{
  "contentStorage": "postgres",
  "title": "People",
  "url": "/en/people-5.html",
  "entities": [
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11091288",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Cao Xun",
      "slug": "cao-xun-q11091288",
      "aliases": [
        "曹训"
      ],
      "summary": "Cao Xun (died 249) was a man of Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and younger brother of Cao Shuang in Cao Wei, enfeoffed as Marquis of Wansui Pavilion. Cao Shuang made him general of the guards while he held the regency. After the coup at the Gaoping tombs in 249 Cao Shuang and all his brothers were beheaded for treason, and Cao Xun's three clans were exterminated.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11091288",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091288"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "曹训（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E8%A8%93"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Cao Xun was a figure of Cao Wei. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Cao Xun, in the traditional form of the character xun, and records his death in 249 and his occupation as political figure. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Cao Xun in the simplified form. The two are the same name, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and office\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he was from Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and a younger brother of Cao Shuang, and that he was enfeoffed as Marquis of Wansui Pavilion. After Emperor Cao Fang came to the throne, Cao Shuang took the regency as general-in-chief and appointed Cao Xun general of the guards, with the right to go in and out of the palace.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The coup at the Gaoping tombs\n\nIn the tenth year of Zhengshi (249), Cao Xun went with Cao Shuang and others when Cao Fang visited the Gaoping tombs. Sima Yi took the chance to launch a coup and seized control of Luoyang, and Cao Xun was dismissed. Soon afterwards Cao Shuang and all his brothers were beheaded on a charge of treason, and Cao Xun's three clans were exterminated. The article cites the Wei zhi biography of Cao Shuang as its source.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cao Xun, written with the traditional character in Wikidata[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Death: 249[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Qiao county, commandery of Qiao[^zhwiki]\n- Title: Marquis of Wansui Pavilion[^zhwiki]\n- Kin: son of Cao Zhen, younger brother of Cao Shuang[^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124617455|Cao Xun]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/cao-xun-q11091288.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 249,
        "display": "249"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q110943983",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Gao Qiu",
      "slug": "gao-qiu-shuihu-q110943983-q716202",
      "aliases": [
        "高俅"
      ],
      "summary": "Gao Qiu is a fictional character in Water Margin, holding the rank of grand marshal in the Northern Song. He is also recorded under the forms Grand Marshal Gao and Commander Gao of the Palace Guard. The figure is based on the historical Gao Qiu. This entry rests on Wikidata alone, so only a few facts can be confirmed.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q110943983",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110943983"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 5,
      "body": "Gao Qiu is a figure in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Gao Qiu and describes him as a fictional character in Water Margin, a grand marshal of the Northern Song, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Identity and forms of address\n\nWikidata records him as a character of Water Margin and a grand marshal of the Northern Song, with the occupation of political figure. The same record lists the forms Gao Er, two variant spellings of Gao Qiu, Grand Marshal Gao and Commander Gao of the Palace Guard. The last two are titles of office, not another name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Relation to the historical man\n\nThe novel's figure is based on the historical person [[person_cn_q716202|Gao Qiu]]. This entry covers the figure in the book, and the historical Gao Qiu has an entry of his own.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin, grand marshal of the Northern Song[^wikidata]\n- Other forms: Gao Er, variant spellings of Gao Qiu, Grand Marshal Gao, Commander Gao of the Palace Guard[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/gao-qiu-shuihu-q110943983-q716202.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11096850",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Li Chunxiang",
      "slug": "li-chunxiang-q11096850",
      "aliases": [
        "李春香"
      ],
      "summary": "Li Chunxiang is a fictional character in chapter 57 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the concubine of the attendant gentleman Huang Kui, who is secretly involved with Huang Kui's brother-in-law Miao Ze. At Miao Ze's urging she draws out Huang Kui's plan to kill Cao Cao and tells Miao Ze, who informs Cao Cao, and Huang Kui and Ma Teng are killed. Cao Cao despises Miao Ze for it and has him and Li Chunxiang executed together.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11096850",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11096850"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "李春香（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%98%A5%E9%A6%99"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Li Chunxiang is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives her Chinese label as Li Chunxiang and records her as the concubine of Huang Kui, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Who she is\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says she is the concubine of the attendant gentleman Huang Kui and is secretly involved with Miao Ze, the younger brother of Huang Kui's wife.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The events of chapter 57\n\nIn the novel, Huang Kui has agreed with Ma Teng to kill Cao Cao. He comes home still angry, and when his wife presses him he will not say why. Miao Ze wants Li Chunxiang for himself and has no way to get her. Seeing Huang Kui's anger, Li Chunxiang asks Miao Ze about it, and he tells her to provoke Huang Kui by asking why everyone calls Liu Bei humane and Cao Cao treacherous. That night Huang Kui comes to her room and, drunk, says that what he hates is that he wants to kill Cao Cao and has arranged with General Ma to do it the next day when troops are mustered outside the city. Li Chunxiang tells Miao Ze, and Miao Ze reports it to Cao Cao. Cao Cao makes his dispositions, seizes Huang Kui's whole household, and the next day ambushes Ma Teng outside the city and captures him and his sons. Huang Kui, Ma Teng and Ma Xiu are put to death.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Her end\n\nMiao Ze tells Cao Cao he wants no reward and asks only for Li Chunxiang as his wife. Cao Cao laughs and says that for the sake of one woman he has destroyed his brother-in-law's whole family, and asks what use such a man is. He has Miao Ze and Li Chunxiang beheaded in the market together with Huang Kui's household, and the onlookers sigh. The Chinese Wikipedia article sums this up by saying that Cao Cao saw how base Miao Ze was and had him and Li Chunxiang executed together.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, concubine of Huang Kui[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Han[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]][^zhwiki]",
      "url": "/people/li-chunxiang-q11096850.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11097593",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Li Fu",
      "slug": "li-fu-q11097593",
      "aliases": [
        "李福"
      ],
      "summary": "Li Fu, courtesy name Sunde, was an official of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata records his birth in 195 and his birth place as Mianyang. After Liu Bei took Yi province he served as clerk, magistrate of Xichongguo and magistrate of Chengdu, and in the Jianxing years as grand administrator of Baxi and other posts. On orders he visited the ill Zhuge Liang and carried his last words back to the emperor. He died of illness not long after the first year of Yanxi.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11097593",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11097593"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "李福 (三国)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%A6%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Li Fu was an official of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article use Li Fu as the name, and the article gives his courtesy name as Sunde, so the title stays the personal name. Wikidata records his birth in 195 and his birth place as Mianyang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says his father Li Quan, courtesy name Boyu, was a powerful local figure of Yi province at the end of the Eastern Han and served as magistrate of Linqiong. When Liu Yan was governor of Yi province, he executed Li Quan, Wang Xian and eight other strong local men in order to raise his reputation by severity. Li Fu's son was Li Xiang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Service in Shu\n\nAfter Liu Bei settled Yi province, Li Fu served as clerk, as magistrate of Xichongguo and as magistrate of Chengdu. In the Jianxing years he held the posts of grand administrator of Baxi, inspector of Jiangzhou, general who displays awe, and director of the masters of writing.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Visiting Zhuge Liang\n\nDuring the campaign at Wuzhang Plains, Li Fu was sent by the emperor Liu Shan to visit the sick Zhuge Liang. Before his death Zhuge Liang told him that Jiang Wan should succeed him, with Fei Yi next. When Li Fu asked who came after that, Zhuge Liang did not answer. Li Fu carried the last words back to the emperor and saw them carried out.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Later years and assessment\n\nIn the first year of Yanxi (238) he was army inspector of the front and held the post of marshal under the general-in-chief, and he died of illness soon afterwards, during Jiang Wan's northern campaigns. Yang Xi's Jihan fuchen zan says that Sunde was resolute and keen, and the Yibu qijiu zaji says Li Fu was acute in judgment, decisive, and quick in government work.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Fu[^zhwiki]\n- Courtesy name: Sunde[^zhwiki]\n- Born: 195[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_510700|Mianyang]][^wikidata]\n- Realm: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124586305|Li Fu]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/li-fu-q11097593.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "birth": {
        "year": 195,
        "display": "195"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11098359",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Li Gui",
      "slug": "li-gui-q11098359",
      "aliases": [
        "李鬼"
      ],
      "summary": "Li Gui is a character in chapter 42 of Water Margin, a bandit in Yishui county of Yizhou who passes himself off as Li Kui. Li Kui, on his way down the mountain to fetch his mother, meets him. Li Gui lies that he has a ninety-year-old mother, is spared and given ten taels of silver, but later plots with his wife to poison Li Kui when he lodges at their house. The plot fails and Li Gui is killed. Today Li Gui, set against Li Kui, means a fake or counterfeit.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11098359",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11098359"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "李鬼（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%AC%BC"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Li Gui is a character in Water Margin who appears in chapter 42. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Li Gui, describes him as a fictional character in the novel and records the Great Song as the setting of the work, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Posing as Li Kui\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says Li Gui was originally a bandit in Yishui county of Yizhou who robbed under the name of Li Kui, and he happened to run into the real Li Kui, who had come down the mountain to fetch his old mother. Li Gui falsely claimed to have a mother of ninety. Li Kui spared him and even gave him ten taels of silver.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The failed plot\n\nLater Li Kui unknowingly sought lodging at Li Gui's house. Li Gui and his wife plotted to poison Li Kui and take his money. Li Kui found out, and Li Gui was killed when the plan failed. Li Kui even cut two pieces of flesh from the dead man's leg and roasted them to eat. Li Gui's wife escaped in the confusion. In the county town she recognized Li Kui and, with Squire Cao, reported him to the authorities, and Li Kui was arrested. The brothers Zhu Gui and Zhu Fu rescued him and killed Li Gui's wife, Squire Cao and others.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The word today\n\nThe article adds that the name Li Gui is now used as a word, usually set against Li Kui, to mean a fake or counterfeit.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Great Song[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki]",
      "url": "/people/li-gui-q11098359.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q111027783",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Cai Jing",
      "slug": "cai-jing-shuihu-q111027783-q1146610",
      "aliases": [
        "蔡京"
      ],
      "summary": "Cai Jing is a fictional character in Water Margin who holds the rank of grand preceptor and is also called Grand Preceptor Cai. The figure is based on the historical Cai Jing. This entry rests on Wikidata alone, so only a few facts can be confirmed.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q111027783",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111027783"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Cai Jing is a figure in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Cai Jing and describes him as a character of Water Margin who holds the rank of grand preceptor, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Identity and forms of address\n\nWikidata records him as a character of Water Margin and a grand preceptor, with the occupation of political figure, and lists the further form Grand Preceptor Cai. Grand preceptor is an office, and Grand Preceptor Cai addresses him by that office, so it is not another name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Relation to the historical man\n\nThe novel's figure is based on the historical person [[person_cn_q1146610|Cai Jing]]. This entry covers the figure in the book, and the historical Cai Jing has an entry of his own.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin, grand preceptor[^wikidata]\n- Other form: Grand Preceptor Cai[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/cai-jing-shuihu-q111027783-q1146610.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11105909",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Lin Ruhai",
      "slug": "lin-ruhai-q11105909",
      "aliases": [
        "林如海"
      ],
      "summary": "Lin Ruhai is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and the father of Lin Daiyu. He comes from a noble house that has passed down its title for generations and is also a family of scholars. He passes the imperial examination as tanhua, serves as a grand master of the Lantai office, and is later posted out to Yangzhou as salt censor. His wife Jia Min is a daughter of the Lady Dowager. Their son dies at three, Jia Min dies when Daiyu is six, and he dies of illness when she is ten.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11105909",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11105909"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "林如海（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A6%82%E6%B5%B7"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 5,
      "body": "Lin Ruhai is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and the father of Lin Daiyu. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article use Lin Ruhai as the name. Wikidata also records the variant Lin Hai and the courtesy name Ruhai, but Lin Ruhai is the form in common use in the book, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and career\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he comes from a marquis house that has handed down its noble rank for generations, and is also a family of scholars. He rose through the examinations, placed as tanhua, and served as a grand master of the Lantai office, that is, a supervising censor of the Censorate. He was later posted out to Yangzhou as salt censor.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and death\n\nHis wife Jia Min is a daughter of Jia Daishan of the Rongguo house and of Lady Shi, the Lady Dowager. They had a son and a daughter. The son died young, at three. When their daughter Daiyu was six, Jia Min died of illness. The Lady Dowager pitied her lonely granddaughter and brought Daiyu to the Jia house to be raised. When Daiyu was ten, Lin Ruhai fell gravely ill and died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Lin Ruhai, with the variant Lin Hai and the courtesy name Ruhai[^wikidata]\n- Role: character of Dream of the Red Chamber, father of Lin Daiyu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Offices: grand master of the Lantai office, later salt censor at Yangzhou[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/lin-ruhai-q11105909.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11125437",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Duan Zhixuan",
      "slug": "duan-zhixuan-q11125437",
      "aliases": [
        "段志玄"
      ],
