{ "contentStorage": "postgres", "title": "Kong Ji", "description": "Kong Ji, courtesy name Zisi, was a man of Lu in the early Warring States period and a leading representative of Confucianism. He was a grandson of Confucius and a son of Kong Li, and studied under Zengzi. He is called the Transmitter Sage. The Doctrine of the Mean is traditionally attributed to him, though this is hard to confirm, and his own book Zisizi is lost.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]", "url": "/en/people/zisi.html", "entity": { "id": "person_cn_q1147803", "type": "person", "title": "Kong Ji", "slug": "zisi", "aliases": [ "子思" ], "summary": "Kong Ji, courtesy name Zisi, was a man of Lu in the early Warring States period and a leading representative of Confucianism. He was a grandson of Confucius and a son of Kong Li, and studied under Zengzi. He is called the Transmitter Sage. The Doctrine of the Mean is traditionally attributed to him, though this is hard to confirm, and his own book Zisizi is lost.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q1147803", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147803" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "子思（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "Kong Ji was a man of Lu in the early Warring States period and a leading representative of Confucianism. Chinese Wikipedia says his courtesy name was Zisi, while Wikidata's Chinese label is 孔伋 and it lists Zisi as another name. Zisi is only a courtesy name, so the heading now uses his personal name, and the English heading uses Wikidata's English alias Kong Ji.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Life\n\nChinese Wikipedia says he was a grandson of Confucius and a son of Kong Li, studied under Zengzi, and served under Duke Mu of Lu. He died around 402 BCE at the age of eighty-two. Wikidata records his birth in 483 BCE and his death in 402 BCE and his state as Lu. This site's earlier structured data gives 482 to 401 BCE, a year different, and this entry does not force the two to agree but reports both as the sources give them.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## Teaching and writings\n\nThe Doctrine of the Mean, one of the Four Books, is traditionally said to be by him, but this is hard to confirm, and his own book Zisizi is lost. Mencius is said to have studied under his disciples or scholars of his school. In Xunzi's chapter Against the Twelve Masters, Zisi and Mencius are put in one group and their theory of the five conducts is criticized as perverse, obscure and unexplained. Later writers therefore pair the two as Si-Meng, and their school is called the Si-Meng school.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Honors and sacrifices\n\nThe article records that in the Song dynasty Emperor Huizong made him Marquis of Yishui, that in the Yuan Emperor Wenzong made him Duke Shusheng of Yi, and that in the Ming Emperor Shizong made him Duke Shusheng. For this reason he is called the Transmitter Sage, alongside Yan Hui the Restored Sage, Zengzi the Ancestral Sage and Mencius the Second Sage. Because he is a direct ancestor of the Duke Yansheng, later dynasties did not appoint a separate sacrificial official for him, but the second son of the Duke Yansheng held the post, or, if the duke was an only son, the sacrifice was combined with his own.[^zhwiki]\n\n## Basic facts\n\n- Name: Kong Ji, courtesy name Zisi[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- Description: Chinese Confucian, grandson of Confucius[^wikidata]\n- State or dynasty: Lu[^wikidata]\n- Work: [[work_cn_q519778|The Doctrine of the Mean]] (traditionally attributed)[^zhwiki]", "url": "/people/zisi.html", "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": -482, "display": "482 BC" }, "death": { "year": -401, "display": "401 BC" }, "personCategory": "historical figure" }, "entities": null, "tags": [ { "id": "tag-ancient-china", "slug": "ancient-china", "name": "Ancient China", "description": "History, people and administrative divisions from the pre-Qin era to the Qing dynasty.", "names": { "ar": "الصين القديمة", "de": "Das alte China", "en": "Ancient China", "es": "China antigua", "fr": "Chine ancienne", "hi": "प्राचीन चीन", "id": "Tiongkok kuno", "it": "Cina antica", "ja": "中国古代", "ko": "중국 고대", "ms": "China purba", "nl": "Het oude China", "pt": "China antiga", "ru": "Древний Китай", "th": "จีนโบราณ", "tr": "Antik Çin", "vi": "Trung Quốc cổ đại", "zh": "中国古代", "zh-hant": "中國古代" }, "descriptions": { "ar": "التاريخ والشخصيات والتقسيمات الإدارية من عصر ما قبل تشين إلى أسرة تشينغ.", "de": "Geschichte, Personen und Verwaltungsgliederung von der Zeit vor Qin bis zur Qing-Dynastie.", "en": "History, people and administrative divisions from the pre-Qin era to the Qing dynasty.", "es": "Historia, personajes y divisiones administrativas desde la era pre-Qin hasta la dinastía Qing.", "fr": "Histoire, personnages et divisions administratives de l'époque pré-Qin à la dynastie Qing.", "hi": "चिन-पूर्व काल से चिंग राजवंश तक का इतिहास, व्यक्ति और प्रशासनिक विभाजन।", "id": "Sejarah, tokoh, dan pembagian administratif dari era pra-Qin hingga Dinasti Qing.", "it": "Storia, personaggi e divisioni amministrative dall'epoca pre-Qin alla dinastia Qing.", "ja": "先秦から清代までの歴史・人物・行政区画。", "ko": "先秦부터 청대까지의 역사·인물·행정 구역.", "ms": "Sejarah, tokoh dan bahagian pentadbiran dari zaman pra-Qin hingga Dinasti Qing.", "nl": "Geschiedenis, personen en bestuurlijke indeling van de pre-Qin-periode tot de Qing-dynastie.", "pt": "História, personagens e divisões administrativas da era pré-Qin até à dinastia Qing.", "ru": "История, персоналии и административное деление от доциньской эпохи до династии Цин.", "th": "ประวัติศาสตร์ บุคคล และเขตการปกครองตั้งแต่ยุคก่อนฉินจนถึงราชวงศ์ชิง", "tr": "Qin öncesi dönemden Qing hanedanına kadar tarih, kişiler ve idari bölümler.", "vi": "Lịch sử, nhân vật và đơn vị hành chính từ thời Tiền Tần đến nhà Thanh.", "zh": "先秦至清代的历史、人物与政区。", "zh-hant": "先秦至清代的歷史、人物與政區。" }, "count": 1084 } ], "relations": [ { "id": "relation_cnworks_by_q519778_q1147803", "fromId": "work_cn_q519778", "relationType": "created_by", "toId": "person_cn_q1147803", "sourceRefs": [ { "entityId": "work_cn_q519778", "sourceId": "wikidata" } ], "label": "Created works", "targetId": "work_cn_q519778", "targetTitle": "Doctrine of the Mean", "targetUrl": "/en/works/doctrine-mean.html", "incoming": true } ], "mentions": [ { "fromId": "person_cn_q188903", "fromTitle": "Mencius", "fromUrl": "/en/people/mencius.html", "fromType": "person" }, { "fromId": "work_cn_q519778", "fromTitle": "Doctrine of the Mean", "fromUrl": "/en/works/doctrine-mean.html", "fromType": "work" } ], "versions": [ { "revision": 7, "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:23:44+08:00", "message": "当前版本", "hasSnapshot": true, "url": "/en/people/zisi/at/7.html" } ], "lang": "en", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "infoFields": [ { "key": "birth_date", "label": "Birth", "value": "482 BC" }, { "key": "death_date", "label": "Death", "value": "401 BC" }, { "key": "person_category", "label": "Person category", "value": "historical figure" } ], "relationsTotal": 1, "relationCounts": [ { "relationType": "created_by", "incoming": true, "label": "Created works", "total": 1 } ], "mentionsTotal": 2 }