriptions correspond to real-life models, but that the Jiaxu text fits the story best. The article also quotes what Lady Xing says to Yingchun in chapter 73 of the Qixu copy and infers from it that her mother was Jia She's concubine.[^zhwiki]\n\n## End and thought\n\nThe article says that Jia She later gave her in marriage to Sun Shaozu, the wolf of Zhongshan, to settle a debt, and that she died after abuse and humiliation, as told in chapter 109. It also treats her as one of the figures in the book who represent Daoist thought. In chapter 73, whenever a dispute arises she takes up the Taishang Ganying pian and reads it, leaving the commotion behind. It argues that she did not see the gap between plain Daoist truth and feudal society and only borrowed the idea of non-action, so that once the Grand View Garden, a symbol of an ideal world, was damaged, that thinking became the fuse of her tragedy.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, song and maids\n\nThe article reproduces her fate verse, which says that the husband is a wolf of Zhongshan who is arrogant once he has his way, and that this willow-like girl from a golden chamber goes to the yellow millet dream within a year. It also lists the song Happy Enemies from the Dream of the Red Chamber suite, which calls Sun Shaozu a heartless beast and laments that her fair spirit drifted off in a year. Her lantern riddle has the abacus as its answer. Her maids are Siqi, Xiuju and Lian'er. The article contrasts Siqi's firm temper with Yingchun's weakness: when the Grand View Garden was searched, a keepsake and a note from her cousin Pan You'an were found among Siqi's things, she was driven out of the garden and later killed herself by striking a wall.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Yingchun, alias Lingzhou, nicknamed Wooden Second[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Relations: daughter of Jia She, half-sister of Jia Lian[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-yingchun-q10761738.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761739", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Yuanchun", "slug": "jia-yuanchun-q10761739", "aliases": [ "贾元春" ], "summary": "Jia Yuanchun is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, a daughter of Jia Zheng and Lady Wang and the elder full sister of Jia Baoyu, named Yuanchun because she was born on the first day of the first month. After being chosen for the palace she is made Virtuous Consort, and the Jia house builds the Grand View Garden for her visit home. The last forty chapters have her die in the palace, with contradictory statements about her age.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761739", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761739" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾元春（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%85%83%E6%98%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Jia Yuanchun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Yuanchun, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. She is a daughter of Jia Zheng and Lady Wang and the elder full sister of Jia Baoyu, and was named Yuanchun because she was born on the first day of the first month. Wikidata records her as a character of the novel, set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Her story\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Yuanchun taught Jia Baoyu to read when he was small and was later chosen for the palace. In chapter 16 the Jia house receives an imperial edict making her secretary of the Fengzao palace and Virtuous Consort. When the court later allows palace consorts to visit their families, the Jia house builds the Grand View Garden to prepare for her visit, and she personally gives names to many of its buildings. The article says that in the last forty chapters published by Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan (the Cheng Jia edition), she dies in the palace of an illness after putting on weight, her mouth choked with phlegm, and is posthumously named Virtuous and Gentle Consort. In chapter 18, during her visit home, she chooses four plays, all tragedies; by the commentary of Zhiyan zhai they foreshadow the fall of the Jia house, the death of the consort, Zhen Baoyu's return of the jade and the death of Daiyu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Contradictions about her age\n\nThe article points out that the book contradicts itself on her dates. Chapter 86 says she was born on the first day of the first month of a jiashen year, and chapter 95 says she died on the nineteenth of the twelfth month of a jiayin year at forty-three, but by the first statement she would be about thirty-three, and the later revised Cheng Yi edition changes it to thirty-one. It also notes that on the Cheng Jia text she would be twenty-five years older than Baoyu, while Lady Wang bore Baoyu at thirty-five, which would make her ten when Yuanchun was born, which is impossible. Liu Xinwu reads the song line about her fair spirit drifting away as hinting she was strangled in court intrigue, which the article says has no basis in the text.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, riddle and name\n\nThe article gives her fate verse, with lines such as the pomegranate blossoms lighting up the palace and the tiger and hare meeting in a great dream, and lists the song Hate of Impermanence in the Dream of the Red Chamber suite, in which her life has gone to the underworld and she tells her parents in a dream to withdraw early. Her lantern riddle has the firecracker as its answer. Her maid is Baoqin. The article quotes Zhiyan zhai's remark that the names of the four sisters Yuanchun, Yingchun, Tanchun and Xichun sound together like the phrase meaning she should be sighed over.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Yuanchun, also called the Consort Yuan or the Virtuous Consort[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Relations: daughter of Jia Zheng and Lady Wang, elder full sister of Jia Baoyu[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-yuanchun-q10761739.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761740", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Xichun", "slug": "jia-xichun-q10761740", "aliases": [ "贾惜春" ], "summary": "Jia Xichun is the youngest of the four Jia sisters in Dream of the Red Chamber, the youngest daughter of Jia Jing of the Ningguo house and a full sister of Jia Zhen, raised in the Rongguo house at the side of the Lady Dowager. Aloof and cold in temper, she represents the Buddhist idea of emptiness in the book, and by her fate verse she becomes a nun after the Jia house is raided.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761740", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761740" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾惜春（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%83%9C%E6%98%A5" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Jia Xichun is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Xichun, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata records her as a character of the novel, set in the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and character\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, she is the youngest of the four Jia sisters and the only one from the Ningguo house, the youngest daughter of Jia Jing and a full sister of Jia Zhen, thirty years younger than he. Her mother died early and she was raised in the Rongguo house beside the Lady Dowager. She later lives in Liaofeng Studio, also called Nuanxiang Dock, near the Lotus Fragrance Pavilion in the Grand View Garden, and her alias in the Begonia Poetry Club is Ouxie. The article calls her solitary and cold and the character in the book who represents the Buddhist idea of emptiness. By the Twelve Beauties of Jinling verses she becomes a nun after the Jia house is raided and lives in want, while in the last forty chapters by Gao E she practices at home in comfort.[^zhwiki]\n\n## A few episodes\n\nThe article records that her most important act in the garden is to paint the garden at the Lady Dowager's request during Granny Liu's visit, the so-called Grand View Garden picture, though the book does not say whether it was finished. It adds that some scholars hold Xichun was originally a figure of the Rongguo house who was moved to the Ningguo house to fit her into the whole book. In chapter 7 she is said to associate often with the little nun Zhineng, and jokes that if she shaved her head and became a nun, there would be nowhere to wear the palace flowers Zhou Rui's wife brought. Around chapter 74, in the search of the garden, the chief maids of Yingchun and Xichun are driven out. Yingchun weeps and sends keepsakes to say goodbye, while Xichun says to take the maid away, to beat, kill or sell her, she does not care. After Wang Xifeng finds out and is ready to forgive Ruhua, Xichun again refuses and tells Madam You that she is clear-headed and so cannot keep Ruhua. The article explains that the Ningguo house kept an unclean household, she wanted to keep clear of it, and she feared being drawn into gossip, so when Ruhua got into trouble she cut her loose.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, song and riddle\n\nThe article gives her fate verse, in which she sees through the spring scenery of the three sisters, changes into a black robe, and lies alone by a green lamp and an old Buddha, a lady of a noble house. It also lists the song Awakening from Vain Flowers, in which she sees through the three springs and seeks the cool, quiet heaven. Her lantern riddle has the sea lamp as its answer. Her maids include Ruhua, Caiping and Cai'er.