      "summary": "Duan Zhixuan (598–642) was a general of the late Sui and early Tang and one of the twenty-four meritorious officials of the Lingyan Pavilion. He joined Li Yuan's rising, won merit at Tongguan and against Wang Shichong, and stood with Li Shimin in the Xuanwu Gate incident. Under Taizong he rose to general of the left valiant guard, was made Duke of Fan and later Duke of Bao, and died of illness in 642.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11125437",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125437"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "段志玄（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%84"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "新唐书/卷089（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7089"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Duan Zhixuan was a general of the late Sui and early Tang. The New Book of Tang gives him a biography under the name Duan Zhixuan, and Wikidata also uses Duan Zhixuan and records him as born in 598 and dead in 642. The Chinese Wikipedia article says his personal name was Xiong and that he went by his courtesy name, which the New Book of Tang does not mention, so the title stays the familiar Duan Zhixuan.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and youth\n\nThe New Book of Tang says he was a man of Linzi in Qizhou. His father Duan Yanshi served the Sui as a judicial clerk of Taiyuan, later followed the righteous army, and rose to governor of Yingzhou. Zhixuan was tall and imposing, wild when young, and broke the law several times. At the end of the Daye era he stayed in Taiyuan with his father, and his bravery and decisiveness made the local rowdy youths fear him, so Prince of Qin Li Shimin came to know him.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article instead says he came from Zouping in Qizhou, and the birth place recorded by Wikidata is also Zouping, which differs from the Linzi of the New Book of Tang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Wars after the rising\n\nWhen the founder rose, Duan Zhixuan followed with a thousand men and was made head of the troops of the right commander-in-chief's office. He took Huoyi and Jiangjun, attacked the Yongfeng granary and led the assault. He became grand master for splendid happiness of the left. With Liu Wenjing he faced Qutu Tong at Tongguan. When Liu Wenjing was attacked by Sang Xianhe and his army was about to break, Zhixuan led strong cavalry into the enemy, killed a dozen men and, wounded by an arrow, said nothing and kept charging. The enemy fell into disorder and the Tang army recovered. Qutu Tong was beaten and fled, and Zhixuan and the generals overtook and captured him at Chousang, for which he was made general of chariots and horse of the Leyou office.[^zhengshi]\n\nIn the campaign against Wang Shichong he rode deep into the enemy, his horse stumbled, and he was seized. Two horsemen gripped his topknot and were about to cross the Luo River when Zhixuan suddenly leapt up and pulled both men to the ground. He seized a horse and galloped back, and several hundred riders behind him did not dare come close. He also took part in defeating Dou Jiande and settling the eastern capital, and was promoted to second commander of the right in the Prince of Qin's household.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The heir's overtures and Taizong's reign\n\nThe Hidden Heir Li Jiancheng once tried to win him with gold and silk, and he refused. After the Prince of Qin took the throne, he rose to general of the left valiant guard and was made Duke of Fan with real fief of nine hundred households. He was sent to the Qinghai region to seize the Tuyuhun herds, lingered, and was dismissed, but soon returned to office. At the funeral of Empress Wende he and Yuwen Shiji commanded troops guarding the Zhangwu gate. In the night Taizong sent a messenger. Yuwen Shiji opened the door to him, but Zhixuan refused, saying that a military gate is not opened at night. The messenger showed an imperial letter, and Zhixuan answered that he could not make it out in the dark and would not let him in. At dawn the emperor sighed that this was a true general, and that Zhou Yafu could not have done better. He was made Duke of Bao and rose to general who guards the army.[^zhengshi]\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article adds that in the Xuanwu Gate incident of 626 he and Yuchi Jingde and others killed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, that in 637 he became Duke of Bao, that in 640 he was made general who guards the army, and that in the first month of 643 his portrait was painted in the Lingyan Pavilion, in tenth place.[^zhwiki]\n\n## His death\n\nThe New Book of Tang says that when he fell ill in 642 the emperor visited him and said in tears that he would give his son a fifth-rank post. Zhixuan kowtowed and asked that it go to his younger brother by the same mother, so Duan Zhigan was made commander of the left guard. When he died the emperor wept bitterly. He was granted the titles of general who supports the state and governor of Yangzhou, buried beside the Zhao mausoleum, and given the posthumous name Zhuangsu. The book also mentions his third-generation descendant Duan Wenchang.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article records his death in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), says he fell ill from grief at his mother's death and died in his house in the capital at forty-five, and gives the posthumous name as Zhongzhuang. The two sources write the name differently. Wikidata also lists the alternative name Duke Zhonglie.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Duan Zhixuan; the Chinese Wikipedia article gives Xiong as his personal name[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 598–642[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace recorded on this entry: Zouping[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Sui and Tang[^wikidata]\n- Titles: Duke of Fan, later Duke of Bao[^zhengshi]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q11125437_q70784|Duan Zhixuan]] (a character in Journey to the West)",
      "url": "/people/duan-zhixuan-q11125437.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "birth": {
        "year": 598,
        "display": "598"
      },
      "death": {
        "year": 642,
        "display": "642"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11125664",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Yin Qiao",
      "slug": "yin-kaishan-q11125664",
      "aliases": [
        "殷开山"
      ],
      "summary": "Yin Qiao (died 622), known by his courtesy name Kaishan, was from Huxian in Yongzhou and was a general of the late Sui and early Tang and one of the twenty-four meritorious officials of the Lingyan Pavilion. After Li Yuan rose he served in the general's office and followed Prince of Qin Li Shimin against Xue Ju and Wang Shichong, and was made Duke of Yun. He fell ill and died in 622 on the road to fight Liu Heita, and was given the posthumous name Jie.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11125664",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125664"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "殷开山（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E5%BC%80%E5%B1%B1"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "新唐书·卷090（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7090"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Yin Qiao was a general of the late Sui and early Tang whose courtesy name was Kaishan. He went by the courtesy name, and so has long been called Yin Kaishan. The New Book of Tang says that Yin Kaishan, whose given name was Qiao, went by his courtesy name, and the Chinese Wikipedia article likewise says his given name was Qiao and his courtesy name Kaishan. Wikidata labels him Yin Kaishan and lists the alternative names Yin Qiao in traditional and simplified characters, with the English alias Yin Qiao. Kaishan is a courtesy name, not the personal name, so the title uses the personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family and early life\n\nThe New Book of Tang says his family had long lived south of the Yangzi. His grandfather Yin Buhai served the Chen as minister of agriculture, and when the Chen fell the family was moved to Jingzhao and became people of Huxian. Kaishan read widely, wrote letters well, and served the Sui as magistrate of Dagu.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that his grandfather had earlier served the Liang, was taken to Guanzhong when the Western Wei captured Jiangling, and went back south to serve the Chen, while his father Yin Sengshou stayed in Guanzhong and served the Sui as a palace librarian and as marshal to the Prince of Qin. In youth he was known for learning and conduct, served as magistrate of Dagu and then of Shiai, and had a name for good government.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the Tang campaigns\n\nAfter the founder rose, he was summoned to fill a post in the general's office and followed the attack on Xihe, then served as chief secretary to the commander of the Weibei route. The bands of robbers near the capital each held their ground and would not submit, and he was sent to pacify them, and they all yielded. With Liu Hongji he camped at the old city and defeated Wei Wensheng's troops, and was granted the title of Duke of Chenjun and promoted to aide in the chancellor's office.[^zhengshi]\n\nAs vice minister of personnel he followed the Prince of Qin against Xue Ju. The prince fell seriously ill and left the army to Liu Wenjing with orders to avoid battle. Yin Kaishan was eager to win credit and urged Liu Wenjing to fight, and at Zhezhi they were routed. He was handed to the officials and should have been executed, but the court pardoned him and only struck him from the rolls. Soon he followed the defeat of Xue Rengao, regained his title, held the post of minister of war of the Shaanxi circuit secretariat, and was moved to minister of personnel. For his part in the campaign against Wang Shichong he was advanced to Duke of Yun.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Death and honors\n\nThe New Book of Tang says that he fell ill and died on the road during the campaign against Liu Heita. The Prince of Qin wept bitterly, and an edict granted him the post of right vice-director of the Shaanxi grand secretariat and the posthumous name Jie. In the fourteenth year of Zhenguan he was placed with Li Shentong, Li Xiaogong and Liu Zhenghui in the sacrifices in the temple of the founder, and during Yonghui he was further granted the title of minister of works.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article records his death in 622, the fifth year of Wude, and says his name was entered in the Lingyan Pavilion in 643. It gives the year of the temple sacrifices as the fourth year of Zhenguan, which differs from the New Book of Tang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: personal name Qiao; courtesy name Kaishan, by which he was known[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Death: 622[^wikidata]\n- Birthplace: [[place_cn_610118|Huyi District]][^wikidata]\n- Realm: Sui and Tang[^wikidata]\n- Title: Duke of Yun[^zhengshi]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q137948463|Yin Kaishan]] (a character in Journey to the West)",
      "url": "/people/yin-kaishan-q11125664.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 622,
        "display": "622"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11125726",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Yin Hong",
      "slug": "yin-hong-q11125726",
      "aliases": [
        "殷洪"
      ],
      "summary": "Yin Hong is a character of Investiture of the Gods, said to be the second legitimate son of King Zhou of Shang by Empress Jiang and a younger brother of Yin Jiao, with the rank of commandery prince. He is rescued and taught by Chijingzi, but on going down the mountain to help the Zhou he is swayed by Shen Gongbao and fights for the Shang. His teacher captures him with the Taiji diagram and burns him to ashes, and he is later made the spirit of the star of the five grains. Daoism also honors him as a guardian deity, popularly called Little Marshal Yin.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11125726",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125726"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "殷洪（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E6%B4%AA"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Yin Hong is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Yin Hong, describes him as a character of the novel and records the Shang as the dynasty of the setting, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Identity\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says Yin Hong is a well-known guardian deity of Daoism, enfeoffed as Marshal Weili Yade, deputy official of the earth-office Year Star, and popularly called Little Marshal Yin, whose task is to assist his elder brother Yin Jiao. In the myth he is said to be the second legitimate son of King Zhou of Shang, a prince of the Shang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Investiture of the Gods\n\nIn the novel Yin Jiao and Yin Hong are sons of Empress Jiang. Yin Jiao is the crown prince and Yin Hong a commandery prince. After Daji contrives the death of Empress Jiang, the two princes are condemned to death for plotting to kill the king. They ask Huang Feihu for help and are taken out of Chaoge by the brothers Fang Bi and Fang Xiang, but are caught again by Yin Poba and Lei Kai. Before the execution, Guangchengzi saves Yin Jiao and Chijingzi saves Yin Hong. The two immortals meant to raise the princes into helpers of King Wu of Zhou and Jiang Ziya, to help King Wu overthrow the Shang, so they teach them magic and give them divine weapons. Yin Hong receives the purple-ribbon immortal robe, the yin-yang mirror and the water-and-fire blade, and Yin Jiao the sky-turning seal, the soul-dropping bell and the male-and-female swords. The two also swear a terrible oath to raise up the Zhou and conquer the Shang, on pain of a cruel death, and go down the mountain to help King Wu and Jiang Ziya.[^zhwiki]\n\nOn the way Yin Hong meets Shen Gongbao, Jiang Ziya's bitter enemy. Shen Gongbao baits him with family feeling and persuades him to join the Shang camp. Yin Hong's magic is strong and at first troubles the Zhou army badly, but in the end his own teacher Chijingzi captures him with the Taiji diagram. He is burned inside the diagram until his body turns to ashes. After his death he is made the spirit of the star of the five grains.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods, second son of King Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Death year: 1100 BC, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata]\n- Realm of the setting: Shang[^wikidata]\n- Divine posts: Marshal Weili Yade, popularly Little Marshal Yin; in the novel the spirit of the star of the five grains[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^zhwiki]",
      "url": "/people/yin-hong-q11125726.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11125769",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Yin Jiao",
      "slug": "yin-jiao-q11125769",
      "aliases": [
        "殷郊"
      ],
      "summary": "Yin Jiao, also written with a different second character (殷交), is a famed guardian deity of Daoism and said to be the leader of the sixty Tai Sui star lords. In Investiture of the Gods he is the crown prince of King Zhou of Shang, studies the Dao under Guangchengzi, and is sent down the mountain to help the Zhou, but is turned by Shen Gongbao, fights against the Zhou, is defeated by Jiang Ziya and Randeng Daoren, and dies by the plow. He is then made the Tai Sui spirit of the ruling year. His brother is Yin Hong.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11125769",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125769"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "殷郊（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E9%83%8A"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Yin Jiao, also written with a different second character (殷交), is a famed guardian deity of Daoism, said to be the leader of the sixty Tai Sui star lords, and in Investiture of the Gods the crown prince of King Zhou of Shang. Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article both use the name Yin Jiao, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Where the name comes from\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says the name Yin Jiao appears fairly late. The earlier name in the texts is Marshal Yin, found in the Summoning Spell of Marshal Yin in volume five of the Daoist Taishang sandong shenzhou, which dates from between the Song and Yuan. Peng Yuantai's Tianxin disi dafa, with a preface of 1274, in the Daofa huiyuan, gives a long title ending in Yin Jiao and several spells for summoning him, which shows that the Daoist view of Yin Jiao as Tai Sui existed by the late Southern Song at the latest. The Yuan-era Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan by Qin Zijin has a Tai Sui, Marshal Yin, whose account runs to more than 650 characters and mostly resembles Investiture of the Gods, showing that the legend was already formed in the Song. Wikidata also lists the forms Marshal Yin, Heavenly Lord Yin and True Lord of Utmost Virtue.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Yin Jiao in the Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan\n\nIn this book Yin Jiao is the crown prince of King Zhou. His mother conceived him by stepping on a giant's footprint, and he was born as a ball of flesh. Daji proposed that the king throw him out into the wilds, hence the name Jiao, meaning the outskirts. His mother was killed by Daji, and Yin Jiao was carried off by the Daoist Shen and became accomplished under him, gained many treasures, subdued a spirit and a crow general, and killed twelve skeleton spirits. He later helped King Wu of Zhou defeat the Shang and cut down Daji with his own hands. The Jade Emperor made him Roving Envoy of the Earth Office of the Nine Heavens and Marshal of Killing and Authority of the Tai Sui of Utmost Virtue, and he appears as a child with three heads and six arms.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Investiture of the Gods\n\nIn the novel Yin Jiao is the crown prince of the Shang. After his mother Empress Jiang is killed, he is pressed by his stepmother Daji and hunted by the king, and Guangchengzi saves him and takes him to Mount Jiuxian to practice the Dao. When his training is done he goes down the mountain at Guangchengzi's order with treasures such as the sky-turning seal to help King Wu overthrow the Shang. On the way he meets Shen Gongbao, who tells him his brother Yin Hong is dead, and he resolves to avenge his brother, turns against his oath and joins the Shang in attacking King Wu. He is defeated by Jiang Ziya and Randeng Daoren, drawn into Mount Qi, and dies by the plow. When Jiang Ziya prepares the investiture list, Yin Jiao's spirit is made the Tai Sui spirit who rules the year.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Worship\n\nThe article lists temples that worship him. At the Tin Hau temple on Tung Ping Chau and the Hung Shing temple on Cheung Chau in Hong Kong he is a secondary deity as the Tai Sui star lord. In Taiwan some temples make him the main god of a Tai Sui hall and others honor him as a guardian of the Jade Emperor. Many celebrate his birthday on the nineteenth of the seventh lunar month.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: Daoist guardian deity, leader of the Tai Sui; in Investiture of the Gods the crown prince of King Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Variant writing: 殷交, with a different second character[^zhwiki]\n- Death year: 1100 BC, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata]\n- Brother: Yin Hong[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/yin-jiao-q11125769.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "mythological figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q111309829",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Emperor Huizong of Song",
      "slug": "emperor-huizong-song-shuihu-q111309829-q7486",
      "aliases": [
        "宋徽宗"
      ],
