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postgres Search /en/search-934.html work_cn_q874601 work Chu Ci chu-ci 楚辞

Chu Ci is a anthology of classical Chinese poetry by Qu Yuan.

published category-literature category-classical-fiction tag-classics tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q874601 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874601 zhwiki 楚辞（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/楚辞 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:52+08:00 user:admin 12 ## Overview Chu Ci is a anthology of classical Chinese poetry by Qu Yuan[^wikidata]. ## Authors - [[person_cn_q313330|Qu Yuan]][^wikidata] ## Characters - [[person_cn_q622761|Moon rabbit]][^wikidata] /works/chu-ci.html en zh zh en fr nl book anthology of classical Chinese poetry Qu Yuan work_cn_q1265243 work Thousand Character Classic thousand-character-classic 千字文

Thousand Character Classic is a traditional Chinese primer by Zhou Xingsi.

published category-literature category-classical-fiction tag-classics tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1265243 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1265243 zhwiki 千字文（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/千字文 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:53+08:00 user:admin 8 ## Overview Thousand Character Classic is a traditional Chinese primer by Zhou Xingsi[^wikidata]. ## Authors - [[person_cn_q10920980|Zhou Xingsi]][^wikidata] /works/thousand-character-classic.html en zh zh en fr book traditional Chinese primer Zhou Xingsi person_cn_q1367171 person Xu Xiake xu-xiake 徐霞客

Xu Xiake (5 January 1587 – 8 March 1641), Chinese geographer and traveller.

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1367171 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367171 zhwiki 徐霞客（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E9%9C%9E%E5%AE%A2 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:10+08:00 user:admin 8 ## Basic facts - Born: 5 January 1587[^wikidata] - Died: 8 March 1641[^wikidata] - Birthplace: [[place_cn_320281|Jiangyin]][^wikidata] ## Works - [[work_cn_q8045132|Xu Xiake's travel]][^wikidata] /people/xu-xiake.html en zh zh en pt 1587 1 5 5 January 1587 1641 3 8 8 March 1641 historical figure person_cn_q1150793 person Yang Feng yang-feng 杨奉

Yang Feng (died 197) was a figure at the end of the Eastern Han, originally a leader of the White Wave bandits in Hedong and later a subordinate of Li Jue. He helped escort Emperor Xian from Chang'an back east to Luoyang and was made general of chariots and cavalry. He later went over to Yuan Shu and Lü Bu and was killed by Liu Bei in 197.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1150793 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1150793 zhwiki 杨奉（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%A5%89 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:08+08:00 user:admin 7 Yang Feng was a general at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label is written 楊奉, or 杨奉 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article carries the same title, so the heading stays as it is. Wikidata records his death in April 197 and his state as Eastern Han, and gives his birth only as a century-level date around 200, which this entry does not use.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Background Chinese Wikipedia says he was originally a leader of the White Wave bandits in Hedong and later became a subordinate of Li Jue. He escorted Emperor Xian from Chang'an east to Luoyang and was made general of chariots and cavalry. He afterward went over to Yuan Shu and Lü Bu and was finally killed by Liu Bei.[^zhwiki] ## Escorting the emperor east In the second year of Xingping (195), Li Jue and Guo Si attacked each other after Li Jue killed Fan Chou, and Li Jue took Emperor Xian into his own camp. Yang Feng and Li Jue's officer Song Guo and others wanted to kill Li Jue, but the plot came out, and Yang Feng left Li Jue with his troops and joined Guo Si, which weakened Li Jue's force. After three months of fighting, the general who guards the east, Zhang Ji, came from Hongnong to Chang'an and mediated, and the two agreed to send the emperor back to Luoyang. Yang Feng was made general who raises righteousness and, with Yang Ding, Dong Cheng and Guo Si, escorted the emperor. Near Xinfeng and Baling, Guo Si again wanted to take the emperor to Meixian, but the emperor fled to Yang Feng's army, where Yang Feng and Yang Ding fought and defeated Guo Si, who fled to the Southern Mountains, and Yang Feng and Dong Cheng went on escorting the emperor east.[^zhwiki] Li Jue and Guo Si then regretted letting the emperor go, joined forces to chase him, caught up at Caoyang, and beat Yang Feng's army at Dongjian. Yang Feng urgently called on the former White Wave leaders Han Xian, Hu Cai and Li Le and the Xiongnu worthy king of the left, Qubei, who defeated Li Jue's army, and the party continued east. Li Jue pursued again and defeated Yang Feng and the others, killing many of the officials who accompanied them. The emperor entered Shan, crossed the Yellow River and reached Anyi. In the first year of Jian'an (196), in the seventh month, Yang Feng and Dong Cheng successfully escorted the emperor back to Luoyang, and Yang Feng was made general of chariots and cavalry and later stationed separately at Liangxian.[^zhwiki] ## Defeat by Cao Cao, then Yuan Shu and Lü Bu That year Cao Cao came to Luoyang to take the emperor to Xu, and Yang Feng went out to intercept him but could not catch up. After settling the emperor at Xu, Cao Cao attacked Yang Feng in the tenth month, defeated him heavily, and Yang Feng's subordinate Xu Huang surrendered to Cao Cao. Yang Feng fled south to Yuan Shu and Cao Cao took Liangxian. With Han Xian he then led troops in Yang and Xu provinces and was cruel and unrestrained. In the second year of Jian'an (197) Yuan Shu planned to take the imperial title and asked Lü Bu for a marriage, but Lü Bu, under Chen Gui's influence, refused him and went over to Cao Cao. Yuan Shu sent his general Zhang Xun with Yang Feng and Han Xian to attack Lü Bu. On Chen Gui's advice Lü Bu sent men to persuade Yang Feng and Han Xian to turn on Yuan Shu, with the promise of all the spoils, and they agreed and defeated Zhang Xun. The two then joined Lü Bu in advancing by land and water on Yuan Shu's base at Shouchun, plundering as they went as far as Zhongli before they turned back.[^zhwiki] ## Killed by Liu Bei The article also says that in the same year the army of Han Xian and Yang Feng ran short of grain, and Yang Feng, hearing that Liu Bei resented Lü Bu, secretly agreed with Liu Bei to attack Lü Bu together. Liu Bei pretended to agree, and when Yang Feng led his troops to see him in Pei, Liu Bei invited him into the city for a meal and had him seized and killed at the table.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Death: 197[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q123750953|Yang Feng]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/yang-feng.html en zh zh en 197 197 historical figure person_cn_q11495067 person Murong Lie murong-lie 慕容烈