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Xichun, alias Ouxie, also called the Fourth Young Lady[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Relations: daughter of Jia Jing, full sister of Jia Zhen[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-xichun-q10761740.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10761741", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Qiaojie", "slug": "jia-qiaojie-q10761741", "aliases": [ "贾巧姐" ], "summary": "Jia Qiaojie is one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling in Dream of the Red Chamber, the daughter of Wang Xifeng and Jia Lian. Born on the seventh of the seventh month, the Qiqiao festival, she was named Qiaojie by Granny Liu. In the first eighty chapters she is a sickly child, and after the Jia house falls she is in danger and is rescued by Granny Liu.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10761741", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10761741" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾巧姐（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%B7%A7%E5%A7%90" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Jia Qiaojie is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber and one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Jia Qiaojie, and it is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. She is the daughter of Wang Xifeng and Jia Lian, and Wikidata records the setting as the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Her naming and childhood\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, in the first eighty chapters by Cao Xueqin Qiaojie is still young, so her personality and traits are not clear. All the book tells us is that she is a sickly child and that Wang Xifeng asked the old, poor Granny Liu to name her in the hope of holding the illness down. Because she was born on the seventh of the seventh month, the Qiqiao festival, Granny Liu named her Qiaojie, meaning to fight poison with poison.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Several accounts of her fate\n\nThe article says that in Gao E's continuation, after the Jia house is ruined Qiaojie is nearly sold to a prince as a concubine, but Granny Liu rescues her at once. This is only a false alarm, a repayment for Wang Xifeng's help to Granny Liu long before, and Qiaojie is later married off, by Granny Liu's arrangement, to the son of a country landowner. Hongxue scholars, however, argue that she should have married Granny Liu's grandson Banr. The article says her verse and the Zhiyan zhai comments show that after the Jia house fell she was sold into a brothel by her cruel uncle and treacherous brother, who forgot kinship, and some time later Granny Liu rescued her out of loyalty, after which she married Banr and lived all her life as a village woman. The picture in the main register of the Twelve Beauties shows a beauty weaving at a lonely village inn, who is Qiaojie.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse and song\n\nThe article gives her fate verse, which says that when power fails there is no talk of nobility, that when the family is ruined there is no talk of kin, and that by chance she helped Mrs Liu and by luck met a benefactor. It also lists the song Leaving a Surplus of Blessings, which urges helping the needy and not to be like the cruel uncle and treacherous brother who forgot their own flesh and blood out of love of money.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Qiaojie, also called Qiaojie'er[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: daughter of Wang Xifeng and Jia Lian, one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-qiaojie-q10761741.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1076745", "type": "person", "title": "Lu Junyi", "slug": "lu-junyi-q1076745", "aliases": [ "卢俊义" ], "summary": "Lu Junyi is the deputy leader of the Liangshan marsh band in Water Margin, second only to Song Jiang, nicknamed the Jade Qilin. A rich man and master of spear and staff in Daming prefecture, he is lured up Liangshan by Wu Yong's scheme, and after the amnesty fights the Liao, Tian Hu, Wang Qing and Fang La, rising to pacification commissioner of Luzhou, and is poisoned with mercury by treacherous ministers.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1076745", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076745" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "卢俊义（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E4%BF%8A%E4%B9%89" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Lu Junyi is an important character in Water Margin. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Lu Junyi, and he is also called the Jade Qilin. It is his name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata records him as a character of the novel, set in the Song state, with the death year 1120.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, in Water Margin he is the deputy leader of the Liangshan marsh band, second only to Song Jiang. His family seat is Daming prefecture, the northern capital (now Daming in Hebei), where he is a rich man and a master of spear and staff known far and wide. He is tall, fair-faced and star-eyed, and imposing. The article says he is finally forced to join Liangshan against the court.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Going up to Liangshan\n\nThe article records that Song Jiang heard of his fame and wanted him to join. Wu Yong used a scheme of luring the tiger away from the mountain, going to Daming with Li Kui to trick Lu Junyi into traveling afar. Lu Junyi fell for it, packed up and left home to avoid disaster, and was captured passing Liangshan. He refused to join and Song Jiang did not force him but let him go home. Back in Daming he was betrayed by his steward Li Gu and his wife Lady Jia, who told the officials he was in league with bandits. He was jailed and sentenced to exile on Shamen Island. The guards Dong Chao and Xue Ba took a bribe from Li Gu to kill him in the wild, but his trusted servant Yan Qing saved him. He was soon caught again by soldiers and his sentence changed to death. When the Liangshan heroes learned of this they attacked Daming, captured Guan Sheng and Suo Chao, broke the city and freed him. Lu Junyi went home and killed Li Gu and Lady Jia, then formally joined Liangshan, and at Zengtou Market he took alive Shi Wengong, the killer of Chao Gai.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The contest for leadership and the campaigns\n\nThe article says that Song Jiang once wanted to follow Chao Gai's last wish and make Lu Junyi chief of the stronghold. The brothers would not agree and Lu Junyi declined, so they agreed that each would lead the same number of troops against Dongping and Dongchang prefectures and the first to break his city would be chief. Song Jiang captured Dong Ping by a trick and took Dongping. Lu Junyi was pinned down at Dongchang by Zhang Qing's flying stones, the two forces together could not take it, and only an advance by land and water from Liangshan beat Dongchang, which also settled Song Jiang as the leader and Lu Junyi as second. After accepting the amnesty with Song Jiang he campaigned against the Khitan, Tian Hu, Wang Qing and Fang La, and rose to a martial-merit grandee and pacification commissioner of Luzhou.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Ending and assessment\n\nThe article records that after the wars the court made him pacification commissioner of Luzhou and deputy commander. Yan Qing urged him to resign and leave before the treacherous ministers could harm him, but he refused. Gao Qiu and Yang Jian then feared him and put mercury in the wine and food the emperor had granted him. After eating, he was in such pain that he could not ride, and he slipped into the Huai river at Sizhou and drowned. The article quotes Gong Kai's praise in the Song Jiang Thirty-Six Eulogies, which compares him to a white jade qilin, and Jin Shengtan's remark that Lu Junyi is written with great effort but still shows some dullness, like a drawn camel, huge but not handsome.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lu Junyi, nicknamed the Jade Qilin, also called Squire Lu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Home: Daming prefecture, the northern capital[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song state[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lu-junyi-q1076745.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1077571", "type": "person", "title": "Yu Fan", "slug": "yu-fan-q1077571", "aliases": [ "虞翻" ], "summary": "Yu Fan (164–233), courtesy name Zhongxiang, from Yuyao in Kuaiji, was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu, learned in the Book of Changes and also skilled in medicine. His blunt remonstrance offended Sun Quan; he was exiled to Jing county in Danyang and later to Jiaozhou, where he taught for more than ten years and died at seventy.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1077571", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077571" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "虞翻（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9E%E7%BF%BB" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷57（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "Yu Fan was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Zhongxiang and that he came from Yuyao in Kuaiji. Wikidata's Chinese label is also Yu Fan, so the heading stays the personal name. This entry records his life as 164 to 233, with a birthplace at present-day Yuyao in Zhejiang.