      "summary": "Emperor Huizong of Song is a figure in Water Margin, an emperor of the Song in the novel, who is also recorded under the forms Prince Duan and the Daoist Lord Emperor. The figure is based on the historical Emperor Huizong of Song. This entry rests on Wikidata alone, so only a few facts can be confirmed.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q111309829",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111309829"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Emperor Huizong of Song is a figure in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives the Chinese label for this character as Huizong and describes him as a Water Margin character and an emperor of the Song. Huizong is a temple name, not a personal name, and Wikidata gives no personal name for this figure, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata]\n\n## Identity and forms of address\n\nWikidata records him as a character of Water Margin and an emperor of the Song, with the occupation of political figure. The same record lists the forms Prince Duan, Emperor Huizong of Song, Daoist Lord Emperor and Daoist Lord Son of Heaven. Prince Duan is a princely title and the Daoist Lord forms are honorific, so none of them is a name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Relation to the historical man\n\nThe novel's figure is based on the historical person [[person_cn_q7486|Emperor Huizong of Song]]. This entry covers the figure in the book, and the historical emperor has an entry of his own.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin, emperor of the Song[^wikidata]\n- Forms of address: Prince Duan, Emperor Huizong of Song, Daoist Lord Emperor, Daoist Lord Son of Heaven[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/emperor-huizong-song-shuihu-q111309829-q7486.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11143661",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Fa Zhen",
      "slug": "fa-zhen-q11143661",
      "aliases": [
        "法真"
      ],
      "summary": "Fa Zhen (100–188), courtesy name Gaoqing, was from Mei in Fufeng and a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han, son of the Nanjun grand administrator Fa Xiong and grandfather of Fa Zheng of Shu Han. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and drew pupils from afar. He refused every office, including four summonses from Emperor Shun, and his friend Guo Zheng called him a teacher of a hundred generations and had a stele cut naming him Master Xuande. He died at eighty-nine in 188.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11143661",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11143661"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "法真（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%9F"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "后汉书·卷83（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B783"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 4,
      "body": "Fa Zhen was a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han, in its chapter on recluses, calls him Fa Zhen, courtesy name Gaoqing. Wikidata also uses Fa Zhen and records him as born in 100 and dead in 188, so the title stays the personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]\n\n## Family and learning\n\nThe Book of the Later Han says Fa Zhen, courtesy name Gaoqing, with one version writing the second character differently, came from Mei in Fufeng and was a son of Fa Xiong, grand administrator of Nanjun. He loved study and did not confine himself to one school. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and was a great scholar of Guanxi. Several hundred pupils came from afar, among them Fan Ran of Chenliu.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that he was the grandfather of Fa Zheng, a leading minister of Shu Han.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Refusing office\n\nThe Book of the Later Han says he was quiet by nature, had few desires, and did not meddle in other people's affairs. When the grand administrator invited him to an interview, Fa Zhen came in a plain headcloth. The administrator said that Duke Ai of Lu was no worthy ruler, yet Confucius called himself his subject, and he asked Fa Zhen to condescend to serve as officer of merit and help the court. Fa Zhen replied that because he was treated with courtesy he dared to sit at the bottom as a guest, but that if he were to be made a clerk he would go north of the northern hills and south of the southern hills. The administrator was frightened and did not speak of it again. He declined calls from the ministers' offices and nominations as a worthy man.[^zhengshi]\n\nTian Ruo of the same commandery recommended him to the court as a man who mastered the four fields of the Odes, Documents, Rites and Music, deep in learning, content in seclusion, who would not bend for black and crimson silks. Tian Ruo recommended him again when Emperor Shun toured the west. The emperor sincerely wished to bring him in and summoned him four times. Fa Zhen said that since he could not hide his form from the world, why should he drink the water that washed ears, and he withdrew still further and never gave in.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Assessment and death\n\nHis friend Guo Zheng praised him, saying that Fa Zhen's name could be heard but the man himself was hard to meet, that he fled fame and fame followed, avoided fame and fame pursued, and that he could be called a teacher of a hundred generations. Together with the villagers Guo Zheng had a stele cut in his praise and called him Master Xuande. He died of old age at eighty-nine in the fifth year of Zhongping, 188.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article agrees with this account.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Fa Zhen[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Gaoqing[^zhengshi]\n- Honorific: Master Xuande[^zhengshi]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 100–188[^wikidata]\n- Origin: Mei county, Fufeng[^zhengshi]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124334455|Fa Zhen]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/fa-zhen-q11143661.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "birth": {
        "year": 100,
        "display": "100"
      },
      "death": {
        "year": 188,
        "display": "188"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1114786",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Xin Xianying",
      "slug": "xin-xianying-q1114786",
      "aliases": [
        "辛宪英"
      ],
      "summary": "Xin Xianying (191–269) was a daughter of Xin Pi of Cao Wei, an elder sister of Xin Chang and the wife of Yang Dan, known for her shrewd judgment of men and events. She saw misfortune in Cao Pi's joy at becoming heir, advised her brother to do his duty and leave the city with Lu Zhi during the coup at the Gaoping tombs, and foresaw that Zhong Hui would turn against the state on the Shu campaign, and warned her son Yang Xiu. She died in 269 at seventy-nine.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1114786",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114786"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "辛宪英（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%86%B2%E8%8B%B1"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "晋书·卷096（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7096"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 4,
      "body": "Xin Xianying was a woman of Cao Wei known for her intelligence and discernment. The Book of Jin, in its biographies of women, calls her Madam Xin, wife of Yang Dan, with the courtesy name Xianying, and the Chinese Wikipedia article says plainly that her personal name is unknown and that Xianying is a courtesy name. Wikidata records her as born in 191 and dead in 269. The sources give no personal name that can be verified, so the title stays the familiar Xin Xianying.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe Book of Jin says she was a daughter of Xin Pi, palace attendant of Wei, bright and open, with talent and discernment, and that she married Yang Dan. The Book of Jin calls her a woman of Longxi, while the Chinese Wikipedia article says she came from Yangzhai in Yingchuan, so the two sources differ on her origin. Her younger brother Xin Chang served as a staff officer to the general-in-chief Cao Shuang. Her husband Yang Dan rose to minister of ceremonies of Wei, her sons included Yang Jin and Yang Xiu, and her nephew was Yang Hu, later a famous general of the Western Jin.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Seeing the omen in the heir's joy\n\nWhen Cao Pi was made heir, he held Xin Pi by the neck and asked whether he knew how happy he was. Xin Pi told his daughter. Xianying sighed and said that the heir is the one who carries the ancestral temple and the altars for the ruler, that one must grieve in the ruler's place and be wary in managing the state, and that rejoicing where one should grieve could not last, so would Wei not decline?[^zhengshi]\n\n## Advising her brother at the Gaoping coup\n\nWhen Sima Yi moved to kill Cao Shuang, he closed the city gates while Cao Shuang was out with the emperor. Cao Shuang's marshal Lu Zhi broke through with the staff troops and called on Xin Chang to come along. Xin Chang was afraid and asked his sister what to do. Xianying said that events cannot be known beforehand, but by her reckoning the grand tutor had hardly any choice. The late emperor Ming had taken him by the arm and entrusted the future to him, and the courtiers still remembered the words. Cao Shuang and the grand tutor were given the trust together, yet Cao Shuang seized all the power, which was disloyal to the royal house and not upright in human terms, and the grand tutor's move was no more than to kill Cao Shuang. Xin Chang asked whether he should stay in the city. Xianying said how could he not go, since duty to one's post is the great obligation of a person, and to hold the whip for a man and abandon his task is ill-omened. To die for another is the duty of an intimate, and Xin Chang was only following the crowd. He then left the city. Sima Yi did kill Cao Shuang, and afterwards Xin Chang sighed that had he not consulted his sister he would almost have failed in righteousness.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Foreseeing Zhong Hui's ambition\n\nWhen Zhong Hui became general who guards the west, Xianying asked her nephew Yang Hu why Zhong Shiji was marching west. Yang Hu said it was to destroy Shu. She said that Zhong Hui was reckless in office, that this was not the way to serve long under another, and that she feared he had other ambitions. When Zhong Hui was about to go, he asked her son Yang Xiu to be a staff officer. Xianying said with worry that she had once worried for the state, and now the trouble was coming to her own house. Yang Xiu pleaded hard with the emperor, who would not listen. Xianying told her son to go but to take care. The gentleman of old, at home, gave filial service to his parents, and abroad, gave loyalty to the state. In his post he should think of what he is responsible for, when facing right and wrong he should think of his position, and he should not leave his parents anxious. In the army the one thing that could bring him through was kindness and forbearance. Zhong Hui did rebel once he reached Shu, and Yang Xiu came home safe.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Thrift and death\n\nYang Hu once sent her a brocade quilt. She found it too showy and used it turned inside out. The Book of Jin says she died in the fifth year of Taishi at seventy-nine, that is in 269.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article notes that chapter 107 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms also tells of her analysis of Sima Yi's move against Cao Shuang and her urging her brother to do his duty.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Xianying; Xianying is her courtesy name and her personal name is not known[^zhwiki]\n- Dates recorded on this entry: 191–269[^wikidata]\n- Kin: daughter of Xin Pi, sister of Xin Chang, wife of Yang Dan[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n- Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124619339|Xin Xianying]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/xin-xianying-q1114786.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "birth": {
        "year": 191,
        "display": "191"
      },
      "death": {
        "year": 269,
        "display": "269"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11153606",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Demon King of Confusion",
      "slug": "demon-king-confusion-q11153606",
      "aliases": [
        "混世魔王"
      ],
      "summary": "The Demon King of Confusion is a monster in Journey to the West, tall, carrying a great sword, able to ride the clouds, and living in the Shuizang cave of Mount Kanyuan. While Sun Wukong is away learning the arts, he seizes the monkeys of Flower-Fruit Mountain as slaves, and is killed by Sun Wukong on his return, the first monster Sun Wukong defeats. The name is also used for a person of great power who defies all rules.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11153606",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11153606"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "混世魔王（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E4%B8%96%E9%AD%94%E7%8E%8B"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "The Demon King of Confusion is a monster in Journey to the West. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Hunshi Mowang, with the English name Demon King of Confusion and the further alias Sovereign Devil of Confusion, and describes him as a character of that novel. This is the title the book gives the monster, and the cited sources give no personal name, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In Journey to the West\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he is the first monster Sun Wukong defeats. He wields a great sword and can ride the clouds. He is tall, carries the sword, and lives in the Shuizang cave of Mount Kanyuan. While Sun Wukong has left the Water Curtain Cave to learn from the Patriarch Subhuti, the demon king forces the monkeys of Flower-Fruit Mountain to be his slaves and takes some young monkeys and their belongings. Sun Wukong, just back from his studies and about to take back Flower-Fruit Mountain, kills him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In other works\n\nThe article also says that in the Sanbao taijian xiyang ji he fights the Mysterious Lady of the Nine Heavens for seven days and nights on Mount Mojie without either winning, and is finally sealed in a basket by her. The name Demon King of Confusion is today also used of a person of great power who defies all rules and gives others a headache.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Journey to the West, a monster[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Dwelling: the Shuizang cave of Mount Kanyuan[^zhwiki]\n- Weapon: a great sword[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/demon-king-confusion-q11153606.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Journey to the West",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "mythological figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q111660221",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Tong Guan",
      "slug": "tong-guan-shuihu-q111660221-q707756",
      "aliases": [
        "童贯"
      ],
      "summary": "Tong Guan is a fictional character in Water Margin, also recorded under the form Privy Councillor Tong. The figure is based on the historical Tong Guan. This entry rests on Wikidata alone, so only a few facts can be confirmed.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q111660221",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111660221"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 4,
      "body": "Tong Guan is a figure in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label in traditional characters, gives the English name Tong Guan and describes him as a Water Margin character, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Identity and forms of address\n\nWikidata records him as a character of Water Margin, with the occupation of political figure, and lists the simplified spelling of the name and the form Privy Councillor Tong. Privy councillor is an office, and Privy Councillor Tong addresses him by that office, so it is not another name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Relation to the historical man\n\nThe novel's figure is based on the historical person [[person_cn_q707756|Tong Guan]]. This entry covers the figure in the book, and the historical Tong Guan has an entry of his own.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin[^wikidata]\n- Other form: Privy Councillor Tong[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/tong-guan-shuihu-q111660221-q707756.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11174510",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Jin Yuanyang",
      "slug": "yuanyang-q11174510",
      "aliases": [
        "鸳鸯"
      ],
      "summary": "Jin Yuanyang is the senior maid of the Lady Dowager in Dream of the Red Chamber, a household-born slave of the Jia family and the Lady Dowager's trusted right hand. Her brother Jin Wenxiang is the purchasing agent of the Lady Dowager's rooms. When Jia She wants to take her as a concubine she swears she would die before yielding, and she is freed from his pursuit only when the Lady Dowager steps in. In the last forty chapters she hangs herself in despair after the Lady Dowager's death.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11174510",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11174510"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "鸳鸯 (红楼梦)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%B3%E9%B8%AF_(%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Jin Yuanyang is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber. The Chinese Wikipedia article says her surname is Jin and her given name Yuanyang. Wikidata labels her Yuanyang, lists the further form Jin Yuanyang, and gives the English alias Jin Yuanyang, so the title uses the full name with the surname.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Position and family\n\nShe is a household-born slave of the Jia family, one of the senior maids who serve the Lady Dowager, and the Lady Dowager's trusted right hand. Wikidata describes her as the Lady Dowager's maid. The Chinese Wikipedia article describes her with a slender waist, sloping shoulders, an oval face, glossy black hair, a high nose, and a few light freckles on her cheeks. Her parents look after the Jia house in Nanjing, her brother Jin Wenxiang is the purchasing agent of the Lady Dowager's rooms, and her sister-in-law heads the laundry there.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Refusing Jia She\n\nIn the novel, Jia She wants to take Yuanyang as a concubine, and she flatly refuses. He insists and sends Lady Xing and Yuanyang's brother and sister-in-law to persuade and press her. She will not give way and swears that, not to speak of Baoyu, even Precious Gold, Precious Heavenly King or Precious Emperor, she will simply never marry. In chapter 46 she shows the Lady Dowager her resolve to die, saying that even if the Lady Dowager herself forced her, she would cut her throat with a knife before she obeyed. The Lady Dowager then steps in and frees her from Jia She's pursuit. Jia She says angrily that she must find him old and be in love with the young masters, and that he will submit only if she dies or never marries.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Her end and the verses\n\nIn the last forty chapters written by Gao E, after the Lady Dowager dies Yuanyang hangs herself in despair, and before dying her spirit meets the departed spirit of Qin Keqing of the twelve beauties of Jinling. The Chinese Wikipedia article also says that although she is an important female figure of the novel, she has no verse in the registers, like Ping'er.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Jin Yuanyang, with the surname Jin and given name Yuanyang[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n- Role: character of Dream of the Red Chamber, senior maid of the Lady Dowager[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Family: brother Jin Wenxiang; sister-in-law in charge of laundry in the Lady Dowager's rooms[^zhwiki]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/yuanyang-q11174510.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q111747615",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Li Shishi",