Murong Lie is a fictional general in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Chinese Wikipedia calls him a subordinate of Wen Pin, while Wikidata describes him as a subordinate general of Cao Cao and records 219 as his death year within the work. After the battle of Mount Dingjun he blocked Zhao Yun's way and was killed by Zhao Yun with one spear thrust.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Zhu Bajie, with the Buddhist name Wuneng, is one of Tang Sanzang's disciples in the classical novel Journey to the West, second in rank, with a pig's face on a human body. In the novel he was Marshal Tianpeng, who commanded the heavenly water forces, and was cast down to earth for harassing Chang'e while drunk and was reborn by mistake in a pig's shape. He became Tang Sanzang's disciple and went to fetch the scriptures, and afterward was named Altar Cleanser.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q1148977 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148977 zhwiki 猪八戒（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%AA%E5%85%AB%E6%88%92 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:03+08:00 user:admin 10 Zhu Bajie is a character in Journey to the West. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled 猪八戒. Wikidata also lists several other names for him, among them Zhu Wuneng, Zhu Ganglie, Bajie, Wuneng, Marshal Tianpeng, Altar Cleanser and Idiot, and Chinese Wikipedia says Zhu Ganglie is his original name and Zhu Wuneng a Buddhist name, while Bajie is a name Tang Sanzang gave him later. Because several names stand side by side and each plays a different role, the heading stays as it is rather than being changed to one of them. Wikidata describes him as one of Tang Sanzang's three disciples in Journey to the West, while Chinese Wikipedia counts four disciples, including the white dragon horse.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Appearance and names Chinese Wikipedia says his Buddhist name is Wuneng, he ranks second among Tang Sanzang's disciples, has a pig's face on a human body in the form of a black pig, and Sun Wukong often calls him Idiot. In Wu Cheng'en's text he is described with a snout hanging like a dirty lotus pod, ears like palm fans and golden eyes, tusks as sharp as steel files and a long mouth open like a fire basin, a tusked pig spirit. The article lists his names. Zhu Wuneng is the Buddhist name, Zhu Ganglie is the original name, Idiot is what Sun Wukong calls him, and Grandfather Pig is what he calls himself before demons. In the book the five members of the pilgrim party are matched to the five elements and he belongs to wood, so he is also called Wood Mother, and Marshal Tianpeng is the identity the book gives him before his descent.[^zhwiki] ## His story in the novel In Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West, Zhu Bajie was Marshal Tianpeng, who commanded eighty thousand soldiers of the Celestial River. At the Peach Banquet he got drunk, harassed the moon goddess Chang'e, knocked over the Palace of the Ox and Dipper, and ate the empress's lingzhi vegetable. The Jade Emperor sentenced him to two thousand blows and cast him down to earth, where he was reborn in the wrong womb and became a pig. He bit a sow to death, killed a herd of pigs, took Fuling Mountain, and lived by eating people, and later married into the household of Luan Erjie of Yunzhan Cave, who died a year later. On Fuling Mountain he met the bodhisattva Guanyin and fought her disciple Muzha, and on Guanyin's guidance became a disciple of the scripture seeker and received the Buddhist name Zhu Wuneng, then kept a vegetarian diet and gave up the five pungent foods and three things disliked, waiting for the seeker. Before meeting Tang Sanzang he married into the Gao village at the border of the land of Wusizang and took Gao Cuilan as his wife. When Tang Sanzang and Sun Wukong passed through the village, Cuilan's parents asked them to catch the monster. After Sun Wukong fought Zhu Wuneng and said he was a disciple of the scripture seeker, Zhu Wuneng agreed to follow, and became Tang Sanzang's disciple, who gave him the further name Zhu Bajie, and they set off for the Western Heaven together.[^zhwiki] On the journey his laziness, greed and lust often put the party in trouble. Twice he urged Tang Sanzang to drive Sun Wukong away, and several times in danger he wanted to divide the baggage and break up the party and go back to Gao Village. After the scriptures were obtained he was named Altar Cleanser bodhisattva because he still had a playful heart and had not lost his lust, and as a subordinate of the Buddha he is in charge of enjoying the offerings made for merit in the human world.[^zhwiki] ## Other versions and weapon The article says that in Yang Jingxian's Yuan zaju Journey to the West, Zhu Bajie was originally a chariot general under Marici, fled to the mortal world, lived in Black Wind Cave and called himself the Black Wind King, and took the form of Master Zhu to marry Pei Haitang. In that play he becomes Tang Sanzang's disciple later than Sha Wujing. In the Ming Later Journey to the West he has a son he has never met, Zhu Yijie, born of Gao Cuilan. He knows the thirty-six transformations and can become a high mountain, a tree, a rock or a giant, but is not good at turning into a woman. His weapon is the Supreme Treasure Gold-Plated Rake, commonly the nine-toothed rake, weighing a store of five thousand and forty-eight jin including the handle, forged by Laozi from divine cold iron with the help of the five emperors and the six ding and six jia spirits.[^zhwiki] ## Origins and folk culture On the origins of the figure, the article gives several views. The Three Kingdoms monk Zhu Shixing had the Buddhist name Bajie, which some take as a source of the name. Lu Xun held that the figure grew out of ancient Chinese myths such as the Soushenji story of the pig's arm and golden bell. Chen Yinke traced him to a great god who turned into a large pig to save a monk in a sutra translated by Yijing. The article also notes that the idea that the prototype was Yao Laoda has no historical basis, and first appeared in Zhu Daoping's 1999 novel Wu Cheng'en. It lists sayings such as Zhu Bajie looking in the mirror, being no human either inside or outside, and notes that some people make offerings to him on the first and fifteenth of each lunar month, and that he has many portrayals in film, television and animation.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Description: one of Tang Sanzang's three disciples in Journey to the West[^wikidata] - Other names: Zhu Wuneng, Zhu Ganglie, Bajie, Wuneng, Marshal Tianpeng, Altar Cleanser, Idiot[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q70784|Journey to the West]] /people/zhu-bajie.html en zh zh en Character in Journey to the West true mythological figure person_cn_q1133166 person Dong He dong-he 董和

Dong He (died 221), courtesy name Youzai, came from Zhijiang in Nanjun, with ancestors from Jiangzhou in Ba commandery. He served under Liu Zhang and then Liu Bei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms describe his frugal rule in local posts and his sincerity toward the southern tribes, and say that he later shared the running of Liu Bei's headquarters with Zhuge Liang.[^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1133166 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133166 zhwiki 董和（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E5%92%8C zhengshi 三国志·卷39（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B739 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:01+08:00 user:admin 7 Dong He was an official at the end of the Eastern Han and in the early years of Shu Han. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Youzai, that he came from Zhijiang in Nanjun, and that his ancestors were originally from Jiangzhou in Ba commandery, so the title stays his personal name. This entry records his death in 221; his birth year is not given.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Under Liu Zhang At the end of the Han, Dong He led his clan west into Yi province. The governor Liu Zhang appointed him magistrate of Niubi, then of Jiangyuan, and then prefect of Chengdu. Shu was rich and fashionable at the time, and wealthy families dressed and ate lavishly and spent their fortunes on weddings and funerals. Dong He set the example himself by dressing plainly and eating simply, and he set rules against excess. Wherever he served the customs improved, and people feared him enough not to offend. Powerful local families, afraid of his strict law, persuaded Liu Zhang to move him to be commandant of the Badong dependent state. Officials and common people, old and young, in the thousands begged to keep him, and Liu Zhang let him stay two more years before promoting him to grand administrator of Yizhou, where he was as frugal as before. In dealing with the tribes he tried to act in good faith, and people in the south loved and trusted him.[^zhengshi] ## Under Liu Bei When Liu Bei settled Shu he summoned Dong He as colonel who commands the army and had him run the offices of the general of the left and the grand marshal together with the military advisor Zhuge Liang. They offered what was possible and checked what was not, and got on well. Chen Shou notes that over more than twenty years he governed distant regions outside and handled central affairs inside, and that on the day he died his household had not even a small store of grain.[^zhengshi] ## Zhuge Liang's remembrance When Zhuge Liang was later chancellor, he instructed his subordinates that joint administration exists to gather many opinions, and that avoiding small friction and refusing to argue things back and forth causes loss. He said that Dong Youzai had shared the office for seven years and, when something was not right, would come back as many as ten times to tell him. If anyone could imitate a tenth of Xu Yuanzhi's clarity and Youzai's earnestness and be loyal to the state, he himself would make fewer mistakes. He added that he first befriended Cui Zhouping, then Xu Yuanzhi, then worked with Youzai, who said everything he thought, and later with Hu Ji, who often urged him to stop; these four had remained on good terms with him to the end. Chen Shou says Zhuge Liang remembered Dong He in just this way.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Dong He, courtesy name Youzai[^zhengshi] - Origin: Zhijiang in Nanjun, with ancestors from Jiangzhou in Ba commandery[^zhengshi] - Birthplace recorded: Nanjun[^wikidata] - Death: 221[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124349495|Dong He]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/dong-he.html en zh zh en 221 221 historical figure person_cn_q1146610 person Cai Jing cai-jing 蔡京

Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang, came from Xianyou in Xinghua and was a chancellor under Emperor Huizong of Northern Song, who held power several times and was later named first of the Six Thieves. The History of Song places him among the treacherous ministers, and says that after Emperor Qinzong took the throne he was demoted and exiled, and died on the road at Tanzhou aged eighty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1146610 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146610 zhwiki 蔡京（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E4%BA%AC zhengshi 宋史·卷472（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7472 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:24:00+08:00 user:admin 7 Cai Jing was a dominant chancellor under Emperor Huizong of Northern Song. The History of Song says his courtesy name was Yuanchang and that he came from Xianyou in Xinghua, and Wikidata's Chinese label is also 蔡京, so the title stays his personal name. This entry records his life as 1047 to 1126.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early years and calligraphy The History of Song says he passed the jinshi examination in the third year of Xining, served as defender of Qiantang and judicial official of Shuzhou, rose to diarist of the court, and on returning from an embassy to the Liao was made drafting official of the secretariat. His younger brother Cai Bian was already a drafting official, and by custom they ranked by order of entry, but Cai Bian asked to sit below his elder brother, so the two brothers together handled the writing of commands, which the court counted an honor.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia says he was handsome as a youth, of broad ability, and skilled at calligraphy, already a famous calligrapher when young. It adds that the four great calligraphers of Northern Song are Su, Huang, Mi and Cai, in which Cai originally meant Cai Jing, but later generations, thinking his character treacherous, changed it to Cai Xiang.[^zhwiki] ## Under Sima Guang and in the Shaosheng years The History of Song says that when Sima Guang, in power, restored the system of conscripted service with a deadline of five days, his colleagues complained that it was too hasty, but Cai Jing alone met the deadline, converting all the hired service in the capital counties with no breach, and Sima Guang praised him. In the early Shaosheng years Zhang Dun wanted to change the service rules again and discussed it for a long time without a decision. Cai Jing told him to simply apply the established law of Xining, and the hired-service system was settled that way. The biography remarks that the two systems were opposed by Sima Guang and Zhang Dun, yet Cai Jing twice dealt with them within ten years with ease, and the discerning could see his craftiness.[^zhengshi] ## Chancellor under Huizong After Emperor Huizong took the throne, Cai Jing was first dismissed and lived in Hangzhou. The biography says the eunuch Tong Guan came south to seek rare paintings and calligraphy and stayed in Hangzhou for months, during which Cai Jing kept company with him day and night. The screens and fans Cai Jing painted were sent into the palace by Tong Guan each day with words attached, and the emperor began to take note of him. Palace women and eunuchs spoke of him with one voice, and he was made governor of Dingzhou, then moved to Daming prefecture in the first year of Chongning and recalled as academician in attendance. He was made vice director of the left, soon replaced Zeng Bu as vice director of the right, and in the first month of the second year became vice director of the left. At the audience the emperor asked how he should continue the aims of his father and brother, and Cai Jing kowtowed and said he would give his life.[^zhengshi] The biography says he ran affairs through the office of discussion, abolished the examination law in favor of the three-hall system of schools, took over the tea trade in seven circuits, rewrote the salt notes so that wealthy merchants were ruined overnight, some drowning or hanging themselves, and cast large tens coins. He had the Yuanyou ministers listed as a treacherous faction, with their names carved in stone before a palace gate and a copy written out in his own hand for distribution to the prefectures, three hundred and nine people in all, whose descendants were barred. He promoted Tong Guan and others to military governors, until the law of the ancestors was swept away. Rich as he became, he grew greedier, drawing the pay of a vice director as well as the grain and salary of a minister of works.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia lists his financial measures, such as the tea voucher law, the salt voucher law and the founding of charity cemeteries for unclaimed remains, and says these sharply raised government revenue and paid for the dynasty's large military actions, while ruining merchants and impoverishing ordinary people.[^zhwiki] ## Rises and falls The History of Song says that in the fifth year of Chongning a comet appeared, and because critics attacked the tablet of factions, the emperor cancelled everything Cai Jing had set up and removed him. His followers then worked privately on the emperor, and in the first year of Daguan he was again vice director of the left, later made grand commandant and grand tutor. In the third year of Daguan the censors and remonstrators attacked him together and he retired, and in the fourth year he was demoted to junior guardian of the heir and sent to Hangzhou. He was recalled in the second year of Zhenghe and held power again. The biography says he changed official titles, styled himself the Duke Chancellor in charge of all three offices, pressed the system of handwritten imperial notes, and urged casting nine tripods, building the Mingtang and Daoist temples, and making the Dasheng music, with large public works that left the people of the Yellow River region in misery. In the sixth year of Xuanhe he took power a fourth time, but his eyes were dim and he could not manage affairs, and his youngest son Cai Tao decided everything on his behalf. His eldest son Cai You then exposed Cai Tao, and the emperor sent Tong Guan to make Cai Jing resign. Cai Jing wept and gave in, and court writers drafted three memorials of resignation in his name.[^zhengshi] ## Family and end The biography says his sons Cai You, Cai Tao and Cai Xiao rose to senior academicians, and his son Cai You married Princess Maode. The emperor visited his house seven times and gave countless rewards. It also says that Cai You and Cai Jing came into conflict over power and set up separate households until they were like enemies. When Emperor Qinzong took the throne and frontier alarms grew, Cai Jing took the whole household south to protect himself, and the world named him first of the Six Thieves. The censor Sun Di and others presented sharp memorials, and he was demoted to director of the palace library with duties at Nanjing, then to deputy military commissioner of Chongxin and Qingyuan, with residence assigned at Hengzhou, then moved to Shaozhou and Danzhou. He died on the road at Tanzhou, aged eighty.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia says he died of illness at the Dongming temple south of Tanzhou in the seventh month of the first year of Jingkang, that his descendants moved his remains home to Xianyou in the fourth year of Qiandao under Southern Song, that he was rehabilitated and posthumously made Duke of Lu in the reign of Emperor Xiaozong, and that popular tradition holds he starved to death after local people refused to sell him food.[^zhwiki] ## Assessment The History of Song puts him among the treacherous ministers and says he was fierce and sly by nature, using cunning to control people. Before the emperor he watched for chances only to keep his own place, valued profit over duty, and let brothers become strangers and father and son enemies, until he finally brought disaster on the dynasty, and although he died in disgrace on the road, the world still resented that he had not received the proper punishment.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia also gives the more favorable view: he had great artistic talent in calligraphy, verse and prose, and his disciple Lü Chuan Bianlao, who wrote his epitaph, argued that the Jin invasion could no more be blamed on Cai Jing than the An Lushan rebellion on Yao Chong and Song Jing, the good chancellors of Xuanzong's early reign. Ye Shi and Wang Fuzhi also comment on his fiscal measures and the stone-and-flower transport.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Cai Jing, courtesy name Yuanchang[^zhengshi] - Origin: Xianyou in Xinghua[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] - Life: 1047 to 1126[^wikidata] - Description: statesman of Northern Song[^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Northern Song[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q111027783|Cai Jing]] (character in Water Margin) /people/cai-jing.html en zh zh en 1047 1047 1126 1126 historical figure person_cn_q1143870 person Sima You sima-you 司马攸