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Early years and Sun Ce\n\nThe Records say that Wang Lang, grand administrator of Kuaiji, made him a clerk of merit. When Sun Ce marched on Kuaiji Yu Fan was in mourning for his father. He came to the office gate in mourning dress, took it off to go in, and urged Wang Lang to avoid Sun Ce. Wang Lang would not listen, was defeated and fled by sea. Yu Fan followed and protected him as far as Houguan, where the county chief shut the gates until Yu Fan went and persuaded him to let them in. Wang Lang then told Yu Fan that he had an old mother and should go home. After he returned, Sun Ce reappointed him clerk of merit and treated him as a friend, even visiting his house. Sun Ce liked riding out to hunt, and Yu Fan warned him that a ruler who is not grave has no authority; Sun Ce agreed that he was right. Yu Fan later became chief of Fuchun. When Sun Ce died and the officials of the counties all wanted to go to the funeral, Yu Fan said hill people in neighboring counties might cause trouble and stayed to mourn in his own county. The other counties followed, and the region stayed calm. The province later recommended him as a talented scholar, the Han court summoned him as imperial censor, and Cao Cao called him to the office of the minister of works, but he took none of these posts.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Under Sun Quan\n\nSun Quan made him cavalry commandant. He repeatedly remonstrated to Sun Quan's face and Sun Quan was not pleased. He was also out of step with the customs of the day and was often slandered, and was exiled to Jing county in Danyang. When Lü Meng planned to take Guan Yu's territory, he feigned illness and went back to Jianye, and asked to take Yu Fan along on the grounds that Yu Fan knew medicine, which was also a way to have him released. When Lü Meng's army went up west and the grand administrator of Nan commandery, Mi Fang, opened the city to surrender, Lü Meng played music on the sand before taking the city. Yu Fan reminded him that not everyone in the city could be trusted and that he should go in and take control first. Lü Meng followed this, and there turned out to be an ambush in the city that his warning prevented. After Guan Yu's defeat Sun Quan had him divine, and he said that within two days Guan Yu would be beheaded, which came true. Sun Quan said he was no match for Fu Xi but could be compared to Dongfang Shuo.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Blunt speech and its cost\n\nThe Records tell how the Wei general Yu Jin had been taken prisoner by Guan Yu, and Sun Quan freed him and rode out with him side by side. Yu Fan rebuked Yu Jin as a surrendered captive who dared ride level with his lord and was about to strike him with a whip, but Sun Quan stopped him. Later Yu Jin wept at the music at a banquet on the ship, and Yu Fan said he was seeking pardon by pretense, which displeased Sun Quan. After Sun Quan became King of Wu, at the end of a feast he rose to pour wine himself, and Yu Fan lay on the floor pretending to be drunk and would not take it. When Sun Quan left, Yu Fan got up and sat again. Sun Quan was furious and drew his sword to strike him. The minister of agriculture Liu Ji got up and held him back with a remonstrance, and Yu Fan was spared. Meeting Mi Fang on the river, he once shouted at him that one who had lost loyalty and good faith had no right to serve a lord, and when a gate was shut against his carriage at Mi Fang's camp, he again protested, so that Mi Fang looked ashamed. He was open and had many lapses when drunk. When Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao spoke of immortals, he pointed at Zhang Zhao and said they were all dead men talking about immortals, and that there were no immortals in the world. Sun Quan's anger had piled up over time, and he finally moved Yu Fan to Jiaozhou.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Exile and death\n\nThe Records say that although he was in exile he never tired of teaching, and often had several hundred pupils. He also wrote commentaries on the Laozi, the Analects and the Guoyu that were passed down. The notes quote the Fan Biezhuan with his memorial on his own commentary on the Changes and another pointing out errors in Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Book of Documents. He spent more than ten years in the south and died at seventy. His body was returned to his old grave and his wife and children were allowed to go home. The Jiangbiao zhuan in the notes says that when Sun Quan's expedition to Liaodong lost many men in a storm, he regretted it, called Yu Fan a straight speaker and the Zhou She of the state, and ordered him found, but Yu Fan had already died.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yu Fan[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Zhongxiang[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 164–233[^wikidata]\n- Home: Yuyao, Kuaiji[^zhengshi]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_330281|Yuyao]][^wikidata]\n- Affiliation: Eastern Wu[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123785755|Yu Fan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/yu-fan-q1077571.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 164, "display": "164" }, "death": { "year": 233, "display": "233" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10788075", "type": "person", "title": "Li Wan", "slug": "li-wan-q10788075", "aliases": [ "李纨" ], "summary": "Li Wan, courtesy name Gongcai, is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling in the main register. She is the wife of Jia Zhu, the eldest son of Jia Zheng. Widowed young, she raised her posthumous son Jia Lan, was kind and did not interfere much, was called the Great Bodhisattva, and served as head of the Begonia Poetry Club under the name Daoxiang Laonong.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10788075", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10788075" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "李纨（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%B4%88" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "Li Wan is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are Li Wan, in traditional characters in one form and simplified in the other, and the article gives her courtesy name as Gongcai. It is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. She is one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling in the main register. Wikidata records the setting as the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and marriage\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Li Wan came from an official family of Jinling. Her father, Li Shouzhong, was chancellor of the imperial academy and held that a woman without talent is a woman of virtue, so he did not much let his daughter study. He taught her works such as the Biographies of Exemplary Women and the Collection of Worthy Ladies so that she would know a few characters and remember a few virtuous women of past ages, and put more weight on needlework and womanly conduct, hence the name Li Wan and the courtesy name Gongcai. She married Jia Zhu, eldest son of Jia Zheng of the Rongguo house, who died of illness early and left a posthumous son, Jia Lan. She was widowed at seventeen or eighteen, kept strictly to her place and spoke and acted with care, so that her face became wasted. She knew only how to serve her elders and raise her son, and in public to keep her sisters-in-law company at needlework and reading. In the Jia house she was called Mrs Li, Zhu's daughter-in-law, or Zhu's Eldest Lady. The article says that because she had always been virtuous and kept her widowhood from youth, the Lady Dowager and Lady Wang respected her, and she also drew the largest monthly allowance in the garden, nominally ten taels of silver.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Temperament and conduct\n\nThe article says she was kind to servants and did not interfere much, so she was called the Great Bodhisattva. When Wang Xifeng was ill and recovering, she asked Li Wan, Jia Tanchun and Xue Baochai to run the Jia household, and the servants called them the three Taisui who guard the mountain. In chapter 7, when Aunt Xue had Zhou Rui's wife deliver palace flowers to most of the young ladies in the garden, Li Wan alone was passed over. In winter, when the sisters all wore scarlet wool-felt and feather satin cloaks, she wore a plain dark-blue woollen jacket, and Zhiyan zhai commented that it showed her nature. When Tanchun proposed the poetry club, Li Wan became its head with the name Daoxiang Laonong, and although she had the largest income in the garden she lived frugally and asked Wang Xifeng to be the supervising censor who paid for it. In chapter 45 she argues with Wang Xifeng, speaking up for Ping'er too, which shows a more emotional side and a tongue no less quick than Xifeng's. She is close to Ping'er and dislikes Miaoyu. The only complete poem by her is the Grand View Garden inscription written for Jia Yuanchun's visit. In chapter 63, at the flower-drawing game, she draws an old plum, a symbol of chastity.