      "slug": "li-shishi-shuihu-q111747615-q6539077",
      "aliases": [
        "李师师"
      ],
      "summary": "Li Shishi is a character in Water Margin whom Wikidata describes as a courtesan of Bianjing, and who is also recorded under the form Li Xingshou. The figure is based on the historical Li Shishi. This entry rests on Wikidata alone, so only a few facts can be confirmed.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q111747615",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111747615"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Li Shishi is a figure in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives her Chinese label in traditional characters, gives the English name Li Shishi, and describes her as a Water Margin character and a courtesan of Bianjing, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Identity and forms of address\n\nWikidata records her as a character of Water Margin whose description places her in Bianjing, and lists the simplified spelling of her name and the form Li Xingshou. Li Xingshou is an alternative form, and the record gives no other personal name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Relation to the historical woman\n\nThe novel's figure is based on the historical person [[person_cn_q6539077|Li Shishi]]. This entry covers the figure in the book, and the historical Li Shishi has an entry of her own.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Water Margin, a courtesan of Bianjing[^wikidata]\n- Other form: Li Xingshou[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/li-shishi-shuihu-q111747615-q6539077.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11175285",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Sheyue",
      "slug": "sheyue-q11175285",
      "aliases": [
        "麝月"
      ],
      "summary": "Sheyue is a maid at Jia Baoyu's side in Dream of the Red Chamber, second only to Xiren in the Yihong Court, honest and steady in manner. In chapter 63 she draws the tuMi flower lot, which hints that after the fall of the Jia family she will be the last maid left beside Baoyu and Baochai. After Baoyu becomes a monk only she and Baochai remain to depend on each other, a sad end that moves the commentators.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11175285",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11175285"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "麝月（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%9D%E6%9C%88"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 4,
      "body": "Sheyue is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and a maid of Jia Baoyu. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article use Sheyue, and the cited sources give neither a surname nor another name for her, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Her place in the Yihong Court\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says Sheyue is a maid at Jia Baoyu's side and ranks second only to Xiren in the Yihong Court. She is honest and steady, and seems like another Xiren.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The lot and her end\n\nIn the drinking game of chapter 63, Sheyue draws the tuMi flower lot, which reads that the flower's finest days are past and that when tuMi blooms the flower season is over. The article says that by this hint, after the Jia family falls, Sheyue will be the last maid to remain beside Baoyu and Baochai. As support it cites a comment by Zhiyan zhai at chapter 20 that after Xiren marries away, she should by all means keep Sheyue. After Baoyu leaves to become a monk, only Sheyue and Baochai are left to depend on each other, which the article calls a very sad end, and the commentators on the manuscript feel pity for her. The article adds that the hint of chapter 63 points to her sad end, but the continuing author did not notice it.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Sheyue[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: character of Dream of the Red Chamber, maid of Jia Baoyu[^wikidata]\n- Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/sheyue-q11175285.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Dream of the Red Chamber",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11176387",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Huang Wenbing",
      "slug": "huang-wenbing-q11176387",
      "aliases": [
        "黄文炳"
      ],
      "summary": "Huang Wenbing is a fictional character in Water Margin, an idle assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou, capable but narrow-minded, fawning on the powerful and spiteful, nicknamed Wasp Sting. When he finds the rebellious poem Song Jiang wrote at Xunyang Tower he reports it eagerly, and he sees through the false letter carried by Dai Zong and urges that both men be executed, until the Liangshan band raids the execution ground and rescues them. Song Jiang then takes revenge, and Zhang Shun captures him alive and he is put to death.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11176387",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11176387"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "黄文炳 (水浒传)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%96%87%E7%82%B3_(%E6%B0%B4%E6%BB%B8%E5%82%B3)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Huang Wenbing is a fictional character in Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Huang Wenbing in traditional characters, records his nickname Wasp Sting, and lists the form Assistant Prefect Huang. The nickname and the office are not names, so the title stays Huang Wenbing.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Who he is\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia article says he is an idle assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou, capable but narrow-minded, fawning on the powerful, harsh and spiteful, nicknamed Wasp Sting. Wikidata records him as a fictional character of Water Margin with the occupation of political figure and the Great Song as the setting.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Denouncing Song Jiang\n\nHe is set on rising in the world. When he finds the rebellious poem Song Jiang wrote at Xunyang Tower, he sees a chance not to be missed and reports it, hoping to use Song Jiang's head as his step to promotion, and he schemes to bring Song Jiang to his death. He also sees through the false letter carried by Dai Zong, and advises Cai Dezhang to execute both men on the charge of inventing wild rumors and colluding with bandits. The Liangshan heroes then raid the execution ground and rescue the two.[^zhwiki]\n\n## His end\n\nSong Jiang, angry that Huang Wenbing, who had no grievance against him, was bent on killing him, joined Chao Gai and other Liangshan heroes to burn his house, and of his whole family only his elder brother Huang Wenhua, kind-hearted and nicknamed Buddha Huang, was spared. Huang Wenbing himself, hurrying back in alarm, was captured alive by Zhang Shun and put to death by slow slicing at the hand of Li Kui. The article also lists the thirty men who took part, thirteen from Jiangzhou and seventeen from Liangshan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: fictional character of Water Margin, assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Nickname: Wasp Sting; form of address: Assistant Prefect Huang[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Realm of the setting: Great Song[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/huang-wenbing-q11176387.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11177289",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Huang Tianhua",
      "slug": "huang-tianhua-q11177289",
      "aliases": [
        "黄天化"
      ],
      "summary": "Huang Tianhua is the eldest son of Huang Feihu in Investiture of the Gods and a disciple of the Perfected Lord of Pure Void. Taken as a pupil at three, he comes down the mountain at sixteen to help his father, kills the Four Generals of the Mo family with his heart-piercing nails, and becomes a commander of Xiqi. On the eastern campaign he is killed by Gao Jineng at Jinji Ridge, and after death is made Lord Bingling, in charge of the three mountains.",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11177289",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11177289"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "黄天化（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%A4%A9%E5%8C%96"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Huang Tianhua is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Huang Tianhua, describes him as a character of the novel, and lists the alternative names Lord Bingling in two spellings. The title stays the personal name, and Lord Bingling is the divine post he is given after death.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Origins and training\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of characters of the novel says Huang Tianhua is the eldest son of Huang Feihu and a disciple of the Perfected Lord of Pure Void. At three, while playing in the rear garden, he was taken away by the Perfected Lord and made his pupil, and Huang Feihu knew nothing of it beforehand.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Coming down the mountain to help his father\n\nWhen Huang Tianhua was sixteen, Huang Feihu rebelled against Chaoge because Daji had brought about the deaths of his wife and sister, and was struck dead on the road by the Tongguan commander Chen Tong with a fire-dragon dart, so the Perfected Lord sent Huang Tianhua down the mountain to help his father. Hearing of his mother's sad fate, he swore to go to Chaoge to avenge her. He took in Chen Tong's fire-dragon dart with a flower basket, cut Chen Tong down, and returned to report to his teacher. When the Xiqi army was fighting the Four Generals of the Mo family he came down again, but after coming down he broke the vegetarian rule and exchanged his Daoist robe for a warrior's dress. These two acts shortened his fate, and he lost to Mo Liqing of the four. His teacher luckily saved him with an elixir and gave him a treasure, the heart-piercing nails. He came down once more, killed the Four Generals, and became one of the commanders of Xiqi.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Appearance and temper\n\nThe list says he is nine chi tall, with a face like mutton fat, rides a jade qilin, and fights with two silver hammers. He is fierce by temper. On first coming down he did not know that his mother had been killed by King Zhou, assumed his father had left her behind in his flight, and called his father cruel without asking. After being hurt by Deng Chanyu's five-light stones, and again after being captured by Tu Xingsun, he quarreled with Nezha, who had suffered the same.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death and investiture\n\nOn the eastern campaign the Perfected Lord of Pure Void saw that his path was likely to end badly, and told him not to fight any enemy general whose name contained gao or neng, and to avoid golden roosters and wasps, but he did not take it in. When the army reached Jinji Ridge, held by Kong Xuan, commander of Yuansan Pass, he charged first and killed Kong Xuan's officer Chen Geng, his first and last victory. Jiang Ziya could not beat Kong Xuan and planned a night raid. During it, Huang Tianhua's mount was stung by the wasps that the enemy general Gao Jineng released, he fell, and Gao Jineng speared him to death. After death he is made Lord Bingling, in charge of the three mountains of Fangzhang, Penglai and Yingzhou.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods, eldest son of Huang Feihu[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Teacher: the Perfected Lord of Pure Void[^zhwiki]\n- Divine post: Lord Bingling, also spelled in a second form[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Younger brothers: Huang Tianlu, Huang Tianjue, Huang Tianxiang[^zhwiki]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata]",
      "url": "/people/huang-tianhua-q11177289.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Investiture of the Gods",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11180804",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Gong Qi",
      "slug": "gong-qi-q11180804",
      "aliases": [
        "龚起"
      ],
      "summary": "Gong Qi is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, an auxiliary general of Shu Han. In chapter 97 he is killed by the Wei general Wang Shuang, and Wikidata records his death as 228.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11180804",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180804"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "龚起（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%94%E8%B5%B7"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Gong Qi is a fictional character from the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Wikidata classes him as a Shu Han military officer. The Chinese name on this entry is 龚起 (traditional form 龔起), so the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Place in the novel\n\nThe Chinese Wikipedia list of fictional Three Kingdoms characters places him in chapter 97, describing him as a junior Shu general killed by the Wei general Wang Shuang. The list gives only this short note and no home place, courtesy name, or further career.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Gong Qi (龚起)[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Han officer[^wikidata]\n- Death year recorded on this entry: 228[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/gong-qi-q11180804.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 228,
        "display": "228"
      },
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1120512",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Huangfu Song",
      "slug": "huangfu-song-q1120512",
      "aliases": [
        "皇甫嵩"
      ],
      "summary": "Huangfu Song (died 195), courtesy name Yizhen, was a Late Han general from Chaona in Anding and a nephew of the general Huangfu Gui. He helped suppress the Yellow Turban rising, killing Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, and later survived Dong Zhuo's seizure of power before dying of illness during Li Jue's revolt.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1120512",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120512"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "皇甫嵩（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E7%94%AB%E5%B5%A9"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "后汉书·卷71（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B771"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Huangfu Song was a general of the late Eastern Han. Book of the Later Han, juan 71, gives his courtesy name as Yizhen and calls him a man of Chaona in Anding, nephew of the general Huangfu Gui; his father Huangfu Jie was grand administrator of Yanmen. Wikidata uses the same name and records his death as 195.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]\n\n## Early life\n\nThe history says he had literary and martial ambitions from youth, loved the Odes and Documents, and trained in archery and riding. He was recommended as filial and incorrupt and as a flourishing talent, and was summoned by the grand commandant Chen Fan and the general-in-chief Dou Wu, but never took up either post. Emperor Ling later summoned him as a palace counselor and then made him grand administrator of Beidi.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Suppressing the Yellow Turbans\n\nZhang Jue, calling himself the Great Worthy Teacher, healed with charmed water and gathered hundreds of thousands of followers in thirty-six divisions. When they rose together in the first year of Zhongping the capital was shaken. Huangfu Song advised lifting the ban on partisans and giving the imperial privy funds and western-garden horses to the troops. The emperor agreed and made him General of the Left with credentials, who with Zhu Jun, General of the Right, led separate armies against the Yellow Turbans of Yingchuan. Zhu Jun was beaten first by Bo Cai, and Huangfu Song fell back to Changshe, where he was surrounded. Seeing that the rebels camped among grass, he waited for a night wind, had his men light torches on the walls and sent picked troops outside to set fires and shout. The rebels were thrown into confusion, and Cao Cao, then a cavalry commandant, arrived with troops at that moment. The three joined forces and won, and Huangfu Song was made Marquis of Duxiang. With Zhu Jun he then cleared Runan and Chen and captured Bu Ji at Cangting.[^zhengshi]\n\nHe was then ordered to take over from Lu Zhi and Dong Zhuo, who had achieved nothing against Zhang Jue. At Guangzong he could not at first beat Zhang Liang's picked troops, so he closed his camp and rested the men, then attacked at cockcrow once the enemy relaxed and killed Zhang Liang. Zhang Jue had already died of illness, so he had the coffin opened and the body mutilated and sent the head to the capital. With Guo Dian, grand administrator of Julu, he also killed Zhang Bao at Xiaquyang. He was made General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Left, governor of Ji Province and Marquis of Huaili with eight thousand households.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Relief and refusal\n\nHe asked that Ji Province be excused a year's land tax to feed the hungry, and people sang that thanks to Huangfu they could live in peace again. He treated his soldiers gently and would not enter his own tent on the march until the camp was set up. The magistrate Yan Zhong urged him to seize power, but he refused, saying he would keep to the duty of a subject.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Chencang and Dong Zhuo\n\nHe had earlier asked to confiscate a house of the palace attendant Zhao Zhong that exceeded the permitted size and refused Zhang Rang's request for fifty million cash. The two accused him of fighting many battles without result, and his seals as General of the Left were taken and six thousand households cut. In the fifth year of Zhongping Wang Guo besieged Chencang, and he was restored as General of the Left, supervising Dong Zhuo with two armies of twenty thousand each. Dong Zhuo wanted to relieve the town quickly, but Huangfu Song judged the walls strong and waited. After eighty days the siege failed, and he attacked the retreating army and defeated it. Dong Zhuo came to hate him for it.[^zhengshi]\n\nLater, when Dong Zhuo was appointed governor of Bing Province and refused to hand over his troops, Huangfu Song's nephew Huangfu Li urged him to move against Dong Zhuo, but he preferred to report to the court. In the first year of Chuping Dong Zhuo summoned him as colonel of the city gates. His aide Liang Yan advised against going, yet he went and was jailed. His son Huangfu Jianshou pleaded with Dong Zhuo at a banquet, bowing and weeping, and Dong Zhuo released him; he became palace counselor and then censor.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Later years\n\nAfter Dong Zhuo's death he became General Who Campaigns in the West and then General of Chariots and Cavalry, was made grand commandant that autumn and dismissed in winter over a meteor omen, and then served as grandee of splendid happiness and grand master of ceremonies. Soon after Li Jue's rising he died of illness and was granted the seals of General of Agile Cavalry. The history describes him as careful and diligent, with more than five hundred useful memorials, all written by hand and the drafts destroyed.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Huangfu Song[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Yizhen[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Chaona in Anding; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_640425|Pengyang County]][^wikidata]\n- Death year recorded on this entry: 195[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123579555|Huangfu Song]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/huangfu-song-q1120512.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 195,