Sima You (246–283), courtesy name Dayou and childhood name Taofu, was a son of Sima Zhao adopted as heir to Sima Shi and a full younger brother of Emperor Wu of Jin, with the title Prince of Qi. The Book of Jin says his talent and prestige exceeded the emperor's. In his last years Xun Xu and Feng Dan pressed the emperor to send him back to his state, and he fell ill with resentment and died vomiting blood. His posthumous name was Xian.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1143870 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143870 zhwiki 司马攸（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E6%94%B8 zhengshi 晋书·卷038（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7038 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:59+08:00 user:admin 7 Sima You was an imperial prince from Cao Wei into the Western Jin. The Book of Jin calls him Prince Xian of Qi, with the given name You and the courtesy name Dayou, and Wikidata's Chinese label is 司馬攸, so the title stays his personal name. This entry records his life as 246 to 283.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early years The Book of Jin says he was quick and clever as a child, and as an adult was mild and fair, close to the worthy and generous, fond of the classics, able in composition and skilled at letters, and a model for his age. His talent and prestige exceeded Emperor Wu's, and Sima Yi, the Emperor Xuan, valued him. Sima Shi, the Emperor Jing, had no son and made him his heir. He went on the campaign against Wang Ling and was made Marquis of Changle Pavilion. When Sima Shi died he was ten, and his grief moved those around him and was much admired. He inherited the title Marquis of Wuyang. He served the dowager Empress Yang Huiyu at a separate residence and became known for filial devotion, then served as mounted attendant and colonel of the infantry, and at eighteen calmed his camps with authority and kindness. When the five ranks were set up he was changed to Marquis of Anchang and became general of the guards. In mourning for Emperor Wen, Sima Zhao, he grieved beyond what ritual asked and could rise only with a staff. When those around him brought him rice, he wept and would not take it, until the empress dowager came in person to urge him and his clerk Ji Xi argued with him, and only then did he force himself to eat.[^zhengshi] ## Prince of Qi When Emperor Wu took the throne Sima You was made Prince of Qi. The court was newly founded, and he commanded the armies and calmed the realm inside and out, and everyone looked to him. When the court debated letting princes choose the senior officers of their states, he submitted a memorial against it, which was turned down three times. Later, when his chancellor reported vacancies in the state's senior posts and the secretary asked to nominate people, Sima You ordered that appointing officials was a matter for the court, not something the state should decide, and that the chancellor should petition the court. At the time princes' households were fed and clothed from the imperial stores. He wrote that the rents of his state were enough for himself and asked to stop this more than ten times, and the emperor refused each time. Although he never went to his state, he divided its taxes to pay its civil and military staff down to the soldiers, and gave gifts for sickness and death. When floods or droughts came, he lent grain to the people of the state, collected only in a good year, and cut the amount by a fifth.[^zhengshi] He rose to general of the agile cavalry with the right to open an office, treated as equal to the three excellencies, humble and trusting with others. When the rank required him to disband his camp troops, several thousand soldiers were so attached to his kindness that they refused to leave, and the emperor gave him back his troops. He then became general who guards the army, was given the rank of palace attendant, served as acting junior tutor and then grand tutor of the crown prince, and offered the prince an admonition in verse. In the second year of Xianning he succeeded Jia Chong as minister of works. In court debate he spoke with all his heart; on years of famine, for example, he urged strict orders to prefectures to check false claims that harmed farming, and to forbid extravagance and idle living in the capital.[^zhengshi] ## His fall and death The Book of Jin says Sima Zhao especially loved him, often patting the couch and calling him by his childhood name, saying it was Taofu's seat, and nearly made him heir. As he lay dying he wept as he told Emperor Wu the stories of the Prince of Huainan of Han and Cao Zhi of Wei, put Sima You's hand into the emperor's, and urged the brothers to live in peace. In the emperor's later years his sons were young and the crown prince was weak, and officials inside and out looked to Sima You. Xun Xu, director of the secretariat, and Feng Dan, attendant, advanced themselves by flattery, and Sima You had long despised them. Fearing that he would succeed, they told the emperor that the crown prince could not be established, because all the officials had turned to the Prince of Qi, and that if he were told to go to his state the whole court would say it could not be done. Feng Dan added that if the princes were to be sent to their states, one should begin with the closest relative, and no one was closer than the Prince of Qi. The emperor believed them, and in the third year of Taikang issued an edict appointing him grand marshal with command over Qing province and sending him back to Qi. Sima You was displeased, knew it was Xun Xu and Feng Dan who had plotted against him, fell ill from anger and asked to guard the tombs of the former empress, which was refused. The emperor sent court physicians, who guessed his wishes and all said there was no illness. As the illness worsened he was still pressed to depart. He forced himself to go and take leave, still kept up his dress and bearing and acted as usual, so the emperor suspected him of feigning. Two nights after leaving the palace he vomited blood and died.[^zhengshi] The Book of Jin says he was thirty-six when he died, that the emperor wept bitterly, and that Feng Dan, standing beside him, said the Prince of Qi's name exceeded his reality and the realm had turned to him, so that his death was good fortune for the state, at which the emperor wiped away his tears. His funeral followed the precedent of Sima Fu, Prince of Anping, and he was given a place at the imperial ancestral temple. His son Sima Jiong succeeded him. Chinese Wikipedia gives the date of his death as the guichou day of the third month of the fourth year of Taikang, 27 April 283, at the age of thirty-eight, and adds that the emperor later executed the physicians after Sima Jiong told him they had lied that his father was not ill, and that his posthumous name was set as Xian. The sources do not agree on his age, thirty-six in the Book of Jin and thirty-eight in Chinese Wikipedia, and Wikidata's English description even gives 248 as the year of birth, so this entry does not try to reconcile them and uses only Wikidata's structured dates of 246 and 283.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Character The Book of Jin says he restrained himself by ritual and rarely erred. When he borrowed a book he would correct its mistakes by hand before returning it. He was unusually sincere, and was moved to tears whenever something touched on his parents' names, and even Emperor Wu respected and feared him, choosing his words carefully when they were together. He had three sons, Sima Rui (司马蕤), Sima Zan (司马赞) and Sima Shi (司马寔), and the Book of Jin has a separate biography of his son Sima Jiong.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Sima You, courtesy name Dayou, childhood name Taofu[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] - Life: 246 to 283[^wikidata] - Title: Prince of Qi, posthumous name Xian[^zhengshi] - Description: Cao Wei official and Western Jin imperial prince[^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Cao Wei, Western Jin[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124732043|Sima You]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/sima-you.html en zh zh en 246 246 283 283 historical figure person_cn_q1133156 person Zhu Ju zhu-ju 朱据

Zhu Ju (194–250), courtesy name Zifan, was a man of Wu county in Wu commandery and an important Eastern Wu official and general, married to a daughter of Sun Quan. He rose to General of Agile Cavalry. For firmly backing the crown prince in the Two Palaces dispute he was demoted and then put to death on a forged edict by Sun Hong.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1133156 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133156 zhwiki 朱据（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%93%9A zhengshi 三国志/卷57（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B757 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:58+08:00 user:admin 7 Zhu Ju was an official and general of Eastern Wu. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, juan 57, gives his courtesy name as Zifan and calls him a man of Wu county in Wu commandery. Wikidata gives the labels 朱据 (traditional form 朱據) and Zhu Ju with the alias Zifan, and records his life as 194 to 250. The title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Early career The history says he was handsome and strong and good at argument. At the start of Huangwu he was summoned as a gentleman of the five offices and made a censor. When the minister of appointments, Ji Yan, hated corrupt officials in post and wanted to purge them all, Zhu Ju argued that the world was not yet settled, that merit should cover faults, that discarding flaws and keeping useful men while raising the honest above the foul was enough, and that sweeping dismissals would bring trouble later. Ji Yan did not listen and eventually failed.[^zhengshi] ## Under Sun Quan Sun Quan, sighing over the shortage of commanders, thought back to Lü Meng and Zhang Wen and judged Zhu Ju fit to follow them, since his talent was both civil and military. He made him Colonel of Established Righteousness stationed at Huzhu. After Sun Quan moved the capital to Jianye he summoned Zhu Ju to marry a princess, and made him General of the Left and Marquis of Yunyang. The Records say he was modest to scholars, careless of wealth and generous, so that his large stipends were often not enough. Chinese Wikipedia identifies the princess as Sun Quan's third daughter Sun Luyu.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] When large coins worth five hundred each were first cast in the Jiahe era, a craftsman Wang Sui tricked his way into taking thirty thousand strings meant for Zhu Ju's household troops. The inspector Lü Yi suspected Zhu Ju had taken them and questioned the official in charge, who died under the rod. Zhu Ju pitied him and buried him generously, and Lü Yi then reported that Zhu Ju's officials were covering for him. Sun Quan questioned Zhu Ju several times, and he could not clear himself and sat on straw awaiting punishment. After some months the army clerk Liu Zhu discovered that Wang Sui had taken the money. Sun Quan was struck, saying that if even Zhu Ju could be wronged, what of ordinary officials and people, and had Lü Yi's crimes investigated and rewarded Liu Zhu a million cash.[^zhengshi] ## The Two Palaces dispute and death Zhu Ju was later promoted to General of Agile Cavalry; Chinese Wikipedia dates this to 246 and adds that in 249 he briefly took charge of the chancellor's duties. When the crown prince and the Prince of Lu quarrelled, Zhu Ju backed the crown prince with earnest words and a look of righteousness, holding to it to the death, and was demoted to commandery aide of Xindu. Before he arrived, the secretariat director Sun Hong slandered him, and while Sun Quan lay ill had a forged edict issued ordering his death. The Records say he was fifty-seven.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Afterwards Under Sun Liang his two sons Zhu Xiong and Zhu Sun each regained a command, but both were killed after being accused by Princess Quan. In the Yongan era his earlier merit was recalled, and Zhu Xiong's son Zhu Xuan inherited the Marquis of Yunyang and married a princess; under Sun Hao he rose to General of Agile Cavalry. Chinese Wikipedia adds that Zhu Ju's daughter became the empress of Emperor Jing of Wu, Sun Xiu.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Ju[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Zifan[^zhengshi] - Origin: Wu county in Wu commandery; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_suzhou|Suzhou]][^wikidata] - Dates: 194–250[^wikidata] - Realm: Eastern Wu[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q1133156_q70806|Zhu Ju]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/zhu-ju.html en zh zh en 194 194 250 250 historical figure person_cn_q1143130 person Ma Xiu ma-xiu 马休

Ma Xiu (178–211) was a son of the northwestern general Ma Teng and a brother of Ma Chao in the Three Kingdoms period. After Cao Cao summoned Ma Teng to the capital, Ma Xiu moved with the family to Ye. When Ma Chao rose against Cao in 211, Ma Teng and his family were put to death, and Ma Xiu died then.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1143130 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143130 zhwiki 马休（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BC%91 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:55+08:00 user:admin 7 Ma Xiu was a figure of the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata's Chinese label is 馬休, written 马休 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article carries the same title, so the heading stays as it is. This entry records his life as 178 to 211 and his country as China.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Family Chinese Wikipedia says he was a son of Ma Teng, a general of the northwest in the Three Kingdoms, and a brother of Ma Chao. Wikidata also lists Ma Teng as his father.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## The move to Ye and his death Chinese Wikipedia records that when Cao Cao was made chancellor he wanted to call Ma Chao to the capital as a subordinate, and Ma Chao did not accept. Cao Cao then summoned Ma Teng under the title of commandant of the guards to take office in the capital, and Ma Chao was made general of the flank and Marquis of Duting. Ma Xiu moved with the family to Ye, the capital of Cao Wei. Later, in 211, Ma Chao rose in revolt against Cao, and Cao Cao put to death Ma Chao's father Ma Teng and his family and brothers, and Ma Xiu died at that time. The article is short and does not record his courtesy name, offices or personal deeds.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Life: 178 to 211[^wikidata] - Father: Ma Teng[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Brother: Ma Chao[^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: China[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124326033|Ma Xiu]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/ma-xiu.html en zh zh en 178 178 211 211 historical figure person_cn_q11487635 person Zhang Pu zhang-pu 张普