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Verse, song and ending\n\nThe article says her fate verse is the eleventh in the main register of the Twelve Beauties, with a picture of a pot of flourishing orchid and beside it a woman in phoenix crown and robe, and the poem says that peach and plum bear fruit in the spring wind but in the end none can compare to a pot of orchid. The matching song is The Late Glorious Years. The standard last forty chapters do not state her ending: after Lin Daiyu died she helped manage the funeral, and her son Jia Lan went to the capital with Baoyu for the examinations and in chapter 119 passed as the one hundred and thirtieth juren. The article says that readers speculate her end was a reward after hardship, or that Jia Lan rose in the world and then died suddenly, leaving her bereaved in old age.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Critical readings\n\nThe article notes that most studies approach Li Wan through the influence of feudal ritual on her character, calling her a type of asceticism or a living specimen of the three obediences and four virtues, while in 1997 Hu Wenwei praised her for holding to principle and so meeting a good end. Ou Lijuan argues one should not stop at the author's flat portrayal of her; her home at Daoxiang Village is planted with hundreds of red apricot trees, which suggests warmth and passion, while the design of green hills slanting across it suggests the restraint of ritual on her, so that she is a dormant volcano that is not fully extinct. Ji Xueyuan points out that her life in the garden shows much vitality, and that the division of tasks and the rules of the Begonia Poetry Club were her proposals.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Wan, courtesy name Gongcai, also called Zhu's Eldest Lady[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: wife of Jia Zhu, mother of Jia Lan, one of the Twelve Beauties of Jinling[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/li-wan-q10788075.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q108030125", "type": "person", "title": "Hei Fengguai", "slug": "hei-fengguai-q108030125", "aliases": [ "黑熊精" ], "summary": "The Black Bear Spirit, also called the Black Wind Demon, is a monster in Journey to the West who lives in a cave on Black Wind Mountain and wields a black-tasseled spear. He steals Tang Sanzang's brocade cassock and clashes with Sun Wukong, and is finally subdued by Sun Wukong and the bodhisattva Guanyin, who takes him on as a guardian of the mountain.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q108030125", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108030125" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "黑熊精（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%86%8A%E7%B2%BE" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "The Black Bear Spirit is a character in Journey to the West. Wikidata records him as a character of the novel with the Chinese label Black Bear Spirit, other names such as the Bear Monster, and the English alias Black Wind Demon. This is a monster's title in the novel and not a verified personal name, so the heading is left as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the book\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of Journey to the West characters has a section on the Black Wind Monster (the Black Bear Spirit), to which this entry corresponds. According to that section, the Black Wind Monster lives in a cave on Black Wind Mountain and is a dark-skinned big man with a black-tasseled spear. Unlike ordinary monsters, he is rather good-natured and is friends with the elder Jinchi of the Guanyin Monastery. When he sees the monastery on fire, he rushes to help put it out, but on the way he spots Tang Sanzang's brocade cassock, conceives a wicked plan and steals it, and so clashes with Sun Wukong. In the end he is subdued by a trick of Sun Wukong and the bodhisattva Guanyin, and Guanyin takes him on as a guardian spirit of the mountain.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Companions\n\nThe same section says the scholar in white (a white snake spirit) and Lingxuzi (a gray wolf spirit) are friends of the Black Wind Monster, and both are killed by Sun Wukong.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Names: Black Bear Spirit, also called Black Wind Monster or Bear Monster[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: character of Journey to the West[^wikidata]\n- Dwelling: a cave on Black Wind Mountain[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/hei-fengguai-q108030125.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10825805", "type": "person", "title": "Taiyi Zhenren", "slug": "taiyi-zhenren-q10825805", "aliases": [ "太乙救苦天尊" ], "summary": "Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun, also called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole, is a Daoist deity who lives in the Miaoyan palace of the Qinghua Changle realm and delivers suffering souls. He is pictured riding a nine-headed lion with a willow branch and purifying water, and appears in Journey to the West.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10825805", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10825805" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "太乙救苦天尊（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%B9%99%E6%95%91%E8%8B%A6%E5%A4%A9%E5%B0%8A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun is a major Daoist deity. The name is a divine title and not a person's name. Wikidata's Chinese label for this item is Taiyi Zhenren, described there as a character of Investiture of the Gods, which does not match the Chinese Wikipedia article title, so there is no single verifiable personal name and the heading stays as it was. The rest of this entry follows the Chinese Wikipedia article.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Titles and dwelling\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, he is also called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole, the Heavenly Venerable Who Answers Cries to Relieve Suffering, the Supreme Emperor of the Nine Yang of Green Mystery, and the Heavenly Venerable Who Relieves Suffering in the Ten Directions. Daoist scriptures say he lives in the Miaoyan palace in the Qinghua Changle realm and leads suffering souls to rebirth, and that for those who have stored up merit, understood the Dao and perfected their practice he rides a chariot of nine lions and scatters the light of a hundred treasures to receive them as immortals in heaven. Because he is as merciful as a father and lives in the Miaoyan palace of the east, Daoism honors him as Supreme Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole or Merciful Father of the Eastern Palace. The Taiyi Jiuku Hushen Miaojing says that in heaven he is called the Blessed God Taiyi, in the world the Great Merciful One, in hell the Emperor of the Sun, among the heterodox the Lion Bright King, and in the water palace the Emperor of Deep Pool. In danger on mountain or sea, one need only devoutly recite his name to be freed from sorrow and turn ill luck to good, hence he is the one who hears the voice and relieves suffering.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins\n\nThe article says the cult is related to the worship of the Eastern Sovereign Taiyi and the Eastern King Father popular in the state of Chu before the Qin, that it is hard to say when it took shape, but that it certainly existed in the Six Dynasties and perhaps as early as the Eastern Han. From the Tang to the early Song it also influenced Buddhism, for instance the practice of rites on the seventh and hundredth days for the dead in the Ten Kings Sutra copied by Zang Chuan in the early Tang, which comes from a Daoist scripture.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Images\n\nThe article describes several types of image. In the Daoist lord type he stands on lotuses in a halo of light, holding a willow branch and purifying water, with nine-headed lions at his sides spitting flame. The Shangqing Lingbao Dafa says he rides a nine-headed lion and takes the form of the Ten-Direction Relief Heavenly Venerable to deliver ghosts, and that the lion's roar can open the gates of hell. The willow branch and water are the healing potion of the world. The article says the earliest surviving stone image of the Relieving Suffering Venerable is niche 62 at the Xuanmiao temple in Anyue, Sichuan, cut in 730. There is also an imperial type in robes and crown, holding a jade tablet on a dragon throne, called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor. According to the Miaojing he has transformations as numerous as the sands of the Ganges, sometimes dwelling in heaven, descending among people or living in hell, as a youth or maiden, an emperor or sage, answering the need of each being.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Festivals and rites\n\nThe article records that his birthday is the eleventh day of the eleventh month, that the day he attained the Dao is the eighth day of the eighth month, and that he descends the next day to relieve suffering. Under Emperor Zhenzong of the Song, the ninth day of the eighth month became his official birthday, called Yuancheng Festival. Large Daoist temples generally honor him, and ordinary people offer his image, tablet or incense at ancestor rites such as Qingming, Zhongyuan and Chongyang, or at rites of offering and deliverance. Rites for deliverance such as the Treasure Repentance for Crossing the Blood Lake, Lingbao Refining and the Nine Dark Lamp Rite take him as the chief deity. The article adds that, according to the Complete Collection of Ten Kings' Memorials, the Ten-Direction Relief Venerable also takes the form of the Ten Kings of the underworld so as to govern the spirits of the nine dark realms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In literature\n\nThe article says that in Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West the Venerable is portrayed as dignified and splendid. His mount, the lion Jiuling Yuansheng, came down to cause trouble for Tang Sanzang's journey, and Sun Wukong went to find the Venerable, who was seated high on a nine-colored lotus seat in a hundred million auspicious rays and came down to greet him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Divine title: Taiyi Jiuku Tianzun, also called the Great Emperor of Green Splendor of the Eastern Pole and others[^zhwiki]\n- Category: Daoist deity[^zhwiki]\n- Dwelling: Miaoyan palace in the Qinghua Changle realm[^zhwiki]\n- Wikidata's Chinese label: Taiyi Zhenren (differs from the article title)[^wikidata]", "url": "/people/taiyi-zhenren-q10825805.