        "display": "195"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q112243952",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Liu Guangshi",
      "slug": "liu-guangshi-shuihu-q112243952-q10899435",
      "aliases": [
        "刘光世"
      ],
      "summary": "Liu Guangshi is a character in Water Margin. Wikidata describes him as a Song-dynasty general in the novel and links him to the historical Liu Guangshi as his model; the novel's character is also known as Dudu Liu.[^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q112243952",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112243952"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 5,
      "body": "Liu Guangshi is a character in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 刘光世 (traditional form 劉光世) and describes him as a Water Margin character and a Song-dynasty general, so the title stays as his personal name. Wikidata also records the form of address Dudu Liu.[^wikidata]\n\n## Portrayal\n\nThis entry records the figure in the novel, not the historical man himself. Wikidata states that the Liu Guangshi of Water Margin is modelled on the historical person [[person_cn_q10899435|Liu Guangshi]]. The entry does not cover the character's episodes and carries no birth or death dates.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Guangshi[^wikidata]\n- Role: Water Margin character, Song-dynasty general[^wikidata]\n- Form of address: Dudu Liu (Commander Liu)[^wikidata]\n- Model: [[person_cn_q10899435|Liu Guangshi]]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]]",
      "url": "/people/liu-guangshi-shuihu-q112243952-q10899435.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q112410455",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Wang Bing",
      "slug": "wang-bing-shuihu-q112410455-q16906161",
      "aliases": [
        "王禀"
      ],
      "summary": "Wang Bing is a character in Water Margin. Wikidata describes him as a Song army general in the novel and links him to the historical Wang Bing as his model.[^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q112410455",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112410455"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 5,
      "body": "Wang Bing is a character in the novel Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 王禀 (traditional form 王稟) and his English label as Wang Bing, and describes him as a Water Margin character and a Song army general, so the title stays as his personal name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Portrayal\n\nThis entry records the figure in the novel, not the historical man himself. Wikidata states that the Wang Bing of Water Margin is modelled on the historical person [[person_cn_q16906161|Wang Bing]]. The entry does not cover the character's episodes and carries no birth or death dates.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wang Bing[^wikidata]\n- Role: Water Margin character, Song army general[^wikidata]\n- Model: [[person_cn_q16906161|Wang Bing]]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]]",
      "url": "/people/wang-bing-shuihu-q112410455-q16906161.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in Water Margin",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11248659",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Shi Zuan",
      "slug": "shi-zuan-q11248659",
      "aliases": [
        "师纂"
      ],
      "summary": "Shi Zuan (died 264) was a Cao Wei general who served as Sima Zhao's chief clerk and later joined Deng Ai's invasion of Shu. He helped defeat Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu, was given Yi Province after Shu fell, and was killed in 264 together with Deng Ai.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11248659",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248659"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "师纂（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E7%BA%82"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Shi Zuan was a general of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata lists his occupations as politician and military officer and gives his death as the fifth year of Jingyuan in Wei (264). Chinese Wikipedia uses the same name for its article, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Sent to Deng Ai\n\nChinese Wikipedia says he began as chief clerk to Sima Zhao. When Deng Ai opposed the plan to attack Shu, Sima Zhao moved Shi Zuan to be Deng Ai's marshal in order to persuade him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The conquest of Shu\n\nIn the sixth year of Jingyao (263) Deng Ai sent his son Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan to attack Zhuge Zhan's Shu army from the two flanks. The Wei troops at first did badly, and Deng Ai angrily said he would execute Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan, ordering them to fight again to make up for it. They then broke the Shu army and killed Zhuge Zhan together with the palace secretary Zhang Zun, Huang Chong and Li Qiu, commander of the right feathered forest. Wei took Mianzhu and pushed straight on to Chengdu. After Shu fell, Deng Ai had Shi Zuan take charge of Yi Province, while Niu Hong, grand administrator of Longxi, and others took charge of the other commanderies of Shu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death with Deng Ai\n\nThe same article says Zhong Hui, Hu Lie and Shi Zuan sent Sima Zhao a secret report that Deng Ai was arrogant about his merits and meant to rebel, and Sima Zhao had Zhong Hui put Deng Ai in a prisoner cart and send him back. In the fifth year of Jingyuan (264) Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei died in their revolt. Wei Guan, fearing trouble because he had joined Zhong Hui in accusing Deng Ai, sent Tian Xu and others after Deng Ai. They caught him west of Mianzhu and killed Deng Ai, Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan among others. It is said that Shi Zuan's body was badly mutilated when he died.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Shi Zuan[^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: fifth year of Jingyuan in Wei (264)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: politician and military officer[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124652835|Shi Zuan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/shi-zuan-q11248659.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 264,
        "display": "264"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11250769",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Xue Lan",
      "slug": "xue-lan-q11250769",
      "aliases": [
        "薛兰"
      ],
      "summary": "Xue Lan (died 195) was a late Eastern Han figure who served as a Yan Province aide before joining Chen Gong and Zhang Miao in welcoming Lü Bu against Cao Cao. In 195 he was camped at Juye with Li Feng when Cao Cao's forces defeated and killed him.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11250769",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11250769"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "薛兰（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%98%AD"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Xue Lan was a figure of the late Eastern Han. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 薛兰 (traditional form 薛蘭) and his English label as Xue Lan, and records his death in the second year of Xingping (195). Chinese Wikipedia uses the same name for its article, so the title stays unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Background\n\nChinese Wikipedia calls him a political figure and military man of the late Eastern Han who served as a Yan Province assistant. In the proscription of partisans, Zhu Bing denounced Zhang Jian and twenty-three others for forming a faction and listed the Eight Eminent, Eight Good, and Eight Leaders; Xue Lan is named among the Eight Eminent with Zhang Jian, Tan Bin, Chu Feng, Zhang Su, Feng Xi, Wei Xuan and Xu Qian. The article adds that this list differs from the lists of the Three Lords, Eight Eminent and others in the Book of the Later Han.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Welcoming Lü Bu and his end\n\nIn the first year of Xingping (194) he answered the plans of Chen Gong and Zhang Miao and joined them in secretly welcoming Lü Bu and rising against Cao Cao, becoming a general under Lü Bu. Li Dian's uncle Li Qian refused to follow Xue Lan and Li Feng in betraying Cao Cao for Lü Bu, and Xue Lan and his associates killed him. In the second year (195) Xue Lan and Li Feng were camped at Juye when Cao Cao attacked. Li Qian's son Li Zheng led troops to avenge his father and, with Cao Cao's generals, broke them, and Xue Lan was killed by Cao Cao's forces.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nChinese Wikipedia names his father as Xue Yan, chancellor of Donghai, and his son as Xue Yong, courtesy name Maochang, who joined Liu Bei after his father's death, went with him into Shu and became grand administrator of Shu Commandery. His grandson Xue Qi, courtesy name Yifu, became grand administrator of Ba and Shu commanderies under Shu Han, surrendered to Wei after Shu fell, and his line was known as the Xue of Shu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xue Lan[^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: second year of Xingping, Eastern Han (195)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123735356|Xue Lan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/xue-lan-q11250769.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 195,
        "display": "195"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11254972",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Xin Ming",
      "slug": "xin-ming-q11254972",
      "aliases": [
        "辛明"
      ],
      "summary": "Xin Ming is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and a subordinate general of Yuan Shao. In the Guandu campaign, after Cao Cao's raid on Wuchao and a rumor he spread, Yuan Shao sent Xin Ming with 50,000 men to relieve Liyang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11254972",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11254972"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "辛明 (三国演义)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%98%8E_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Xin Ming is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a general under Yuan Shao, set in the Han dynasty and working as a military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article is also titled Xin Ming, so the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Role in the Guandu campaign\n\nChinese Wikipedia gives him a single passage. After Cao Cao's raid on Wuchao succeeded, he followed Xun You's plan and spread a rumor that one of his forces was attacking Ye and another Liyang to cut off Yuan Shao's retreat. Yuan Shao was alarmed and hurriedly sent Yuan Tan with 50,000 men to relieve Ye and Xin Ming with 50,000 men to relieve Liyang, and both set out that night. Cao Cao saw this and led his main army straight at Yuan Shao's main camp, winning a great victory, and the battle of Guandu ended in his favor.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xin Ming[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, general under Yuan Shao[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/xin-ming-q11254972.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11258798",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Yang Ren",
      "slug": "q11258798",
      "summary": "Yang Ren (2nd century – 215) was a general under Zhang Lu in Hanzhong at the end of the Eastern Han. In 215, after Cao Cao's attack on Zhang Lu at Yangping Pass, he was killed by Cao Cao's forces.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11258798",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11258798"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "杨任 (三国)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E4%BB%BB_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 7,
      "body": "Yang Ren was a military man at the end of the Eastern Han who served Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Wikidata records him as born in the 2nd century and dead in the twentieth year of Jian'an (215), with the occupation of military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article is also titled Yang Ren, so the Chinese title stays as his personal name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## The fight at Yangping Pass\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the twentieth year of Jian'an Cao Cao attacked Zhang Lu and reached Yangping Pass in the seventh month of autumn. Zhang Lu secretly sent his brother Zhang Wei and Yang Ang to hold the pass. Cao Cao could not take it and feigned a retreat. Zhang Wei and the others took the withdrawal as a heavy blow to Cao Cao's army and relaxed their guard. Learning this, Cao Cao secretly sent his officers Xie Xiu and Gao Zuo to attack the pass at night, and they broke it. Zhang Lu fled to Bazhong, and Yang Ren was killed by Cao Cao's troops.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms\n\nThe article adds that in the novel Yang Ren fights the Wei general Xiahou Yuan for more than thirty bouts without a result. Xiahou Yuan feigns defeat, Yang Ren chases him, and Xiahou Yuan kills him with a trailing-blade stroke. This is the novel's account and differs from the historical summary above.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yang Ren[^wikidata]\n- Dates: 2nd century to the twentieth year of Jian'an in Eastern Han (215)[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124356184|Yang Ren]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/q11258798.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 215,
        "display": "215年"
      },
      "occupations": [
        "武将"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "三国",
      "personCategory": "历史人物"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11264083",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Wei Zi",
      "slug": "wei-zi-q11264083",
      "aliases": [
        "卫兹"
      ],
      "summary": "Wei Zi (died 190), courtesy name Zixu, was a Late Han man from Xiangyi in Chenliu who was recommended as filial and incorrupt. In 189 he helped Cao Cao raise troops with his own wealth, and he was killed in the fighting at Xingyang against Dong Zhuo.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11264083",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11264083"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "卫兹（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E8%8C%B2"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Wei Zi was a figure of the late Eastern Han. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Zixu, says he came from Xiangyi in Chenliu, and notes that he was recommended as filial and incorrupt. Wikidata gives the Chinese label 卫兹 (traditional form 衛茲) and the English label Wei Zi, and records his death in the first year of Chuping (190). The title therefore stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Backing Cao Cao\n\nIn the sixth year of Zhongping (189) he used his family wealth to support Cao Cao's rising. He helped Cao Cao gather more than five thousand men, which gave him his first real fighting force and let him raise troops at Jiwu.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Against Dong Zhuo\n\nHe then followed Zhang Miao and Cao Cao in the campaign against Dong Zhuo and was killed in the fighting at Xingyang. Chinese Wikipedia also points out that Romance of the Three Kingdoms wrongly writes his name as Wei Hong.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe same article names his son as Wei Zhen, an official of the late Han and Cao Wei who rose to minister over the masses; his grandsons as Wei Lie, Wei Jing and Wei Kai; and his great-grandson Wei Quan, who was a secretary of the masters of writing under Emperor Hui of Jin.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wei Zi[^wikidata]\n- Courtesy name: Zixu[^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Xiangyi, Chenliu[^zhwiki]\n- Death recorded on this entry: first year of Chuping, Eastern Han (190)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q15951810|Wei Zi]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/wei-zi-q11264083.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 190,
        "display": "190"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11264541",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Liu Fu",
      "slug": "liu-fu-q11264541",
      "aliases": [
        "柳甫"
      ],
      "summary": "Liu Fu (2nd century – 238), also written Liu Pu, was censor-in-chief to Gongsun Yuan, the self-proclaimed King of Yan in Liaodong. He was sent with Wang Jian to ask Sima Yi to lift the siege and was executed by him. Wikidata gives his death as 239, one year later than Chinese Wikipedia.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11264541",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11264541"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "柳甫（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E7%94%AB"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Liu Fu served Gongsun Yuan, the self-proclaimed King of Yan in Liaodong, as censor-in-chief in the Three Kingdoms period. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Liu Fu and says the name is also written Liu Pu. Wikidata uses the same Chinese label with the English label Liu Fu, so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Sent to Sima Yi\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the first year of Jingchu under Emperor Ming of Wei (237) Gongsun Yuan declared himself King of Yan and took the era name Shaohan. In the second year of Shaohan (238) Sima Yi led an army against him and defeated him. In the eighth month Gongsun Yuan sent his chancellor Wang Jian and his censor-in-chief Liu Fu to ask Sima Yi to lift the siege and withdraw, promising that ruler and ministers would bind themselves and surrender if he agreed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Execution\n\nSima Yi had the envoys beheaded and sent Gongsun Yuan a proclamation saying that he was a senior duke of the Son of Heaven, that Wang Jian and Liu Fu had been discourteous in asking him to lift the siege and retire, and that the two old and muddled men had already been killed.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Differing death years\n\nChinese Wikipedia gives his life as the 2nd century to 238, while Wikidata records his death in 239. The two differ by a year, and nothing on this entry decides between them, so both are given.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Liu Fu, also written Liu Pu[^zhwiki]\n- Office: censor-in-chief to Gongsun Yuan[^zhwiki]\n- Dates: 2nd century to 238 (Chinese Wikipedia); death in 239 (Wikidata)[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124615203|Liu Fu]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/liu-fu-q11264541.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 239,