Zhang Pu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a Wei general under Cao Xiu at the battle of Shiting and the vanguard of Cao Xiu's army. He led twenty thousand men to lie in ambush south of Shiting, ran into Zhu Huan's Wu troops without knowing who they were, and was cut down by Zhu Huan with one stroke of the sword.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Sun Yi (184–204), courtesy name Shubi, was a son of Sun Jian and a younger brother of Sun Ce and Sun Quan, of the Wu royal house. The Records of the Three Kingdoms call him fierce and bold like his brother Ce, and say that in the eighth year of Jian'an, at twenty, he became acting grand administrator of Danyang as general of the flank, and was later killed by his attendant Bian Hong.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1147819 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147819 zhwiki 孙翊（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E7%BF%8A zhengshi 三国志·卷51（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B751 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:53+08:00 user:admin 7 Sun Yi was a member of the royal house of Eastern Wu at the end of the Eastern Han. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Shubi and that he was a younger brother of Sun Quan, so the title stays his personal name. Wikidata also lists the alternative name Sun Yan, and the Dianlüe commentary says his given name was Yan. This entry records his life as 184 to 204.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Origin and temper Chinese Wikipedia says he was from Fuchun in Wu commandery, the third son of Sun Jian and a full younger brother of Sun Ce and Sun Quan. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say he was fierce, bold and decisive, like his brother Ce. The grand administrator Zhu Zhi recommended him as filial and incorrupt, and the minister of works Cao Cao summoned him too. The commentary quoting the Dianlüe says that when Sun Ce was dying, Zhang Zhao and others thought he should hand his troops to Sun Yan, who was Sun Yi and who was like Ce in temper, but Sun Ce called for Sun Quan and gave him the seals. Chinese Wikipedia adds that Sun Yi was severe and impatient and gave free rein to his moods, and that Zhu Zhi often rebuked him on grounds of principle.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Acting grand administrator of Danyang In the eighth year of Jian'an he became general of the flank and acting grand administrator of Danyang at the age of twenty. The Records say he was later killed by his attendant Bian Hong, who was himself executed at once.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia gives more detail. After arriving he treated Gui Lan and Dai Yuan with courtesy, men who had hidden in the mountains after Sun Quan killed Sheng Xian, grand administrator of Wu. He made Gui Lan commander of the troops and Dai Yuan assistant to the commandery, but the two wanted revenge for Sheng Xian, grew close to Bian Hong, were criticized by Sun Yi several times, and plotted to kill him. In the ninth year of Jian'an the magistrates of the counties of Danyang came to see him together. His wife Lady Xu cast a divination for the banquet, said the omen was bad and urged him not to hold it, but he did not listen. He normally wore a sword when going in and out, but that day, a little drunk, he saw the guests off unarmed, and Bian Hong cut him down from behind.[^zhwiki] ## His wife's revenge According to Chinese Wikipedia, Bian Hong fled into the mountains and was caught by men Lady Xu sent after him. Gui Lan and Dai Yuan put all the blame on Bian Hong and had him beheaded, but the soldiers of both Sun Yi and Sun Quan held the two men to be the real culprits. Sun He, grand administrator of Lujiang, hurried to Wanling and rebuked them for failing in their duty, and they killed him too. Gui Lan took over Sun Yi's troops, property and concubines and wanted to take Lady Xu as well, who pretended to agree and secretly contacted Sun Yi's officers Sun Gao, Fu Ying and Xu Yuan to kill Gui Lan and Dai Yuan, then made an offering of their heads at Sun Yi's tomb. When Sun Quan reached Danyang with his army he also sacrificed at the tomb in person, promoted Sun Gao and Fu Ying to commanders of the gate, and rewarded them with gold, silver and silk.[^zhwiki] ## Descendants and assessment The Records say his son Sun Song became colonel of the Shesheng guard and Marquis of Duxiang, and died in the third year of Huanglong. Zhuge Liang wrote to his brother Zhuge Jin that Sun Song was a fine vessel and that he wept at the gifts Sun Song had given him; this is said to be reported by Zhuge Liang's adopted son Zhuge Qiao. Chen Shou's assessment is that Sun Yi was fierce, bold and decisive, with the manner of his brother Ce.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Sun Yi, courtesy name Shubi, also called Sun Yan[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata] - Life: 184 to 204[^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Eastern Wu, Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q123681164|Sun Yi]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/sun-yi.html en zh zh en 184 184 204 204 historical figure person_cn_q1133057 person Ehe Shaoge ehe-shaoge 俄何烧戈

Ehe Shaoge is a Qiang general in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, combined from two Qiang leaders, E He and Shaoge, in the histories. In the novel he leads 50,000 men for Mi Dang against Wei, falls for Chen Tai's feigned surrender, and kills himself when surrounded; Wikidata records his death as 247.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]

Sima Zhou (227–283), courtesy name Zijiang, was the fourth son of Sima Yi and an imperial prince and general from Cao Wei into the Western Jin. First made Marquis of Nan'an Pavilion, he became Prince of Dongguan under Emperor Wu and then Prince of Langye, garrisoning Xiapi. The Book of Jin records that he led tens of thousands out through Tuzhong in the conquest of Wu and that he died in the fourth year of Taikang at fifty-seven.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1142166 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142166 zhwiki 司马伷（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E9%A6%AC%E4%BC%B7 zhengshi 晋书·卷038（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7038 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:49+08:00 user:admin 7 Sima Zhou was an imperial prince and general from Cao Wei into the Western Jin. The Book of Jin calls him Prince Wu of Langye, with the given name Zhou and the courtesy name Zijiang, and Wikidata's Chinese label is also 司馬伷, so the title stays his personal name. This entry records his life as 227 to 283, which agrees with the Book of Jin saying that he died at fifty-seven.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Family Chinese Wikipedia says he was the fourth son of Sima Yi and his mother was Lady Fu. He was a half-brother of Sima Shi, Sima Zhao and Sima Gan and a full brother of Sima Liang, Sima Jing and Sima Jun, and he was the grandfather of Emperor Yuan of Jin, Sima Rui. His wife was the eldest daughter of Zhuge Dan, and they had Sima Jin, Sima Dan and Sima Yao.[^zhwiki] ## Under Cao Wei The Book of Jin says that in the early Zhengshi years he was made Marquis of Nan'an Pavilion. He had talent and a good name early, started as general who pacifies the north and guarded Ye, where he was praised for calming people, and rose to mounted attendant, was advanced to Marquis of Dongwu district, and became general of the right and inspector of Yan province. When the five ranks were first set up he was made Earl of Nanpi, and he became general who campaigns against the captives with credentials.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia adds that in 260, when Cao Mao and Wang Jing plotted against Sima Zhao, Sima Zhou, then colonel of the Tun cavalry, attacked Cao Mao together with Jia Chong. They met Cao Mao at the East Carriage-Stopping Gate, and Cao Mao's men shouted at Sima Zhou's, who ran away.[^zhwiki] ## Under Western Jin When Emperor Wu took the throne he made Sima Zhou Prince of Dongguan with ten thousand six hundred households. When the court began to set up the two ministers, an edict told the princes to choose their own magistrates, and he sent a memorial declining it, which was refused. He entered the court as vice director of the right in the secretariat and general who comforts the army, then went out as general who guards the east with credentials over military affairs in Xu province, replacing Wei Guan at Xiapi. The Book of Jin says he defended the area well, won the full effort of his troops, and was feared by the men of Wu. He was given the rank of acting as the three excellencies and his title was changed to Prince of Langye, with Dongguan added to his state.[^zhengshi] ## The conquest of Wu In the campaign against Wu he led tens of thousands out through Tuzhong, and Sun Hao sent a letter with his seals and ribbons to Sima Zhou to ask for surrender. The edict praised him: he had commanded his forces and held Tuzhong in succession so that the enemy could not rescue one another, had sent the chancellor of Langye Liu Hong and others to press toward the river and frighten the enemy into sending envoys with false seals, and had his chief clerk Wang Heng take troops across the river, break the border guards and capture the commander Cai Ji, with some fifty or sixty thousand killed or surrendered. Zhuge Jing and Sun Yi came back and begged for death. For this his two sons were made pavilion marquises with three thousand households each and he was given six thousand bolts of silk. Soon he was also put in charge of Qing province and given the dress of an attendant, and advanced to grand general with the rank of acting as the three excellencies.[^zhengshi] ## Later years and death The Book of Jin judges that, as a close relative of high rank and with the merit of conquering Wu, he still restrained himself and was respectful and frugal, without a trace of pride; his subordinates gave their best and the people remembered his teaching. When he was gravely ill the emperor sent bedding, clothing, money, silk and grain, and an attendant to ask after him. He died in the fourth year of Taikang at fifty-seven. On his deathbed he asked to be buried beside his mother, the dowager consort, and to divide his state among four sons, and the emperor agreed. His son Prince Gong, Sima Jin, succeeded him, and the second son Sima Dan was made Prince of Wuling, Sima Yao Prince of Dong'an and Sima Cui Prince of Huailing. Chinese Wikipedia gives the date of his death as the jihai day of the fifth month of the fourth year of Taikang, 12 June 283.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Sima Zhou, courtesy name Zijiang[^zhengshi] - Life: 227 to 283[^wikidata] - Posthumous name: Wu[^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: China (Cao Wei and Western Jin)[^wikidata] - Birthplace recorded: [[place_luoyang|Luoyang]][^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124737301|Sima Zhou]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/sima-zhou.html en zh zh en 227 227 283 283 historical figure person_cn_q11398296 person Liu An liu-an 刘安