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods and Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q108419891", "type": "person", "title": "Jia Fu", "slug": "jia-fu-q108419891", "aliases": [ "贾敷" ], "summary": "Jia Fu is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber, the eldest son of Jia Daihua of the Ningguo house and the elder brother of Jia Jing, who the book says died young. He is mentioned in chapter 2 as the eldest of the senior branch of the Ning house.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q108419891", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108419891" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "贾敷（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%95%B7" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "Jia Fu is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber. Wikidata's Chinese label is Jia Fu, in traditional characters in one form and simplified in the other. It records him as a character of the novel, set in the dynasty of the novel, and it is his name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata also records his father as Jia Daihua and his brother as Jia Jing.[^wikidata]\n\n## His place in the book\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of Dream of the Red Chamber characters places Jia Fu among the generation whose names carry the radical 攵, and describes him as the eldest of the senior branch of the Ning house, the eldest son of Jia Daihua and the elder brother of Jia Jing, who died young. His first appearance is in chapter 2. The same list says under Jia Daihua that his sons were Jia Fu and Jia Jing. The list records nothing more about him, so nothing further is added here.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jia Fu (traditional form 賈敷)[^wikidata]\n- Family: Ningguo house, eldest son of Jia Daihua and elder brother of Jia Jing[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Fate: died young[^zhwiki]\n- First appearance: chapter 2[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/jia-fu-q108419891.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10855421", "type": "person", "title": "Ge Ding", "slug": "ge-ding-q10855421", "aliases": [ "戈定" ], "summary": "Ge Ding is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, from Donglai commandery in Qing province, a fellow townsman and subordinate officer of Taishi Ci. Sent by Taishi Ci into Hefei to set a fire, he was found out by Zhang Liao, captured by Li Dian, and beheaded in front of Zhang Liao's horse.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10855421", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10855421" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "戈定（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%AE%9A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Ge Ding is a fictional character in the chapter-novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Ge Ding, and Wikidata records him as a fictional character, a soldier, set in Han, so the heading stays the same.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Ge Ding comes from Donglai commandery in Qing province, and is a fellow townsman and subordinate officer of Taishi Ci under Sun Quan. His brother is the stable hand who feeds the horses under Zhang Liao, who is guarding Hefei for Cao Cao. On Taishi Ci's orders Ge Ding slips into Hefei, where Taishi Ci has him set fire to the stables so that an attack from inside and outside can take the city and kill Zhang Liao. Zhang Liao keeps calm, sees through the plan, and Li Dian captures Ge Ding and his brother. After learning the facts Zhang Liao has Ge Ding beheaded in front of his horse. Zhang Liao then sets a trap for Taishi Ci, who is badly wounded and dies after returning to camp. The article records nothing more about him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ge Ding[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: fictional character, soldier[^wikidata]\n- Home: Donglai commandery, Qing province[^zhwiki]\n- Allegiance: under Taishi Ci[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/ge-ding-q10855421.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10856201", "type": "person", "title": "Lu Xun", "slug": "lu-xun-q10856201", "aliases": [ "卢逊" ], "summary": "Lu Xun (the fictional one) is a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a Shu Han guard commander of Nanzheng pass. In chapter 116 he beats back the Wei vanguard under Xu Yi with Zhuge's repeating crossbows and makes Zhong Hui retreat, but is shot dead by Xun Kai while pursuing, and the pass then falls.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10856201", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10856201" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "卢逊（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E9%80%8A" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Lu Xun, the fictional character, appears in the chapter-novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label is Lu Xun, with the traditional form 盧遜, and it records him as a fictional character and Shu Han general, with a death year of 263. The heading therefore stays the same.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia list of fictional Three Kingdoms characters, Lu Xun appears in chapter 116 of the novel as the guard commander of Nanzheng pass in Shu Han, who meets the Wei army led by Zhong Hui. He lays an ambush and uses Zhuge's repeating crossbows, and beats the Wei vanguard Xu Yi at the wooden bridge in front of the pass. When Zhong Hui himself comes to look with a hundred or so armored men from his tent, Lu Xun has his soldiers fire the repeating crossbows in a volley, Zhong Hui turns his horse back, and the Wei army is badly beaten. Lu Xun leads troops across the bridge in pursuit, Zhong Hui whips his horse over the bridge and the horse falls into a pit, so Zhong Hui abandons it and goes on foot. Lu Xun catches up and thrusts a spear, but the Wei soldier Xun Kai turns and shoots an arrow that hits Lu Xun, who falls from his horse and dies. After Nanzheng pass falls, Zhong Hui promotes Xun Kai to guard commander and has Xu Yi tried and put to death. The list records nothing more about him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lu Xun (traditional form 盧遜)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: fictional character, Shu Han general[^wikidata]\n- Died: 263, in the story[^wikidata]\n- Post: guard commander of Nanzheng pass[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/lu-xun-q10856201.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 263, "display": "263" }, "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q1085823", "type": "person", "title": "Xuanzang", "slug": "xuanzang-q1085823", "aliases": [ "唐三藏" ], "summary": "Tang Sanzang, also called Tang Seng, is a main character of Journey to the West and the master of Sun Wukong, Zhu Wuneng, Sha Wujing and the White Dragon Horse. His prototype is the Tang monk Xuanzang. In the novel he is kind, merciful and firm of will, though sometimes pedantic, and after the pilgrimage is made the Buddha of Sandalwood Merit.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1085823", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1085823" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "唐三藏（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Tang Sanzang is a main character of Journey to the West. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Tang Sanzang, and other names are recorded, such as Tang Seng, Xuanzang, Chen Xuanzang and Jiangliu. The article explains that Sanzang fashi is a respectful term for a monk versed in the three collections of sutra, vinaya and abhidharma, and that calling him Tang Sanzang honors him as the Tripitaka master of the Tang state, which also avoids using his personal name, so it is not a personal name. No single personal name has been established for the figure in the novel, so the heading stays as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Prototype and portrayal\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, the prototype of Tang Seng, Tang Sanzang, is the Tang monk Xuanzang, and the Song text Da Tang Sanzang qujing shihua also calls him Xuanzang. In the novel he is kind, merciful and firm of will, though sometimes he appears pedantic and unable to tell right from wrong. His treasures are the nine-ring staff and the brocade cassock given by the bodhisattva Guanyin, and at the end of the story he achieves the right fruit and is enfeoffed as the Buddha of Sandalwood Merit. The article also notes that among the sutras the historical Xuanzang translated, the Heart Sutra and the Medicine Buddha Sutra survive, that he traveled overland out of Xinjiang through the Pamirs to India, and that on his return he compiled the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions from what he saw and heard at the order of Emperor Taizong of Tang, and that in the mid-1560s the Ming writer Wu Cheng'en turned such stories into the chapter-novel Journey to the West.