        "display": "239"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11265916",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Li Feng",
      "slug": "q11265916",
      "summary": "Li Feng (died 195) was a general and chief clerk under Lü Bu at the end of the Eastern Han. In 195 he and Xue Lan were camped at Juye, and after they had Li Qian killed, Li Qian's son Li Zheng joined Cao Cao's generals and killed them both.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11265916",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11265916"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "李封（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%B0%81"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Li Feng was a general under Lü Bu at the end of the Eastern Han. Chinese Wikipedia titles its article Li Feng, and Wikidata uses the same Chinese label, so the title stays as his personal name. The article records his office as chief clerk (zhizhong) and his death in the second year of Xingping (195); Wikidata lists his occupations as politician and military officer.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Defeat at Juye\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the second year of Xingping (195), while Cao Cao and Lü Bu were fighting each other, Li Feng and Xue Lan were camped at Juye. They called on Cao Cao's officer Li Qian to defect, and Li Qian, unwilling to submit to Lü Bu, was killed. Li Qian's son Li Zheng led troops to avenge his father and, together with Cao Cao's generals, killed Li Feng and Xue Lan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Li Feng[^wikidata]\n- Office: general under Lü Bu, chief clerk[^zhwiki]\n- Death recorded on this entry: second year of Xingping, Eastern Han (195)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: politician and military officer[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123735401|Li Feng]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/q11265916.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 195,
        "display": "195年"
      },
      "occupations": [
        "政治人物",
        "武将"
      ],
      "personCategory": "历史人物"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11268555",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Zixu Shangren",
      "slug": "zixu-shangren-q11268555",
      "aliases": [
        "紫虚上人"
      ],
      "summary": "Zixu Shangren is a fictional Daoist in Romance of the Three Kingdoms who lives on Jinping Mountain in Yi Province and can foretell people's fates. When Liu Bei attacked Yi Province, Liu Gui and others consulted him on the way, and he wrote eight lines hinting at Pang Tong's death and Zhuge Liang's pacification of Yi.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11268555",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11268555"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "紫虚上人（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%99%9B%E4%B8%8A%E4%BA%BA"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Zixu Shangren is a fictional figure in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a Daoist of Jinping Mountain, set in the Han dynasty. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled Zixu Shangren and lists variants such as Zixu Shanren. Shangren is a respectful term for a religious practitioner, and the sources give no other personal name, so the title is kept as it was.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia says Zixu Shangren lives on Jinping Mountain in Yi Province and can predict whether a person will live or die and be high or low. When Liu Bei attacked Yi Province, Liu Zhang's officers Liu Gui, Zhang Ren, Leng Bao and Deng Xian led 50,000 men toward Luocheng and on the way went to the mountain to ask him about the future. He wrote eight lines for Liu Gui: a dragon on the left and a phoenix on the right fly into western Sichuan; the young phoenix falls to earth and the sleeping dragon rises to heaven; one gains and one loses, as Heaven decrees; act when the moment comes and do not lose your life. These lines hint at Pang Tong's death and Zhuge Liang's pacification of Yi Province. When Liu Gui asked about his own fate, he answered that fixed destiny cannot be escaped and there was no need to ask again. The article says none of the four came to a good end. The passage is from chapter 62 of the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name used: Zixu Shangren, also written Zixu Shanren[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Daoist of Jinping Mountain[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/zixu-shangren-q11268555.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11269922",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Cheng Ji",
      "slug": "cheng-ji-q11269922",
      "aliases": [
        "程畿"
      ],
      "summary": "Cheng Ji (died 222), courtesy name Jiran, was a man of Langzhong in Ba Commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. He once refused to lend troops to Pang Xi's suspicious scheme under Liu Zhang, later served Liu Bei, and died in 222 fighting pursuers after the defeat at Yiling.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11269922",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11269922"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "程畿（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E7%95%BF"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Cheng Ji was a figure of the late Eastern Han and early Shu Han. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Jiran and says he came from Langzhong in Ba Commandery. Wikidata uses 程畿 and Cheng Ji as his labels and records his death in the second year of Zhangwu in Shu Han (222), so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Under Liu Zhang\n\nWhen Liu Zhang held Yi Province, Cheng Ji was magistrate of Hanchang. Chinese Wikipedia says Zhang Lu ignored Liu Zhang's orders and later held Hanzhong; Liu Zhang sent Pang Xi against him without success and then made him grand administrator of Baxi to hold Zhang Lu off. The Hanchang area had the Cong people, whom Pang Xi enlisted, and someone used this to accuse him to Liu Zhang, who grew suspicious. After Zhao Wei rebelled and was killed, Pang Xi became afraid and wanted to protect himself, so he sent Cheng Ji's son Cheng Yu to ask his father for the Cong troops.[^zhwiki]\n\nCheng Ji answered that raising private troops was not in itself rebellion and that loyalty and duty were enough even if others slandered one, but that he could not follow someone who turned disloyal out of fear of false charges. He scolded his son that, having received favor from the province, he owed loyalty to its governor, and that Cheng Yu, as a commandery clerk, should serve the grand administrator and not trade on his father. Pang Xi was furious and threatened his family; Cheng Ji cited the story of Yue Yang, who ate soup made of his own son for the sake of duty, and said he would do the same. Pang Xi came round, sent heavy gifts to Liu Zhang in apology, and was forgiven, and Cheng Ji was promoted to grand administrator of Jiangyang.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Yiling\n\nAfter Liu Bei took Yi Province and became its governor, he appointed Cheng Ji as libationer attached to the staff. In the second year of Zhangwu (222) Cheng Ji went with Liu Bei on the eastern campaign against Sun Quan. When the Shu army was crushed and withdrew up the river, someone told him the pursuers had caught up and that he could escape if he abandoned the boat. He replied that he had never retreated in battle since joining the army, still less now that he was with the emperor in danger. He fought the pursuers with his halberd and was killed, outnumbered.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nIn chapter 84 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, when the Wu banners suddenly fall, Cheng Ji tells Liu Bei that it is Lu Xun testing them, but Liu Bei does not believe him. After the Shu army is routed he refuses to retreat with the others and, seeing no way out, kills himself with his sword. This differs from the historical account above.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cheng Ji[^wikidata]\n- Courtesy name: Jiran[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Langzhong in Ba Commandery; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_511381|Langzhong]][^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: second year of Zhangwu, Shu Han (222)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Shu Han[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124397482|Cheng Ji]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/cheng-ji-q11269922.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 222,
        "display": "222"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11271726",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Zong Bao",
      "slug": "zong-bao-q11271726",
      "aliases": [
        "宗宝"
      ],
      "summary": "Zong Bao is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and an officer under Kong Rong, grand administrator of Beihai. When the remnant Yellow Turban leader Guan Hai attacked Beihai, Zong Bao rode out to fight and was cut down within a few bouts.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11271726",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11271726"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "宗宝（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%AF%B6"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 5,
      "body": "Zong Bao is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 宗宝 (traditional form 宗寶) and his English label as Zong Bao, and describes him as a subordinate of Kong Rong, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article uses the same name, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that Guan Hai, a remnant Yellow Turban leader, led tens of thousands of men against Beihai. Kong Rong was alarmed and sent his own troops out of the city. Guan Hai rode out and said he wanted to borrow ten thousand measures of grain; Kong Rong replied that he was a minister of Han guarding Han land and had no grain for bandits. Guan Hai swung his blade straight at Kong Rong, and Zong Bao leveled his spear and rode out to meet him. After only a few bouts Guan Hai cut him from his horse with one stroke, and Kong Rong's troops broke and fled into the city of Beihai.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Zong Bao[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, officer under Kong Rong[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/zong-bao-q11271726.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q11284765",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Xiahou Cun",
      "slug": "xiahou-cun-q11284765",
      "aliases": [
        "夏侯存"
      ],
      "summary": "Xiahou Cun is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and a subordinate of Cao Ren. Chinese Wikipedia's list of fictional Three Kingdoms characters places him in chapter 73, where he is killed by Guan Yu in the battle of Fancheng.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q11284765",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11284765"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "夏侯存（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E4%BE%AF%E5%AD%98"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Xiahou Cun is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a subordinate of Cao Ren, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer, and gives his labels as 夏侯存 and Xiahou Cun, so the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata]\n\n## Place in the novel\n\nOn Chinese Wikipedia the article name redirects to the chapter 73 section of the list of fictional Three Kingdoms characters. The list gives him a single line: he is a general under Cao Ren who is killed by Guan Yu in the battle of Fancheng. The same chapter lists another of Cao Ren's officers, Di Yuan, who is said to be killed by Guan Ping. The list gives no home place, courtesy name or other career for him.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xiahou Cun[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, general under Cao Ren[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/xiahou-cun-q11284765.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q112898680",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Sun Ce",
      "slug": "sun-ce-game-q112898680-q380598",
      "aliases": [
        "孙策"
      ],
      "summary": "Sun Ce is a character in the game Koihime Musō. Wikidata classes her as a fictional female character based on the historical Sun Ce, with the English label Sonsaku Hakufu.[^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q112898680",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112898680"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Sun Ce is a character in the game Koihime Musō. Wikidata has no Chinese label for this item. It gives the English label Sonsaku Hakufu and the alias Hakufu Sonsaku, which are the Japanese readings of the historical Sun Ce's name and courtesy name Bofu. The entry keeps the historical person's name as its title.[^wikidata]\n\n## Portrayal\n\nWikidata records the figure as a fictional human and game character, female, described as a fictional character from Koihime Musō. She is modelled on the historical person [[person_cn_q380598|Sun Ce]]. This entry has Wikidata as its only source, so it does not cover the game's plot or setting details and carries no birth or death dates.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Sun Ce, English label Sonsaku Hakufu[^wikidata]\n- Role: character in Koihime Musō, fictional female character[^wikidata]\n- Model: [[person_cn_q380598|Sun Ce]]\n- Appears in: Koihime Musō",
      "url": "/people/sun-ce-game-q112898680-q380598.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in 恋姬†无双",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "game character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q112898682",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Cao Cao",
      "slug": "cao-cao-game-q112898682-q204077",
      "aliases": [
        "曹操"
      ],
      "summary": "Cao Cao is a character in the game Koihime Musō. Wikidata classes her as a fictional female character based on the historical Cao Cao, with the English label Sōsō Mōtoku.[^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q112898682",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112898682"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Cao Cao is a character in the game Koihime Musō. Wikidata has no Chinese label for this item. It gives the English label Sōsō Mōtoku and the alias Sousou Moutoku, which are the Japanese readings of the historical Cao Cao's name and courtesy name Mengde. The entry keeps the historical person's name as its title.[^wikidata]\n\n## Portrayal\n\nWikidata records the figure as a fictional human and game character, female, described as a fictional character from Koihime Musō. She is modelled on the historical person [[person_cn_q204077|Cao Cao]]. This entry has Wikidata as its only source, so it does not cover the game's plot or setting details and carries no birth or death dates.[^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Cao Cao, English label Sōsō Mōtoku[^wikidata]\n- Role: character in Koihime Musō, fictional female character[^wikidata]\n- Model: [[person_cn_q204077|Cao Cao]]\n- Appears in: Koihime Musō",
      "url": "/people/cao-cao-game-q112898682-q204077.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in 恋姬†无双",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "game character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1130807",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Han Fu",
      "slug": "han-fu-q1130807",
      "aliases": [
        "韩福"
      ],
      "summary": "Han Fu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, set as the grand administrator of Luoyang under Cao Cao; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. In the passage of Guan Yu's five passes he wounds Guan Yu's left arm with a hidden arrow and is then killed by him.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1130807",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130807"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "韩福 (三国演义)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E7%A6%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Han Fu is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 韩福 (traditional form 韓福) and his English label as Han Fu, and describes him as grand administrator of Luoyang, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. The title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia summary, in chapter 27 of the novel Han Fu is an official under Cao Cao and grand administrator of Luoyang. Guan Yu is escorting the two wives of Liu Bei to join him, and Luoyang is the second pass he reaches. To stop him, Han Fu plans with his subordinate officer Meng Tan that Meng Tan will fight Guan Yu and then feign defeat to draw him on, while Han Fu shoots a hidden arrow that hits Guan Yu's left arm. Ignoring the pain, Guan Yu charges forward and kills him. The article counts him as the third general Guan Yu kills while passing the five passes and slaying six generals.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Other works\n\nThe same article notes that the 2010 film Guan Yunchang also has a Han Fu, played by Nie Yuan, a gang boss in Luoyang who is as close as a brother to Guan Yu and who dies by his blade, in a story different from the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Han Fu[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, grand administrator of Luoyang[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/han-fu-q1130807.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1131960",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Niu Jin",
      "slug": "niu-jin-q1131960",
      "aliases": [
        "牛金"
      ],