Liu An is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the hunter who sheltered Liu Bei. After Lü Bu defeated Liu Bei and he fled toward Cao Cao, he lodged at Liu An's home. Liu An could not find game and killed his own wife to feed him. Liu Bei wept when he learned the truth, and Cao Cao sent Sun Qian to reward Liu An with a hundred taels of gold.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Lin Chong is a major character in the classical novel Water Margin, matched with the star Tianxiong among the thirty-six Heavenly Spirits and nicknamed Leopard Head. He begins as weapons instructor to the eight hundred thousand Imperial Guards at Dongjing. Framed by Gao Qiu and exiled to Cangzhou, he later joins Liangshan, ranks sixth, and dies of paralysis at Liuhe Temple in Hangzhou after the amnesty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q1138838 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138838 zhwiki 林冲（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%86%B2 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:43+08:00 user:admin 7 Lin Chong is a character in Water Margin. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled 林冲. Wikidata also lists the names Leopard Head and Tianxiong, a nickname and a star name, neither of which can stand in for a personal name, so the heading stays as it is. Wikidata describes him as a Water Margin character, gives the dynasty of the setting as the Great Song, and places his death around the 1120s.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Origin and appearance Chinese Wikipedia says he corresponds to the star Tianxiong among the thirty-six Heavenly Spirits. When he first appears he is about thirty-four or thirty-five and is weapons instructor to the eight hundred thousand Imperial Guards at Dongjing (today's Kaifeng). He is big and strong, with a leopard's head, round eyes, a swallow's jaw and a tiger's beard, which is why he is called Leopard Head. He wields a snake spear of one zhang and eight chi and is unmatched in arms. His wife is Lady Zhang and they have no children. His father-in-law Instructor Zhang was once an Imperial Guards instructor, his father was an officer at Dongjing, and Cao Zheng, the Knife Demon, was his pupil.[^zhwiki] ## Framed and driven to Liangshan Lin Chong and the monk Lu Zhishen took to each other at once and swore brotherhood. When Lin Chong's wife went to burn incense at the Dongyue temple she was harassed by Gao Yanei, the adopted son of the marshal Gao Qiu. Her maid Jin'er told Lin Chong, who rushed over and stopped it. Gao Yanei did not give up and had Gao Qiu's confidant Lu Qian lure Lin Chong out to drink so that he could molest Lady Zhang, but Lin Chong hurried back and stopped that too. Having offended Gao Yanei, Lin Chong was trapped by Gao Qiu into entering the White Tiger Hall carrying a sword, was convicted and sentenced to exile in Cangzhou, and nearly died at the hands of the escorts Dong Chao and Xue Ba in the Wild Boar Forest until Lu Zhishen saved him. Staying at Chai Jin's house he laid out the arrogant Instructor Hong, who thought himself the best fighter there.[^zhwiki] At the Cangzhou prison camp Chai Jin quietly arranged things so that Lin Chong got the easy post of guarding the Hall of the Heavenly Kings. When Gao Qiu learned of this he sent Lu Qian and Fu An to kill him. They bribed the camp warden to move Lin Chong to the fodder yard and planned to burn it with him in it, but Lin Chong was out buying wine that day and escaped. With the fodder yard burned, which by law meant death, Lin Chong was driven to fury, killed Lu Qian, Fu An and an official, and no longer kept faith with the law. On Chai Jin's recommendation he went up to Liangshan on a snowy night.[^zhwiki] ## At Liangshan The chief then, the White-Robed Scholar Wang Lun, was petty and jealous and, fearing that Lin Chong would take his place, made things hard for him and demanded that within three days he go down the mountain, kill a man and bring back the head. Lin Chong would not harm an innocent traveler, and on the last day he waylaid the passing Yang Zhi, the Blue-Faced Beast. They fought dozens of rounds without result. When Chao Gai and his band came to join, Wang Lun again made excuses, and Lin Chong, goaded by Wu Yong, killed Wang Lun in anger and put Chao Gai forward as the new head. During this time he heard from passers-by that his father-in-law had died of illness and that his wife, pressed to marry by Gao Qiu, had hanged herself, and from then on he regarded Gao Qiu as his lifelong enemy.[^zhwiki] When Liangshan attacked the Zhu Family Manor, Lin Chong charged to the front, captured Hu Sanniang, and defeated Zhu Long. Afterward he was a main fighter against the imperial forces of Gao Lian, Huyan Zhuo and Guan Sheng. When the 108 were ranked he was sixth and second of the five tiger generals of the cavalry, in charge of holding the western land camp.[^zhwiki] ## After the amnesty After Liangshan accepted the amnesty, he followed Song Jiang and Lu Junyi against Liao, Tian Hu and Wang Qing. After Fang La was destroyed he caught paralysis in Hangzhou and was too ill to rise. He stayed at Liuhe Temple to recover, looked after by Wu Song and Lu Zhishen, and died half a year later. He was posthumously honored as Zhongwulang.[^zhwiki] ## Assessment The article quotes Jin Shengtan, who calls Lin Chong a first-rate figure but written too harshly: he could calculate ahead, endure, hold fast and carry things through, and that frightened people. It also quotes Mao Dun comparing the three officers Yang Zhi, Lin Chong and Lu Da: Yang Zhi wanted office, Lin Chong was law-abiding and submissive and was driven until he had nowhere to stay, and only Lu Da had no scruples and dared to act. Mao Dun also wrote a short story, Leopard Head Lin Chong.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Description: Water Margin character[^wikidata] - Other names: Leopard Head, Tianxiong[^wikidata] - Dynasty or state of the work's setting: Great Song[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]] /people/lin-chong.html en zh zh en Character in Water Margin true literary character person_cn_q11477179 person Cui Yu cui-yu 崔禹