[^zhwiki]\n\n## On the term Sanzang\n\nThe article stresses that today the public, not knowing Buddhism and influenced by Journey to the West, often wrongly takes Sanzang to be a title belonging to Xuanzang alone. In fact Sanzang fashi is a term of respect, also Sanzang bhikshu or Sanzang holy teacher or simply Sanzang, and to confine the title to a single person is mistaken. It lists other famous Tripitaka masters in history, such as An Shigao of the Eastern Han, Kumarajiva and Faxian of the Eastern Jin, Gunabhadra of the Liu Song, Siksananda, Yijing and Amoghavajra of the Tang, and says Lingxian is the only Tripitaka master in Japanese history.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name used: Tang Sanzang, also Tang Seng; prototype Xuanzang[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: novel character (Wikidata also records the name Chen Xuanzang)[^wikidata]\n- Role: bhikshu (monk)[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace according to Wikidata: Jiangzhou[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Tang[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/xuanzang-q1085823.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10869235", "type": "person", "title": "Qiu Ben", "slug": "qiu-ben-q10869235", "aliases": [ "丘本" ], "summary": "Qiu Ben is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms who serves as Deng Ai's army supervisor in Wei's campaign to destroy Shu Han. At Mianzhu he advises Deng Ai to write to Zhuge Zhan urging surrender, and when that is refused, to win by a surprise force instead.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10869235", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10869235" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "丘本（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E6%9C%AC" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Qiu Ben is a fictional character in the chapter-novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Qiu Ben, and Wikidata records him as a fictional character and a general of Cao Wei, set in Great Wei, so the heading stays the same.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, Qiu Ben serves as Deng Ai's army supervisor in Wei's war to destroy Shu Han, and the article notes that in the standard histories the army supervisor was Wei Guan. At Mianzhu, Qiu Ben advises Deng Ai to write to Zhuge Zhan urging him to surrender, and after the letter is refused he advises using a surprise force to win. The article gives chapter 117 of the novel as the source and records no home, dates or other deeds.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Qiu Ben[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Category: fictional character, Cao Wei general[^wikidata]\n- Post: army supervisor to Deng Ai[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: Great Wei[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/qiu-ben-q10869235.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10871701", "type": "person", "title": "Xia Jingui", "slug": "xia-jingui-q10871701", "aliases": [ "夏金桂" ], "summary": "Xia Jingui is the wife of Xue Pan in Dream of the Red Chamber, named for her family's osmanthus groves that supplied the palace. Spoiled by her widowed mother, she was overbearing, and after marrying into the Xue house she grew jealous of Xiangling, set her against Xue Pan and kept the household in uproar. In the Gao E continuation she tries to poison Xiangling and poisons herself instead.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10871701", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871701" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "夏金桂（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E9%87%91%E6%A1%82" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Xia Jingui is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber and the wife of Xue Pan. Wikidata's Chinese label and the Chinese Wikipedia article title are both Xia Jingui, and she is also called Jingui. It is her name in the book, so the heading stays the same. Wikidata records the setting as the dynasty of the novel.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background and temper\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, her family planted osmanthus in quantity and supplied the palace, which is how she came by the name Jingui (golden osmanthus). Her father died early, and as an only child she was spoiled by her widowed mother, who treated her as a treasure. She grew up with a temper like the bandit Zhi, regarding herself as a bodhisattva and others as filth.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the Xue house\n\nThe article says that after she married into the Xue family she saw that Xue Pan doted on Xiangling and became fiercely jealous. She repeatedly pushed Xiangling about, and used her maid Baochan to come between Xiangling and Xue Pan, so that Xiangling was beaten by him. She asked who had ever smelled any fragrance in a water-chestnut flower, and changed Xiangling's name to Qiuling. Domineering and willful, she did as she pleased in the Xue house, even trading words with her mother-in-law through a window, so that the household had no peace, and she also tried to seduce Xue Ke.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Ending\n\nThe article records that in the Gao E continuation Xia Jingui tries to poison Xiangling and instead poisons herself.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xia Jingui, also called Jingui[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: wife of Xue Pan[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/xia-jingui-q10871701.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10875215", "type": "person", "title": "Taiyang Singjyun", "slug": "taiyang-singjyun-q10875215", "aliases": [ "太阳星君" ], "summary": "The Sun Star Lord is the Daoist god of the sun, named Yuyi, in charge of the sun and also called the Sun Emperor or Lord Sun. Folk belief often blends him with Mahavairocana and the Sunlight Bodhisattva, and in Fujian and Taiwan he is worshipped on the nineteenth of the third month, a date some link to remembrance of the Chongzhen emperor.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10875215", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10875215" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "太阳星君（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%98%9F%E5%90%9B" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "The Sun Star Lord is the Daoist god of the sun. The name is a divine title and not a person's name: the Chinese Wikipedia article says his name is Yuyi, a god's name in Daoism, so there is no single verifiable personal name and the heading is left as it was. Wikidata records the Chinese label as Taiyang Xingjun and classes the item as a deity. This site files the entry under Journey to the West, but the Wikipedia article is about the Sun Star Lord of Daoism and folk religion.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Divine role and titles\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, the Sun Star Lord is named Yuyi, with a talisman character, and is the Daoist god of the sun, in charge of the sun. His full titles include the Sun Star Lord of Flaming Light of the Sun Palace and the Sun Emperor of the Sun Palace, and he is also called the Sun Emperor, the God of Great Brightness, Lord Sun, and the Sun Bodhisattva. The article says he also oversees the lords of the twenty-eight lunar mansions and the heavenly office that records stipends and lifespans, and inspects the merits and offenses of people and reports them to the Supreme Emperor, a record called the Register of the Sun Palace.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and development of the cult\n\nThe article says that because the sun is a vital source of light and warmth, many peoples worship it. In China the sacrifice to the sun god is said to date from the time of Yan Di Shennong, and the ritual of sacrificing to the sun appeared by the Qin and Han at the latest, for instance in the Book of Rites, which records sacrificing to the sun in the eastern suburb. People often blend the Sun Star Lord with the Buddhist Mahavairocana, Amitabha and Sunlight Bodhisattva, or take the sun god as a manifestation of those figures. In Investiture of the Gods, the Shang loyal minister Bi Gan is enfeoffed as the Sun Star among the three hundred and sixty-five true gods. The article says old accounts give the winter solstice or the nineteenth of the eleventh month as the Sun Emperor's birthday, and the first of the second month as the day he inspects good and evil among people, but most almanacs now give the nineteenth of the third lunar month. Lian Heng's History of Taiwan holds that this date is actually tied to secret worship of the Ming Chongzhen emperor, since on the nineteenth of the third month of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (25 April 1644) Li Zicheng entered Yan, and the emperor hanged himself on Coal Hill.