      "summary": "Niu Jin was a general of the late Eastern Han and Cao Wei, with unknown birth and death dates. He held Jiangling under Cao Ren against Zhou Yu, later served Sima Yi, drove back the Shu general Ma Dai and joined the Liaodong campaign; a rumor says Sima Yi poisoned him because of a prophecy that an ox would follow a horse.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1131960",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131960"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "牛金（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%87%91"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Niu Jin was a general from the late Eastern Han into the Cao Wei period. The Chinese Wikipedia article and the Wikidata Chinese label are both Niu Jin, with the English label Niu Jin, so the title stays as his personal name. Neither source gives birth or death dates; Chinese Wikipedia writes his dates as unknown.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Defence of Jiangling\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that after Cao Cao pacified Jing Province, Niu Jin was stationed at Jiangling under Cao Ren to hold off Zhou Yu of Wu. When Zhou Yu came with tens of thousands of men, Cao Ren sent Niu Jin to meet him, but Niu Jin was surrounded and was rescued only when Cao Ren led a force in person. The article cites the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Wei book, biography of Cao Ren.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Sima Yi\n\nHe later became a subordinate general of Sima Yi. In the third year of Qinglong (235) he drove back the Shu general Ma Dai, and in the second year of Jingchu (238) he was General in the Rear and joined the expedition against Gongsun Yuan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The rumored death\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that, according to rumor, because of a prophecy that an ox would follow a horse, Sima Yi arranged to poison Niu Jin with wine. This is only a rumor, and the article gives no exact date of death. It also quotes the later writers Luo Dajing and Cai Dongfan on the story, Luo Dajing taking Emperor Yuan of Jin to be Niu Jin's son so that the Sima house was destroyed by the Niu line; such remarks are likewise legend rather than record.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Niu Jin[^wikidata]\n- Dates: unknown[^zhwiki]\n- Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: soldier[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124306680|Niu Jin]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/niu-jin-q1131960.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1132086",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Huan Fan",
      "slug": "huan-fan-q1132086",
      "aliases": [
        "桓范"
      ],
      "summary": "Huan Fan (died 249), courtesy name Yuanze, was a man of Pei who became a Cao Wei official known as the 'bag of wisdom' and rose to minister of agriculture. In the coup at the Gaoping Tomb he left Luoyang to join Cao Shuang and urged him to take the emperor to Xuchang, was ignored, and was later executed with his clan.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1132086",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132086"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "桓范（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%93%E7%AF%84"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Huan Fan was an official of Cao Wei. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Yuanze, says he was from the state of Pei, calls him the 'bag of wisdom', and says he rose to minister of agriculture. Wikidata gives the labels 桓范 (traditional form 桓範) and Huan Fan and records his death in the tenth year of Zhengshi (249), so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Career\n\nAt the end of Jian'an he held a post in the chancellor's office, and in the Yankang era he was left supervisor of the feathered forest. After Cao Pi took the throne he compiled the Huanglan with Wang Xiang, Liu Shao and others. Under Emperor Ming he was commander of the central army and palace secretary, then General Who Conquers the Caitiffs and Eastern Palace Colonel, with credentials over military affairs in Qing and Xu. There he quarrelled over a house with Zheng Qi, inspector of Xu Province, and tried to use his credentials to have Zheng Qi executed; Zheng Qi reported him and he lost his post. He later served as inspector of Yan Province without satisfaction, and when he was to become governor of Ji Province he pleaded illness because General Lü Zhao, who had entered office later, now ranked above him. Chinese Wikipedia adds that he vented his anger on his pregnant wife Zhongchang, striking her belly with the ring of his sabre, and that she miscarried and died soon after.[^zhwiki]\n\nIn the Zhengshi era he was minister of agriculture, known for being honest and frugal. The regent Cao Shuang treated him with special courtesy because they came from the same place, though they were not close. Cao Shuang indulged in pleasure and went out with his brothers; Huan Fan tried to restrain him, but Cao Shuang never listened.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The Gaoping Tomb coup\n\nIn 249 Sima Yi staged a coup while Cao Shuang and his brothers were with Cao Fang at the Gaoping Tomb. He closed the gates of Luoyang and, with an edict from the empress dowager, had Huan Fan take charge of the central army and Cao Xi's troops. Huan Fan was about to obey, but his son urged him to join Cao Shuang, and he changed his mind. At the Pingchang Gate he falsely told Sima Fan, a gate captain he had recommended, that an edict summoned him, and so left the city, saying that the grand tutor was a traitor. When he met Cao Shuang and his brothers he urged them to take the emperor to Xuchang and call on the rest of the army in the emperor's name against Sima Yi, vouching with his seal as minister of agriculture that grain would not run short. The brothers could not decide, and after a night Cao Shuang chose to give up office and surrender, believing he could keep a marquis's comfortable life. Huan Fan wept and called the brothers mere calves, saying he would be wiped out with his clan because of them.[^zhwiki]\n\nBack in Luoyang, Sima Fan reported that Huan Fan had called Sima Yi a traitor, and Huan Fan was dealt with under the rule that a false accuser bears the penalty. He was sent to the commandant of justice, counted with Cao Shuang's faction, and executed with the extinction of his three clans. He also condensed passages from the Book of Han and added his own revisions and comments in a work called Shiyao lun.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Huan Fan[^wikidata]\n- Courtesy name: Yuanze[^zhwiki]\n- Origin: state of Pei; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_340621|Suixi County]][^wikidata]\n- Death recorded on this entry: tenth year of Zhengshi in Wei (249)[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124617153|Huan Fan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/huan-fan-q1132086.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 249,
        "display": "249"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1132512",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Wang Zhi",
      "slug": "wang-zhi-q1132512",
      "aliases": [
        "王植"
      ],
      "summary": "Wang Zhi is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, set as the grand administrator of Xingyang under Cao Cao and in-law of Han Fu; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. His plan to burn Guan Yu in his lodging at night is exposed by Hu Ban, and he is killed by Guan Yu in pursuit; Wikidata gives his death as 200.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1132512",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132512"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "王植 (三国演义)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%A4%8D_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9)"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Wang Zhi is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 王植 and his English label as Wang Zhi, describes him as grand administrator of Xingyang, set in the Han dynasty, and records his death as 200. Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. The title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to the Chinese Wikipedia summary, in chapter 27 of the novel Wang Zhi serves Cao Cao as grand administrator of Xingyang and is the in-law of Han Fu, grand administrator of Luoyang. Guan Yu is escorting the two wives of Liu Bei to join him, and Xingyang is the fourth pass. Hearing that Guan Yu has killed Han Fu, Wang Zhi wants to harm him, welcomes him into an inn and plans to burn the party to death at midnight. His subordinate Hu Ban secretly warns Guan Yu, who hurries the two ladies out of the city. Wang Zhi leads troops in pursuit and is killed by Guan Yu when they meet. The article counts him as the fifth general Guan Yu kills while passing the five passes and slaying six generals.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Other works\n\nThe same article notes that in the 2010 film Guan Yunchang Wang Zhi is played by Wang Xuebing as a good official who had killed a corrupt predecessor. He tries to stop Guan Yu, but after a fight Guan Yu spares him because he wants to find Qilan, and Wang Zhi kills himself after telling Guan Yu where she is. This differs from the novel.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wang Zhi[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, grand administrator of Xingyang[^wikidata]\n- Death year recorded on this entry: 200[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/wang-zhi-q1132512.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 200,
        "display": "200"
      },
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1132562",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Wen Qin",
      "slug": "wen-qin-q1132562",
      "aliases": [
        "文钦"
      ],
      "summary": "Wen Qin (died 258), courtesy name Zhongruo, was a man of Qiao in the state of Pei and a Cao Wei general and inspector of Yang Province. He rose with Guanqiu Jian at Shouchun against Sima Shi, fled to Wu after defeat, and was killed inside Shouchun by Zhuge Dan during Zhuge Dan's revolt. Wikidata gives 257 for his death, a year earlier than the account in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1132562",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132562"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "文钦（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AC%BD"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "三國志/卷28（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B728"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Wen Qin was a general of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, juan 28, calls him inspector of Yang Province and General of the Van, a fellow townsman of Cao Shuang. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Zhongruo and his origin as Qiao county in the state of Pei, Yu Province. Wikidata gives the labels 文钦 (traditional form 文欽) and Wen Qin, so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Early career\n\nChinese Wikipedia says that in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219) he was implicated in Wei Feng's plot and jailed and would have been executed, but Cao Cao pardoned him because he was the son of the officer Wen Ji. Under Emperor Ming he was colonel of the Five Camps, then a gate general, grand administrator of Lujiang, General Who Soars like a Hawk and then General Who Crowns the Army. Under the Prince of Qi he was General of the Van and replaced Zhuge Dan as inspector of Yang Province. The Records describe him as bold, rough and often victorious, but fond of inflating the numbers of captives to win rewards, which were mostly refused, so his resentment grew.[^zhwiki][^zhengshi]\n\n## The rising at Shouchun\n\nThe Records say Guanqiu Jian was a close friend of Xiahou Xuan and Li Feng, and treated Wen Qin generously until the two were on warm terms. When a comet tens of zhang long crossed the northwest sky, both took it as an omen for themselves, forged an edict of the empress dowager listing the crimes of the general-in-chief Sima Shi, sent it to the commanderies and states, and rose in arms. They forced the officers, officials and people of Huainan into Shouchun; Guanqiu Jian held Xiang while Wen Qin ranged outside as a roving force. Sima Shi led the armies against them and sent Zhuge Dan, Hu Zun, Wang Ji and others to hem them in. The families of the Huainan soldiers were in the north, morale broke and deserters came one after another. Sima Shi sent Deng Ai to Yuejia to feign weakness and lure the rebels out. Wen Qin attacked by night, saw at dawn that the Wei army was strong, and withdrew, then was routed by cavalry in pursuit and fled. Hearing of his defeat, Guanqiu Jian ran away in the night, his troops scattered, and he was shot dead by Zhang Shu.[^zhengshi]\n\n## Wu and death\n\nWen Qin fled to Wu, which made him protector-general, acting commander of the north, governor of You Province and Marquis of Qiao. The biography of Zhuge Dan adds that after Zhuge Dan rose in revolt and sought help from Wu, the generals Quan Yi, Quan Duan, Tang Zi and Wang Zuo came with thirty thousand men secretly with Wen Qin, and Wen Qin and Tang Zi broke into Shouchun from the northeast. The siege dragged on and grain ran short. In the first month of the third year Zhuge Dan, Wen Qin and Tang Zi attacked the southern line for several days and failed to break out. Wen Qin wanted to send the northerners out of the city to save food and hold on with the men of Wu; Zhuge Dan refused, and they grew more hostile. When Wen Qin came to discuss plans, Zhuge Dan killed him. His sons Wen Yang and Wen Hu, hearing of it in the small fortress, led their men to the spot, but their soldiers would not follow, and the two escaped over the wall and surrendered to Sima Zhao. Officers asked to execute them, but he said Wen Qin's crime could not be forgiven yet the sons had come in desperation, and spared them, made them generals and gave each the title of marquis within the passes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Year of death\n\nIn the account of the Records, Zhuge Dan rebelled in the fifth month of the second year of Ganlu and Wen Qin was killed in the first month of the third year, that is, 258, and Chinese Wikipedia also writes 258. Wikidata records 257. The two differ by a year, so the entry gives the date from the history and notes the difference.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Wen Qin[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Zhongruo[^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Qiao county in the state of Pei, Yu Province; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_341600|Bozhou]][^wikidata]\n- Death: 258, the third year of Ganlu in the history; Wikidata records 257[^zhengshi][^wikidata]\n- Realm: Cao Wei, later Wu[^zhengshi]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124636301|Wen Qin]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/wen-qin-q1132562.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 257,
        "display": "257"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1132576",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Kong Xiu",
      "slug": "kong-xiu-q1132576",
      "aliases": [
        "孔秀"
      ],
      "summary": "Kong Xiu is a fictional figure of Three Kingdoms storytelling; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms he is Cao Cao's commander at Dongling Pass, who blocks Guan Yu for lack of a travel permit and is killed, the first of the six generals Guan Yu slays on his way through the five passes.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1132576",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132576"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "孔秀（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E7%A7%80"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Kong Xiu is a fictional character of Three Kingdoms storytelling. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 孔秀 and his English label as Kong Xiu, describes him as a commander at Dongling Pass, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. Chinese Wikipedia states plainly that the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. The title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Mention in the Pinghua\n\nChinese Wikipedia notes that the Sanguozhi pinghua has Cao Cao arrive at Xiakou with 1,300,000 men and write to Sun Quan urging him to submit, and in the letter he says that he had once defeated Kong Xiu at Luoyang and taken him alive.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nAccording to chapter 27 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Kong Xiu serves Cao Cao and guards Dongling Pass. Guan Yu is escorting the two wives of Liu Bei to join him, and Dongling Pass is the first pass. Because Guan Yu has no permit from Cao Cao, Kong Xiu blocks him and is killed by Guan Yu. The article counts him as the first general Guan Yu kills while passing the five passes and slaying six generals.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Kong Xiu[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character, commander at Dongling Pass[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/kong-xiu-q1132576.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1132989",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Yu She",
      "slug": "yu-she-q1132989",
      "aliases": [
        "俞涉"
      ],
      "summary": "Yu She is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and a fierce general under Yuan Shu. When Hua Xiong challenged the coalition against Dong Zhuo, Yu She volunteered to fight and was cut down by Hua Xiong in fewer than three bouts.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1132989",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132989"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "俞涉（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9E%E6%B6%89"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 7,
      "body": "Yu She is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 俞涉 and his English label as Yu She, and describes him as a general under Yuan Shu, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article is also titled Yu She, so the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia explains that in the novel Yu She is an officer of Yuan Shu. When the lords rose against Dong Zhuo, Dong Zhuo's general Hua Xiong came down from the pass with iron cavalry, carrying Sun Jian's red headcloth on a long pole and cursing the camp to provoke a fight. Yuan Shao asked who dared to answer him, and the fierce general Yu She stepped out from behind Yuan Shu and offered to go. Yuan Shao was glad and sent him out. Soon a scout reported that Yu She had fought Hua Xiong for fewer than three bouts and been killed, to everyone's shock. The passage quoted in the article comes from this episode.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yu She[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, general under Yuan Shu[^wikidata]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/yu-she-q1132989.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1132999",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Xu Shao",
      "slug": "xu-shao-q1132999",
      "aliases": [
        "许劭"
      ],