Cui Yu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a subordinate general of Zhu Ran of Eastern Wu, and Wikidata records 221 as his death year within the work. In the battle of Yiling he volunteered to take Zhu Ran's place in the field, fell into an ambush, was captured by Zhang Bao, and was ordered beheaded by Liu Bei at Zigui.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Zhu Ling, courtesy name Wenbo, was a man of Shu county in Qinghe and a Cao Wei general who began under Yuan Shao, stayed with Cao Cao after helping him against Tao Qian, and rose to General in the Rear. The Records of the Three Kingdoms rank him just below Xu Huang. Wikidata gives his life as 170 to 223, while Chinese Wikipedia has him alive in 228 or later.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1133049 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133049 zhwiki 朱灵 (三国)（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%9D%88_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B) zhengshi 三国志/卷17（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B717 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:39+08:00 user:admin 8 Zhu Ling was a general of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, juan 17, attaches his biography to that of Xu Huang. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Wenbo and his origin as Shu county in the state of Qinghe, and Wikidata gives the labels 朱灵 (traditional form 朱靈) and Zhu Ling with the alias Wenbo. The title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## From Yuan Shao to Cao Cao The Records say Zhu Ling began as a commander under Yuan Shao. When Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian, Yuan Shao sent him to lead three camps in support, and he won merit. The other generals Yuan Shao had sent all went home, but he said he had seen many men and none like Cao Cao, a true lord, and having met him he would not go elsewhere. He stayed, and the soldiers under him, who admired him, stayed too. Chinese Wikipedia dates this to the fourth year of Chuping (193) and adds that two years earlier Yuan Shao had sent him against Ji Yong, who held his home county of Shu. The defenders put his mother and brother on the wall to lure him to surrender; he wept and said that a man who has gone out to serve cannot think of his family, fought hard, took the town and captured Ji Yong, and his family were all killed.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Under Cao Cao Chinese Wikipedia records that in the fourth year of Jian'an (199) Cao Cao sent Zhu Ling and Lu Zhao with Liu Bei to Xu Province to stop Yuan Shu; Yuan Shu died of illness and Liu Bei killed Che Zhou and took Xiapi. Later Cao Cao wanted to remove Zhu Ling's command and sent Yu Jin with a few dozen horsemen and an order to his camp; neither he nor his men dared move, and he became a subordinate of Yu Jin. He then took part in the pacification of Ji Province in 205 and the killing of the rebel Cheng Ang at Yangzhai, in the Red Cliffs campaign of 208 as one of seven armies under the supervisor Zhao Yan, in the Tong Pass campaign of 211 as Xu Huang's deputy, with Xiahou Yuan at Chang'an the year after, and in Cao Cao's campaign against Zhang Lu in 215 as Zhang He's deputy.[^zhwiki] ## Under Wei The Records say he later became a fine general whose fame was second to Xu Huang and others, rising to General in the Rear and receiving a fief; the edict of Cao Pi after his accession says he had helped the late ruler for many years in command of troops, with authority beyond Fangshu and Shao Hu and merit above Zhou Bo and Guan Ying. Chinese Wikipedia adds that Cao Pi first meant to enfeoff him in his home county, but at his own request he was made Marquis of Gaotang. In the second year of Taihe (228) he took part in the battle of Shiting, the last time the histories mention him. He died soon after, was posthumously named Wei, and his son Zhu Shu inherited the fief.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Differing dates Wikidata records him as born in 170 and dead in 223. Chinese Wikipedia says only that he was born in the 170s and died in or after 228, with the Shiting campaign the last record of him. The two do not agree, and this entry lists both without choosing between them.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Ling[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Wenbo[^zhwiki] - Origin: Shu county in the state of Qinghe; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_371400|Dezhou]][^wikidata] - Dates: Wikidata 170–223; Chinese Wikipedia 170s to 228 or later[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Realm: Cao Wei, earlier under Yuan Shao[^zhengshi] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123914607|Zhu Ling]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/zhu-ling.html en zh zh en 170 170 223 223 historical figure person_cn_q1153187 person Cai Zhong cai-zhong 蔡中

Cai Zhong is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a general of the Jing province army, a cousin of Cai Mao and the brother of Cai He, who went over to Cao Cao with Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. Wikidata records 208 as his death year within the work. After Cai Mao was wrongly killed by Cao Cao, he and his brother were sent into Eastern Wu as spies, were seen through by Zhou Yu, and he was cut down on the night the battle of Red Cliffs began, after Gan Ning led him into Cao's camp.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q1153187 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153187 zhwiki 蔡中（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E4%B8%AD 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:38+08:00 user:admin 7 Cai Zhong is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article are titled 蔡中, so the heading stays as it is. Wikidata describes him as a military officer of the Jing province army, gives the dynasty of the work's setting as Han, and records his death in 208.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Identity Chinese Wikipedia says that in the novel he and his brother Cai He are both cousins of Cai Mao, and that they went over to Cao Cao together with Cai Mao and Zhang Yun.[^zhwiki] ## In the novel According to Chinese Wikipedia's summary, after Cai Mao was wrongly killed by Cao Cao, Cai Zhong and his brother Cai He were sent to Eastern Wu by Cao Cao as spies, but Zhou Yu, the commander in chief of Wu, saw through them and turned the scheme back on Cao Cao, making him believe that Huang Gai and Gan Ning wanted to surrender to the Cao army. On the night the battle of Red Cliffs began, Gan Ning led Cai Zhong deep into the Cao camp, and he was then cut down from his horse. The article's reference is the novel itself, and it lists Cai Mao under see also.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Description: fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, military officer of the Jing province army[^wikidata] - Dynasty or state of the work's setting: Han[^wikidata] - Death: 208 (within the work)[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] /people/cai-zhong.html en zh zh en 208 208 Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms true literary character person_cn_q11477156 person Cui Yong cui-yong 崔勇

Cui Yong is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a subordinate general of Guo Si. After Emperor Xian's party escaped from Li Jue, he was sent to chase them with troops, and at Huayin county he was cut down in a single bout by Xu Huang, Yang Feng's officer, in Xu Huang's first appearance in the book.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Chen Ying is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a military commander under Zhao Fan of Guiyang, who was a hunter from the Lingshan area and fought with a steel fork. He urged resistance to Zhao Yun, was captured, and later was killed with Bao Long after their feigned surrender and assassination plan were seen through.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Fa, of the Si clan, was the sixteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty, a son of Gao and the father of Jie, though one view makes him Jie's elder brother. The Bamboo Annals say that after he took the throne the Yi peoples came and danced before him, and that in his seventh year Mount Tai shook. His name is also written Jing, Jing Fa or Fa Hui.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1151706 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151706 zhwiki 发 (夏朝)（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC_(%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D) 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:34+08:00 user:admin 7 Fa was a ruler of the Xia dynasty in early Chinese antiquity. Chinese Wikipedia says his clan name was Si and his personal name Fa. Wikidata's Chinese label is 發, written 发 in simplified characters, and it lists the title Di Fa as another name, so the heading stays as it is. The article also says his name is written Jing, Jing Fa or Fa Hui, which are variants or other forms and give no single name that could replace Fa. Wikidata describes him as the sixteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty, places him in the Xia dynasty, and gives no birth or death dates.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Lineage Chinese Wikipedia says he was the sixteenth ruler of Xia and the son of Gao. He was the father of Jie, although one view makes him Jie's elder brother. Wikidata also gives his father as Gao and lists Jie among his children.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## What the Bamboo Annals record The article cites the Bamboo Annals as saying that after Fa took the throne the Yi peoples came and danced before him, and that in his seventh year on the throne Mount Tai shook. These are records in an ancient text, and the article gives no other material to confirm them.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Clan name: Si; personal name: Fa[^zhwiki] - Other names: Jing, Jing Fa, Fa Hui, Di Fa[^zhwiki][^wikidata] - Description: sixteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: Xia dynasty[^wikidata] - Father: Gao[^wikidata][^zhwiki] /people/fa-xia.html en zh zh en historical figure person_cn_q1135878 person Cheng Bing cheng-bing 程秉

Cheng Bing (172–225), courtesy name Deshu, came from Nandun in Runan and was a Confucian scholar-official of Eastern Wu. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say he studied under Zheng Xuan, mastered the Five Classics after fleeing to Jiaozhou, was summoned by Sun Quan, rose to grand tutor of the crown prince, and died in office, leaving three works on the classics.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1135878 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135878 zhwiki 程秉（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E7%A7%89 zhengshi 三国志/卷53（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B753 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:33+08:00 user:admin 7 Cheng Bing was a Confucian official of Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Deshu and that he came from Nandun in Runan, so the title stays his personal name. This entry records his life as 172 to 225; the biography itself says only that he died of illness in office and gives no year for his death.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Study and entry into Wu The record says he was able to serve Zheng Xuan, and later, fleeing the wars, went to Jiaozhou, where he discussed the meaning of the classics with Liu Xi and came to master the Five Classics. The Jiaozhi grand administrator Shi Xie made him chief clerk. Sun Quan heard of him as a renowned scholar and summoned him with ceremony, and on arrival Cheng Bing was made grand tutor of the crown prince.[^zhengshi] ## The imperial bride and his advice In the fourth year of Huangwu, Sun Quan arranged for the crown prince Sun Deng to marry a daughter of Zhou Yu, and Cheng Bing, acting as minister of ceremonies, went to Wu commandery to receive the bride. Sun Quan came aboard Cheng Bing's boat in person, a mark of great honor. After he came back, Cheng Bing calmly advised Sun Deng that marriage is the beginning of human relations and the foundation of royal instruction, which is why the sage kings valued it and why the Odes put the Guanju first, and he urged the prince to honor ritual propriety in the inner quarters and keep in mind the Zhounan odes, so that moral influence would flourish above and songs of praise would rise below. Sun Deng laughed and answered that he would depend on his tutor to help him follow what was good and correct what was wrong.[^zhengshi] ## Death and writings He died of illness in office and left the Zhouyi zhai, the Shangshu bo and the Lunyu bi, more than thirty thousand characters in all. The Records add that while he was tutor, Zheng Chong of Henan, the commandant of the household attendants, was also known for diligent study and upright conduct.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Cheng Bing, courtesy name Deshu[^zhengshi] - Origin: Nandun in Runan[^zhengshi] - Life: 172 to 225[^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Eastern Wu[^wikidata] - Birthplace recorded: [[place_cn_411681|Xiangcheng]][^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124144905|Cheng Bing]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/cheng-bing.html en zh zh en 172 172 225 225 historical figure person_cn_q1134695 person Xu Jing xu-jing 许靖