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Images and worship\n\nThe article describes the images as normally human, with a red face and red beard, holding a token of the sun. Some images show a figure with loose hair, a long staff in one hand and a Qiankun ring in the other, standing barefoot on a small hill, said to allude to how the Chongzhen emperor looked when he hanged himself. In Taiwan, the article says, several temples hold rites on the nineteenth of the third month, and in Tainan people used to set out incense tables and cakes called nine pigs and sixteen sheep. Three temples in Kaohsiung also take turns in worshipping Lord Sun. The article also lists temples in Taiwan, Malaysia and Singapore that honor the Sun Star Lord.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The True Scripture of the Sun Star Lord\n\nThe article says the True Scripture of the Sun Star Lord, also called the Sunlight Scripture, is a folk-religion text for worshipping the sun, of unknown authorship. According to elders in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, it was compiled by the third daughter of the Chongzhen emperor while living as a nun after the fall of the Ming, and some scholars think it may come from the Heaven and Earth Society, which sought to restore the Ming. Researchers point out that words in the scripture such as the repeated \"ming\" and \"Pearl Light Buddha\" hide a longing for the Ming, and Lin Hualing's study at the National University of Tainan holds that the scripture originally said the sun lord was born on the nineteenth of the eleventh month, and that elements of the Chongzhen emperor were added later until the date shifted to the nineteenth of the third.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Divine title: Sun Star Lord, named Yuyi[^zhwiki]\n- Other names: Sun Emperor, Lord Sun, God of Great Brightness and others[^zhwiki]\n- Category: deity (Wikidata)[^wikidata]\n- Birthday: most often given as the nineteenth of the third lunar month[^zhwiki]\n- Related on this site: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]]", "url": "/people/taiyang-singjyun-q10875215.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "mythological figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10878505", "type": "person", "title": "Qiao Lie", "slug": "qiao-lie-q10878505", "aliases": [ "乔冽" ], "summary": "Qiao Lie is a character in the novel Water Margin, a native of Jingyuan in Shaanxi. His religious name is Daoqing, so he is also called Qiao Daoqing, and he is known as the Illusion Demon Lord. He commands illusory arts that call wind and rain, serves the rebel Tian Hu, and is subdued by Gongsun Sheng.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10878505", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10878505" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "乔冽（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E5%86%BD" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Qiao Lie is a character in the novel Water Margin. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Qiao Lie, and Wikidata also lists the names Qiao Daoqing, Daoqing and the Illusion Demon Lord, so the heading stays the personal name. The story is set in the Song dynasty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background\n\nThe article says he was a native of Jingyuan in Shaanxi and took the religious name Daoqing, which is why he is also called Qiao Daoqing. At eight he travelled to Mount Kongtong, where an unusual master taught him illusory arts. From then on he could call wind and rain and ride the mist and clouds, and people called him the Illusion Demon Lord. Later he fell into a quarrel, beat a man so badly that he died, and was sought by the authorities. He fled home and changed his name to Quanzhen.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Tian Hu\n\nWhen Tian Hu rose in revolt, he drew Qiao Lie into his band. Skilled in illusions, Qiao Lie helped him seize prefectures and counties and became his chief assistant, with the title True Man of Spiritual Response Who Protects the Realm. When Song Jiang led troops against Tian Hu, Qiao Lie was subdued by Gongsun Sheng.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Afterwards\n\nThe article says that during the campaign against Wang Qing, his old friend Sun An, who had also served Tian Hu, died of illness. Qiao Lie then went back to the mountains with Gongsun Sheng and Ma Ling to practise the Way, and took the master Luo as his teacher.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Other names: Qiao Daoqing, Daoqing, Illusion Demon Lord[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the Song dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/qiao-lie-q10878505.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10884675", "type": "person", "title": "Ren Jun", "slug": "ren-jun-q10884675", "aliases": [ "任峻" ], "summary": "Ren Jun (died 204), courtesy name Boda, was a man of Zhongmu in Henan who joined Cao Cao at the end of the Han. He managed arms and grain transport at Guandu and, as director of agricultural colonies, ran the military farming that filled Cao Cao's granaries. He died in the ninth year of Jian'an and was later given the posthumous title Marquis Cheng.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10884675", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10884675" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "任峻（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%B3%BB" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷16（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B716" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Ren Jun was an official who followed Cao Cao at the end of the Eastern Han. Chapter sixteen of the Records of the Three Kingdoms opens with the words that Ren Jun, courtesy name Boda, was a man of Zhongmu in Henan, and Wikidata's name is also Ren Jun, so the title stays the personal name. This entry records his death as 204, with no birth year.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Joining Cao Cao\n\nWhen the Han fell into disorder, Yang Yuan, magistrate of Zhongmu, grew frightened and wanted to abandon his post. Ren Jun told him that Dong Zhuo had begun the chaos, that the whole realm watched him with anger, and that nobody had yet dared to move first. If the magistrate would lead, others would answer. He proposed that Yang Yuan act provisionally as governor of Henan and combine the men fit for service in the dozen or so counties east of the pass. Yang Yuan followed the plan and made him registrar. Ren Jun drafted the memorial for Yang Yuan to act as governor, had the counties hold fast, and raised troops. Cao Cao then rose in the east and entered Zhongmu. While others did not know whom to follow, Ren Jun alone discussed it with Zhang Fen of the same commandery, and they brought the whole commandery over to Cao Cao. Ren Jun also gathered several hundred household soldiers from his kin and retainers and followed Cao Cao. Cao Cao was delighted, recommended him as cavalry commandant, gave him a cousin in marriage, and held him in close trust.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Colonies and army grain\n\nWhenever Cao Cao went on campaign, Ren Jun usually stayed behind and supplied the army. In a year of famine and drought the army's grain ran short. The Forest of Feathers Commandant Zao Zhi proposed military farming colonies, and Cao Cao made Ren Jun director of agricultural colonies. He recruited commoners to farm at Xu and obtained a million hu of grain. Farm officials were set up in every commandery and kingdom, and within a few years grain was stored everywhere and the granaries were full. At Guandu, Cao Cao put him in charge of arms and grain transport. The enemy raided and cut the supply route again and again, so Ren Jun grouped a thousand carts into one unit, moved ten columns side by side, and made a layered formation to guard them. The enemy did not dare come near. The Records say the abundance of the state began with Zao Zhi and was completed by Ren Jun. Because his merit was great, Cao Cao recommended him as Marquis of Duting with three hundred households and promoted him to colonel of the Changshui cavalry.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Character and afterwards\n\nThe Records describe him as generous and measured, and clear about the principles of affairs. Cao Cao usually approved what he proposed. In the famine he took in and supported the orphans of his friends and poor kin inside and outside the family, and he was praised for his good faith. He died in the ninth year of Jian'an, and Cao Cao wept for a long time. His son Ren Xian inherited the title. When Ren Xian died without a son, the fief was abolished. Emperor Wen later recorded the merits of the old officials, gave Ren Jun the posthumous title Marquis Cheng, and made his middle son Ren Lan a marquis within the passes.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ren Jun[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Boda[^zhengshi]\n- Death year: 204[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_410122|Zhongmu County]][^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer under Cao Cao[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123759548|Ren Jun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/ren-jun-q10884675.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 204, "display": "204" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10885271", "type": "person", "title": "Fu Wan", "slug": "fu-wan-q10885271", "aliases": [ "伏完" ], "summary": "Fu Wan (2nd century – 209) was an Eastern Han man of Dongwu in Langye and the father of Emperor Xian's Empress Fu, holding the title Marquis of Buqi. After Cao Cao took control he handed back his seals, and when his daughter urged him to plot against Cao Cao he did not dare. He died in 209, and five years later the empress was deposed and killed, along with over a hundred of her kin.