      "summary": "Xu Shao (150–195), courtesy name Zijiang, was a man of Pingyu in Runan and a late Han critic famous for appraising people, who held the 'monthly review' with his cousin Xu Jing. He fled the northern turmoil to the south, followed Liu Yao to Yuzhang and died there at forty-six.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1132999",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132999"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "许劭（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E5%8A%AD"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "后汉书·卷68（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B768"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Xu Shao was a critic of people in the late Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han, juan 68, gives his courtesy name as Zijiang and calls him a man of Pingyu in Runan. Wikidata gives the Chinese label 许劭 (traditional form 許劭) with the alias Xu Zijiang, and records his life as 150 to 195. The title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]\n\n## Appraising people\n\nThe history says that from youth he valued integrity and loved judging character, and that those he praised, such as Fan Zizhao and He Yangshi, became well known, so that when the world spoke of raising men to office it named Xu and Guo. He first served as a commandery officer and the grand administrator Xu Qiu respected him, so that everyone in the office mended their conduct when they heard he had taken a post. When Yuan Shao, of the same commandery, came home after leaving his post as magistrate of Puyang with a splendid retinue, he dismissed his guests at the border, saying his carriage and dress must not be seen by Xu Zijiang, and went home in a single cart. With his cousin Xu Jing he reviewed the people of the district and changed the rankings each month, which gave Runan the phrase 'monthly review'.[^zhengshi]\n\nThe history adds that in Yingchuan he alone did not call on Chen Shi, and that he alone did not attend when Chen Fan came home to bury his wife. Asked why, he said that Taiqiu's way was broad, and what is broad is hard to cover fully, while Zhongju's nature was stern, and what is stern is seldom open. His distant kinsmen Xu Jing, Xu Xun and Xu Xiang held the three highest offices, and Xu Xiang gained his rank by flattering eunuchs and repeatedly invited him; he despised his conduct and never went. He and his cousin Xu Jing were on poor terms, and contemporaries thought less of him for it.[^zhengshi]\n\n## The judgment on Cao Cao\n\nThe history records that when Cao Cao was still obscure, he repeatedly asked Xu Shao with humble words and generous gifts to assess him. Xu Shao scorned him and refused, until Cao Cao threatened him, and Xu Shao said 'You are a traitor in times of peace and a hero in times of chaos'; Cao Cao left delighted. Chinese Wikipedia adds that there is a second wording of the verdict, in a quotation of Sun Sheng in Pei Songzhi's commentary on the Records of the Three Kingdoms, 'a capable minister in an ordered age and a treacherous hero in a chaotic one', and that the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms adapts the scene so that Xu Shao first stays silent and then answers when asked again.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Flight and death\n\nThe grand commandant Yang Biao summoned him and recommended him as upright and plain, but he declined. Urged to serve, he said petty men were on the rise and the royal house was about to fall, and he wanted to take refuge by the Huai and the sea to protect the old and young of his household. He went south to Guangling, where Tao Qian, inspector of Xu Province, treated him very well, but he felt that Tao Qian cared for reputation and was not truly upright, and moved on to join Liu Yao, inspector of Yang Province, at Qu'e. Later Tao Qian did arrest the scholars lodging in his province. After Sun Ce settled the lands of Wu, Xu Shao went south with Liu Yao to Yuzhang and died there at forty-six. Chinese Wikipedia dates his death to the second year of Xingping (195).[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Family\n\nThe history says his elder brother Xu Qian was also known, and people of Runan spoke of the 'two dragons of the Pingyu pool'. Chinese Wikipedia further names his cousin Xu Jing and his son Xu Hun, a discerning man who became a secretary of the masters of writing under Emperor Ming of Wei.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Xu Shao[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Zijiang[^zhengshi]\n- Origin: Pingyu in Runan; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_411723|Pingyu County]][^wikidata]\n- Dates: 150–195[^wikidata]\n- Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123582769|Xu Shao]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/xu-shao-q1132999.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "birth": {
        "year": 150,
        "display": "150"
      },
      "death": {
        "year": 195,
        "display": "195"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1133043",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Chen Ying",
      "slug": "chen-ying-q1133043",
      "aliases": [
        "陈应"
      ],
      "summary": "Chen Ying is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a military commander under Zhao Fan of Guiyang, who was a hunter from the Lingshan area and fought with a steel fork. He urged resistance to Zhao Yun, was captured, and later was killed with Bao Long after their feigned surrender and assassination plan were seen through.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1133043",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133043"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "陈应（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E6%87%89"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Chen Ying is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 陈应 (traditional form 陳應) and his English label as Chen Ying, and describes him as a subordinate of Zhao Fan, set in the Han dynasty, with the occupation of military officer. On Chinese Wikipedia his article name redirects to the chapter 52 section of the list of fictional Three Kingdoms characters, and the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nThe list describes him as a colonel in command of troops under Zhao Fan; he and Bao Long were originally hunters from the Lingshan area of Guiyang and fought with steel forks. When Zhao Yun attacked Guiyang, Zhao Fan wanted to surrender, but Chen Ying urged him to resist and led three thousand men to challenge Zhao Yun, only to be captured in the first exchange. After Zhao Fan surrendered he offered his widowed sister-in-law, Lady Fan, to Zhao Yun as a wife; Zhao Yun was furious and beat him. Zhao Fan bore a grudge and conspired with Chen Ying and Bao Long, who pretended to surrender to Zhao Yun and claimed that Zhao Fan was setting a beauty trap, while really meaning to assassinate him. Zhao Yun saw through the plan, got the two drunk and killed them, and then captured Zhao Fan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Chen Ying[^wikidata]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, officer under Zhao Fan, colonel of troops[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Occupation recorded on this entry: military officer[^wikidata]\n- Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/chen-ying-q1133043.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1133049",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Zhu Ling",
      "slug": "zhu-ling-q1133049",
      "aliases": [
        "朱灵"
      ],
      "summary": "Zhu Ling, courtesy name Wenbo, was a man of Shu county in Qinghe and a Cao Wei general who began under Yuan Shao, stayed with Cao Cao after helping him against Tao Qian, and rose to General in the Rear. The Records of the Three Kingdoms rank him just below Xu Huang. Wikidata gives his life as 170 to 223, while Chinese Wikipedia has him alive in 228 or later.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1133049",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133049"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "朱灵 (三国)（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%9D%88_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B)"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhengshi",
          "title": "三国志/卷17（维基文库）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B717"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 4,
      "body": "Zhu Ling was a general of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, juan 17, attaches his biography to that of Xu Huang. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Wenbo and his origin as Shu county in the state of Qinghe, and Wikidata gives the labels 朱灵 (traditional form 朱靈) and Zhu Ling with the alias Wenbo. The title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## From Yuan Shao to Cao Cao\n\nThe Records say Zhu Ling began as a commander under Yuan Shao. When Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian, Yuan Shao sent him to lead three camps in support, and he won merit. The other generals Yuan Shao had sent all went home, but he said he had seen many men and none like Cao Cao, a true lord, and having met him he would not go elsewhere. He stayed, and the soldiers under him, who admired him, stayed too. Chinese Wikipedia dates this to the fourth year of Chuping (193) and adds that two years earlier Yuan Shao had sent him against Ji Yong, who held his home county of Shu. The defenders put his mother and brother on the wall to lure him to surrender; he wept and said that a man who has gone out to serve cannot think of his family, fought hard, took the town and captured Ji Yong, and his family were all killed.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Cao Cao\n\nChinese Wikipedia records that in the fourth year of Jian'an (199) Cao Cao sent Zhu Ling and Lu Zhao with Liu Bei to Xu Province to stop Yuan Shu; Yuan Shu died of illness and Liu Bei killed Che Zhou and took Xiapi. Later Cao Cao wanted to remove Zhu Ling's command and sent Yu Jin with a few dozen horsemen and an order to his camp; neither he nor his men dared move, and he became a subordinate of Yu Jin. He then took part in the pacification of Ji Province in 205 and the killing of the rebel Cheng Ang at Yangzhai, in the Red Cliffs campaign of 208 as one of seven armies under the supervisor Zhao Yan, in the Tong Pass campaign of 211 as Xu Huang's deputy, with Xiahou Yuan at Chang'an the year after, and in Cao Cao's campaign against Zhang Lu in 215 as Zhang He's deputy.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Under Wei\n\nThe Records say he later became a fine general whose fame was second to Xu Huang and others, rising to General in the Rear and receiving a fief; the edict of Cao Pi after his accession says he had helped the late ruler for many years in command of troops, with authority beyond Fangshu and Shao Hu and merit above Zhou Bo and Guan Ying. Chinese Wikipedia adds that Cao Pi first meant to enfeoff him in his home county, but at his own request he was made Marquis of Gaotang. In the second year of Taihe (228) he took part in the battle of Shiting, the last time the histories mention him. He died soon after, was posthumously named Wei, and his son Zhu Shu inherited the fief.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki]\n\n## Differing dates\n\nWikidata records him as born in 170 and dead in 223. Chinese Wikipedia says only that he was born in the 170s and died in or after 228, with the Shiting campaign the last record of him. The two do not agree, and this entry lists both without choosing between them.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Zhu Ling[^zhengshi]\n- Courtesy name: Wenbo[^zhwiki]\n- Origin: Shu county in the state of Qinghe; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_371400|Dezhou]][^wikidata]\n- Dates: Wikidata 170–223; Chinese Wikipedia 170s to 228 or later[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Realm: Cao Wei, earlier under Yuan Shao[^zhengshi]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123914607|Zhu Ling]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/zhu-ling-q1133049.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "birth": {
        "year": 170,
        "display": "170"
      },
      "death": {
        "year": 223,
        "display": "223"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1133053",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Yong Kai",
      "slug": "yong-kai-q1133053",
      "aliases": [
        "雍闿"
      ],
      "summary": "Yong Kai (died 225), also written 雍凯, was a leading chief of southern Yi Province in the Three Kingdoms period and a man of Yizhou commandery. Around the first year of Jianxing he rebelled in Nanzhong, killed the grand administrator Zheng Ang, seized Zhang Yi and went over to Wu, and was killed in 225 during Zhuge Liang's southern campaign.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-history"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-ancient-china"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1133053",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133053"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "雍闿（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%8D%E9%97%93"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 5,
      "body": "Yong Kai was a leader of the rebellion in Nanzhong against Shu Han. The Chinese Wikipedia article is titled 雍闓 and says the name is also written 雍凯; it calls him a leading chief of southern Yi Province from Yizhou commandery and a descendant of Yong Chi, a general under Emperor Gaozu of Han. Wikidata uses the same Chinese label with the English label Yong Kai and records his death in 225, so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]\n\n## The Nanzhong revolt\n\nChinese Wikipedia says his ancestors were Han migrants who had lived so long in Nanzhong that they were deeply influenced by the region and 'their kindness and good faith were known across the southern lands'. In 223, the year of Liu Bei's death, Yong Kai joined Gao Ding and Zhu Bao in rebelling against Shu Han in Nanzhong. They killed the grand administrator of Yizhou, Zheng Ang, and seized his successor Zhang Yi. Li Yan wrote six letters urging him to submit, but he replied that 'the land has no second king' and resolved to rebel. Under the urging of Shi Xie and Bu Zhi he then went over to Wu and sent Zhang Yi there, and Wu made him grand administrator of Yongchang.[^zhwiki]\n\nHe was held up by the resistance of Lü Kai and Wang Kang, so he sent Meng Huo to stir up the Yi and Yue peoples to rebel in support. Also involved were Zhu Bao, grand administrator of Zangke, and Gao Ding, king of the Yi of Yuesui.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Death\n\nIn the spring of 225 Zhuge Liang led his army south in three columns, and Yong Kai led his men to Yuesui to help the local chief Gao Ding. Chinese Wikipedia says he was killed in the campaign against him, though another account says that, because of conflict between the great clans and the native peoples, he was killed by Gao Ding's men. The article lists the Records of the Three Kingdoms biography of Lü Kai, the Chronicles of Huayang, and the Zizhi tongjian among its references.[^zhwiki]\n\n## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms\n\nThe same article says the novel's account of him is close to the histories. He is a descendant of Yong Chi and grand administrator of Jianning in Nanzhong. In chapter 87, after Liu Bei's death, he joins Zhu Bao, Gao Ding and the Man king Meng Huo in revolt and attacks Yongchang, but Zhuge Liang's divisive scheme leads to his being killed by Gao Ding's officer E Huan.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Yong Kai, also written 雍凯[^zhwiki]\n- Death year recorded on this entry: 225[^wikidata]\n- Role: chief of southern Yi Province[^zhwiki]\n- Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124423215|Yong Kai]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms)",
      "url": "/people/yong-kai-q1133053.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 225,
        "display": "225"
      },
      "personCategory": "historical figure"
    },
    {
      "id": "person_cn_q1133057",
      "type": "person",
      "title": "Ehe Shaoge",
      "slug": "ehe-shaoge-q1133057",
      "aliases": [
        "俄何烧戈"
      ],
      "summary": "Ehe Shaoge is a Qiang general in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, combined from two Qiang leaders, E He and Shaoge, in the histories. In the novel he leads 50,000 men for Mi Dang against Wei, falls for Chen Tai's feigned surrender, and kills himself when surrounded; Wikidata records his death as 247.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]",
      "status": "published",
      "categories": [
        "category-literature"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "tag-fictional-character",
        "tag-classics"
      ],
      "sources": [
        {
          "id": "wikidata",
          "title": "Wikidata Q1133057",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133057"
        },
        {
          "id": "zhwiki",
          "title": "俄何烧戈（维基百科）",
          "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%BD%95%E7%87%92%E6%88%88"
        }
      ],
      "createdAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-25",
      "updatedBy": "user:admin",
      "revision": 3,
      "body": "Ehe Shaoge is a Qiang general who appears in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 俄何烧戈 (traditional form 俄何燒戈) and his English label as Ehe Shaoge, describing him as a fictional character based on two individuals, and Chinese Wikipedia likewise notes that the histories have two separate people, E He and Shaoge. The title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## In the novel\n\nChinese Wikipedia summarises that when Jiang Wei of Shu Han campaigned in the north, he invited King Mi Dang to send help, and Mi Dang sent Ehe Shaoge with 50,000 men against Wei. The Wei general Chen Tai feigned surrender and lured him into raiding the camp; surrounded by Guo Huai and Chen Tai and unable to escape, he cut his own throat. The episode is from chapter 109.[^zhwiki]\n\n## The historical E He and Shaoge\n\nThe article describes E He (also written 俄何) and Shaoge as Qiang chiefs of Longxi, Nan'an, Jincheng, Xiping and neighboring areas in the Three Kingdoms period, giving E He's dates as ? to 247. In the eighth year of Zhengshi (247) E He, Shaoge, Fatong, E Zhesai and Zhiwudai rose together against Cao Wei, attacked its cities and made contact with Jiang Wei of Shu Han. Guo Huai judged that Jiang Wei would attack Xiahou Ba, so he entered Fengzhong and turned south to meet Xiahou Ba; Jiang Wei attacked Weichi, and when Guo Huai's army arrived Jiang Wei withdrew. Guo Huai then advanced against the Qiang and killed E He and Shaoge, and tens of thousands of their followers surrendered to Wei.[^zhwiki]\n\nChinese Wikipedia also stresses that the histories do not record Chen Tai taking part in this campaign and that Mi Dang was active earlier, in 240, so the novel's episode differs from the record.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Ehe Shaoge, combined from E He and Shaoge[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Qiang general[^wikidata]\n- Death year recorded on this entry: 247[^wikidata]\n- Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]",
      "url": "/people/ehe-shaoge-q1133057.html",
      "lang": "en",
      "availableLangs": [
        "zh",
        "en"
      ],
      "death": {
        "year": 247,
        "display": "247"
      },
      "disambiguation": "Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms",
      "isFictional": true,
      "personCategory": "literary character"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "en",
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    "total": 1931,
    "pageCount": 39,
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