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10885271", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10885271" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "伏完（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E5%AE%8C" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Fu Wan was an in-law of the imperial house at the end of the Eastern Han and the father of Empress Fu Shou, wife of Emperor Xian. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Fu Wan, so the heading stays the personal name. The structured record gives 150 as his birth year and 209 as his death year, while the Chinese Wikipedia article says only the 2nd century for his birth, and places him in the Eastern Han.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and offices\n\nThe article says he was a man of Dongwu in Langye, a descendant of the Western Han classicist Fu Sheng and a sixth-generation grandson of the Minister of the Masses Fu Zhan. His courtesy name is not known. The Fu family was a house of classical scholarship. He was deep and composed, with a large-minded character. He inherited the title Marquis of Buqi, married Princess Yang'an, Liu Hua, a daughter of Emperor Huan, and served as palace attendant. In the second year of Xingping (195), his daughter Fu Shou, born to Fan Ying, was made empress by Emperor Xian, and he became commandant of the capital guards. In the first year of Jian'an (196), when Cao Cao received the emperor, he was made general who assists the state, with ceremonial rank equal to the Three Excellencies.[^zhwiki]\n\n## After Cao Cao took control\n\nOnce the emperor had moved to Xu, Cao Cao made himself minister of works and held the government in his hands. Fu Wan returned his seals and became palace counsellor, and later commandant of the Tunji cavalry. In the fifth year of Jian'an (200), Dong Cheng and others failed in a plot to kill Cao Cao and were executed. Empress Fu wrote to her father asking him to plot Cao Cao's death, but Fu Wan did not dare. According to the Spring and Autumn of Emperor Xian, he also showed the letter to his wife's younger brother Fan Pu, who sealed it and told Cao Cao.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and aftermath\n\nFu Wan died in the fourteenth year of Jian'an (209), and his son Fu Dian inherited the marquisate. In the nineteenth year (214) the old scheme came to light. The empress was deposed and killed, over a hundred of her clan were killed, and her mother Fan Ying and eighteen others were exiled to Zhuo commandery. The article adds that his son Fu De, brother of the empress, had supported his sister the empress on the flight from Chang'an to Luoyang, carrying ten bolts of silk in one hand, and that he also died in this affair.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nIn chapter 66 of Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the empress, angered by Cao Cao's arrogance, writes to Fu Wan through Mu Shun and plans to ally with Sun Quan and Liu Bei as outside support to remove Cao Cao. Cao Cao later finds Fu Wan's reply in Mu Shun's hair and has Hua Xin and Xi Lü kill the empress, Fu Wan and the whole clan. This is the novel's adaptation, and it differs from the biographical account above.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 150 to 209 (birth year from the structured record)[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: politician (Eastern Han)[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123908875|Fu Wan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)", "url": "/people/fu-wan-q10885271.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 209, "display": "209" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10886254", "type": "person", "title": "何曾", "slug": "q10886254", "summary": "何曾（199年—279年），字颍考，陈国阳夏人，曹魏、西晋重臣。他在魏末任司隶校尉，劝司马炎进位，入晋后官至太宰。《晋书》既称他至孝、闺门整肃，又记他饮食奢侈到“食日万钱”。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10886254", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10886254" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "何曾（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%9B%BE" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "晋书·卷033（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7033" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "何曾是三国时曹魏和西晋的重臣。《晋书》卷三十三写他“字颖考，陈国阳夏人”，维基数据的中文名也是何曾，所以标题仍用姓名。本条记他生于199年，卒于279年1月12日。[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## 出身与魏朝任官\n\n《晋书》说，他的父亲何夔是魏国太仆、阳武亭侯。何曾年少时就承袭了爵位，好学博闻，与同郡的袁侃齐名。魏明帝还是平原侯时，他任文学；明帝即位后，他陆续升任散骑侍郎、汲郡典农中郎将、给事黄门侍郎、散骑常侍。他曾上疏，说治国以清静为基础，百姓以良吏为根本，郡守权力虽轻却专任千里，建议暗中考察年老多病、对百姓少恩的郡守，将他们征回另选。司马懿将征辽东时，他又上疏，请选威望素著的大臣名将作副佐随军，魏帝没有采纳。后来出任河内太守，以有威严著称，征为侍中，因母丧去官。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 司隶校尉与阮籍之事\n\n嘉平年间，他任司隶校尉。当时抚军校事尹模倚仗恩宠作威作福，朝野无人敢言，何曾上奏弹劾，朝廷称赞。曹爽专权时，司马懿称病，何曾也称病；曹爽被诛后才重新视事，《晋书》并说魏帝被废之事他参与过谋划。步兵校尉阮籍居丧无礼，何曾当着司马昭的面指责他，说应把他流放到四方，免得污染华夏。司马昭说阮籍病弱如此，请他忍耐，没有听从，但何曾引经据典、辞理恳切，时人因此敬畏他。毌丘俭被诛后，其子毌丘甸之妻荀氏为怀孕入狱的女儿刘芝求情，何曾怜悯她，把她的陈词转呈上议，朝廷认为应当，于是改了法令。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 入晋为三公\n\n他任司隶校尉多年后升尚书，正元年间出任镇北将军、都督河北诸军事，临行时司马昭让司马炎和齐王司马攸送出数十里。后来他迁征北将军，进封颍昌乡侯；咸熙初年拜司徒，改封朗陵侯。司马炎袭晋王位后，以他为晋丞相、加侍中，他与裴秀、王沈等劝司马炎登位。晋武帝践阼，他拜太尉，进爵为公，食邑一千八百户；泰始初年改任太保，不久以本官领司徒，后进位太傅。他因年老屡次请求退位，武帝下诏加他太宰，朝会时可佩剑穿鞋乘舆上殿，并赐钱百万、绢五百匹。此后每次召见，都准他带平日的饮食衣物，让两个儿子随侍。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 为人\n\n《晋书》说他性至孝，闺门整肃，从年少到年长都不好声乐和宠幸；年老后与妻子见面，双方都整衣冠，相敬如宾。司隶校尉傅玄曾著文把他与荀顗并称孝子。然而他性情奢豪，帷帐车服极尽绮丽，膳食滋味超过王者，每次宴见都不吃太官所备的菜，武帝反而命人取他的饭食；他吃蒸饼，上面不裂成十字就不吃，“食日万钱，犹曰无下箸处”。刘毅等人多次弹劾他奢侈无度，武帝因他是重臣，一概不问。都官从事刘享曾上奏他奢华，后来何曾辟刘享为掾，刘享应命，何曾却常因小事杖打他，《晋书》说这就是他外宽内忌的表现。当时司空贾充权势堪比君主，何曾看低贾充却依附他；贾充与庾纯因酒争吵，何曾议事时偏袒贾充而压制庾纯，被正直的人非议。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 去世与谥号\n\n咸宁四年，他去世，享年八十岁。武帝在朝堂穿素服举哀，赐东园秘器、朝服一具、衣一套、钱三十万、布一百匹。商议谥号时，博士秦秀主张谥为“缪丑”，武帝不听，下策书谥为孝；太康末年，儿子何劭自己上表请改谥为元。他有两个儿子，何遵和何劭，何劭继承爵位。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 姓名：何曾[^zhengshi]\n- 字：颍考[^zhengshi]\n- 生卒：199年至279年1月12日[^wikidata]\n- 所属：曹魏、西晋[^wikidata]\n- 衍生形象：[[person_cn_q124732905|何曾]]（《三国演义》人物）", "url": "/people/q10886254.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 199, "display": "199年" }, "death": { "year": 279, "display": "279年" }, "occupations": [ "政治人物" ], "personCategory": "历史人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10891226", "type": "person", "title": "Ruhua", "slug": "ruhua-q10891226", "aliases": [ "入画" ], "summary": "Ruhua is the senior maid of Jia Xichun in Dream of the Red Chamber. When the Grand View Garden was searched, items that Jia Zhen had given to her brother were found hidden by her. Xichun, afraid of being implicated, drove her away despite her pleas, and the book never mentions her fate again.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10891226", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10891226" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "入画（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E7%94%BB" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "Ruhua is a character in the novel Dream of the Red Chamber, the senior maid of Jia Xichun. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled Ruhua, and Wikidata also lists the traditional-character form. The name is the maid's given name and there is no separate personal name, so the heading stays Ruhua. The story is set in the dynasty of the novel, and she is recorded as female.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Driven out of the garden\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia article, when the Grand View Garden was searched, the searchers found that Ruhua had privately kept things that Jia Zhen had given to her brother. Xichun feared being dragged into trouble and felt that she herself had lost face, so she ignored Ruhua's bitter pleading. Wang Xifeng and Madam You spoke up for the maid, but Xichun still drove her away by force. The article adds that the book never mentions her fate again.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Description: character in Dream of the Red Chamber, maid of Xichun[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/ruhua-q10891226.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "literary character" }, { "id": "person_cn_q10891690", "type": "person", "title": "全纪", "slug": "q10891690", "summary": "全纪（？—258年），扬州吴郡钱塘人，三国末年吴国黄门侍郎，全尚之子。他协助父亲讨伐孙𬘭一族，孙亮被孙𬘭废位时自杀。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q10891690", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10891690" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "全纪（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%B4%80" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedAt": "2026-10-25", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "全纪是三国末年东吴的人物。维基数据的中文名写作全紀，中文维基百科的条目名也是全紀，也就是全纪，所以标题仍用姓名。本条记他卒于258年，生年不详，所属是东吴。[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## 生平\n\n中文维基百科介绍说，他是扬州吴郡钱塘人，在吴国任黄门侍郎，是全尚的儿子，母亲是孙𬘭的堂姐。他协助全尚讨伐孙𬘭一族，当孙亮被孙𬘭废黜帝位时，他自杀而死。这条介绍很短，除此之外没有更多他的事迹。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 卒年：258年[^wikidata]\n- 所属：东吴[^wikidata]\n- 衍生形象：[[person_cn_q124661602|全纪]]（《三国演义》人物）", "url": "/people/q10891690.html", "lang": "en", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "death": { "year": 258, "display": "258年" }, "occupations": [ "政治人物" ], "personCategory": "历史人物" } ], "lang": "en", "pagination": { "page": 3, "pageSize": 50, "total": 1914, "pageCount": 39, "prevUrl": "/en/people-2.json?type=person", "nextUrl": "/en/people-4.json?type=person" } }