Xu Jing (died 222), courtesy name Wenxiu, came from Pingyu in Runan and served at the end of the Eastern Han and in Shu Han. He was known as a judge of men. The Records of the Three Kingdoms describe him helping choose officials under Dong Zhuo, wandering as a refugee to Jiaozhou, then entering Shu to serve Liu Zhang and Liu Bei, and dying in the second year of Zhangwu aged over seventy.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1134695 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134695 zhwiki 许靖（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E9%9D%96 zhengshi 三国志·卷38（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B738 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:32+08:00 user:admin 7 Xu Jing was an official from the end of the Eastern Han to the start of Shu Han. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say his courtesy name was Wenxiu and that he came from Pingyu in Runan, so the title stays his personal name. Wikidata records his death as 222, which agrees with the record that he died in the second year of Zhangwu.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early years As a young man he and his cousin Xu Shao were both well known and both had a reputation for judging people, but privately they did not get on. When Xu Shao was head of merit in Runan commandery he pushed Xu Jing aside and refused him a place in order, so Xu Jing earned his living turning a mill. After Liu Yi of Yingchuan became grand administrator of Runan, he recommended Xu Jing as an accounts clerk and then nominated him as filial and incorrupt. Xu Jing became a palace secretary and was put in charge of selecting officials.[^zhengshi] ## Under Dong Zhuo, and flight After Emperor Ling died and Dong Zhuo took power, Dong Zhuo made Zhou Bi of Hanyang minister of personnel, and Zhou Bi planned with Xu Jing over who should rise and who should fall, removing the corrupt and raising the neglected. They promoted Xun Shuang, Han Rong and Chen Ji to high ministries and governorships, and appointed Han Fu governor of Ji, Liu Dai inspector of Yan, Zhang Zi grand administrator of Nanyang, Kong Zhou inspector of Yu, and Zhang Miao grand administrator of Chenliu. Xu Jing himself was named grand administrator of Ba, did not take up the post, and was made censor-in-chief instead. When Han Fu and the others reached their posts they raised armies against Dong Zhuo, who flew into a rage at Zhou Bi and had him beheaded outside. Xu Jing's cousin Xu Yang had joined Kong Zhou in the plot, and Xu Jing, afraid of being executed, fled to Kong Zhou. After Kong Zhou died he relied on the inspector of Yang, Chen Yi, and after Chen Yi died he went to Xu Gong, commandant of Wu, and Wang Lang, grand administrator of Kuaiji, who were old friends. He relieved his relatives and fellow villagers out of kindness.[^zhengshi] ## To Jiaozhou When Sun Ce crossed the river to the east, Xu Jing and his company fled to Jiaozhou. The record says he sat at the edge of the cliff, put his followers aboard first, sent even his distant relatives off, and left last, and all who saw it sighed. Arriving in Jiaozhi, he was treated with great respect by the grand administrator Shi Xie. Yuan Hui, also living in exile in Jiaozhou, wrote to the director of the secretariat Xun Yu in praise of him. Zhang Xiang of Julu, on a royal mission to Jiaozhou, tried to recruit him and was refused. In a letter to Cao Cao, Xu Jing described drifting at sea, going without grain and eating grass, with most of the party dead, and then plague that killed his aunt and many of his kin. Zhang Xiang, bitter at his refusal, threw all the letters Xu Jing had entrusted to him into the water.[^zhengshi] ## Into Shu Liu Zhang later sent a messenger to invite him, and he came into Shu, where Liu Zhang made him grand administrator of Ba and Guanghan, and in the sixteenth year of Jian'an he was moved to Shu commandery. In the nineteenth year Liu Bei took Shu and made him chief clerk to the general of the left. When Liu Bei became king of Hanzhong, Xu Jing was grand tutor, and when he took the imperial title, he addressed Xu Jing in an edict naming him minister of education.[^zhengshi] According to the summary in Chinese Wikipedia, when Liu Bei surrounded Chengdu Xu Jing tried to climb the wall and escape and was caught, and Liu Bei looked down on him. Fa Zheng argued that Xu Jing's name had spread through the whole country, and that failing to use him would make people think Liu Bei despised worthy men. Liu Bei took this advice and gave him an honored post without real power.[^zhwiki] ## Later years The record says that even past seventy he loved to talk about people, drew in younger men, and never tired of conversation, and that the chancellor Zhuge Liang bowed to him. He died in the second year of Zhangwu. His son Xu Qin died before him, and Qin's son Xu You was a palace secretary in the Jingyao years. In his early years Xu Jing treated Chen Ji of Yingchuan as an elder brother and was close to Yuan Huan, Hua Xin and Wang Lang. In the early Wei years Hua Xin, Wang Lang and Chen Ji's son Chen Qun became senior ministers, and all wrote to him to renew the old friendship.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Xu Jing, courtesy name Wenxiu[^zhengshi] - Origin: Pingyu in Runan[^zhengshi] - Birthplace recorded: [[place_cn_411723|Pingyu County]][^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Shu Han, Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Death: 222[^wikidata][^zhengshi] - Description: statesman of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124351108|Xu Jing]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xu-jing.html en zh zh en 222 222 historical figure person_cn_q1146661 person Zhu Jun zhu-jun 朱儁

Zhu Jun (149–195), courtesy name Gongwei, came from Shangyu in Kuaiji and was a general at the end of the Eastern Han who put down the Jiaozhi revolt and the Yellow Turban rebellion and rose to grand commandant. The Book of the Later Han says that when Li Jue and Guo Si fought each other, Guo Si held him as a hostage, and Zhu Jun, who was strict by nature, fell ill and died that same day.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1146661 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146661 zhwiki 朱儁（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%84%81 zhengshi 后汉书·卷71（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B771 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:28+08:00 user:admin 7 Zhu Jun was a general at the end of the Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han says his courtesy name was Gongwei and that he came from Shangyu in Kuaiji, and Wikidata's Chinese label is also 朱儁, with variant forms such as 朱雋, so the title stays his personal name. This entry records his life as 149 to 195.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Early life The Book of the Later Han says he lost his father young and his mother made her living selling silk. He became known for filial care, served as a gatekeeper clerk in the county, and was fond of justice and careless of money, which won him respect in his village. A man of the same commandery, Zhou Gui, was summoned to a ministry and borrowed a million cash from the commandery treasury to buy his cap and robes. When the commandery suddenly demanded repayment, Zhou Gui's family was too poor to pay, and Zhu Jun secretly took his mother's silk to settle the debt. His mother lost her stock and was angry with him. He said a small loss would bring a larger gain and that poor first and rich afterward was only natural. The county magistrate Du Shang saw him and thought him remarkable, and recommended him to the grand administrator Wei Yi, so that he rose in commandery posts, and the later grand administrator Yin Duan made him chief clerk. In the second year of Xiping Yin Duan failed in a campaign against Xu Zhao, was denounced by the province and was liable to execution. Zhu Jun, in worn clothes and quietly, took several hundred gold pieces to the capital, bribed the clerks in charge of memorials, and had the province's memorial altered, so that Yin Duan was only sentenced to labor. Yin Duan was glad to be let off without knowing why, and Zhu Jun never said anything.[^zhengshi] ## Pacifying Jiaozhi The next grand administrator, Xu Gui, recommended him as filial and incorrupt, and he served twice as magistrate of Lanling with unusual ability. When bandits rose together in Jiaozhi and the governors were too weak to stop them, Liang Long and more than ten thousand others joined the grand administrator of Nanhai, Kong Zhi, in revolt and broke commanderies and counties. In the first year of Guanghe Zhu Jun was made inspector of Jiaozhi, told to gather household troops and levies as he passed his own commandery, and set out with five thousand men in two columns. At the border of the province he halted, sent envoys ahead to see how strong the rebels were and to spread the court's authority and shake their morale, and then advanced on them together with troops from seven commanderies. He cut down Liang Long, tens of thousands surrendered, and everything was settled within a month. For this he was made Marquis of Duting Pavilion with fifteen hundred households, given fifty jin of gold, and called to court as palace counselor.[^zhengshi] ## The Yellow Turban rebellion When the Yellow Turbans rose, many ministers recommended Zhu Jun for his ability. He was made general of the household of the right, given credentials, and with Huangfu Song, general of the household of the left, he attacked the rebels in Yingchuan, Runan and Chen and defeated them all. Huangfu Song reported this and gave the credit to Zhu Jun, who was advanced to Marquis of Xixiang and made general of the household who suppresses bandits.[^zhengshi] Meanwhile in Nanyang the Yellow Turban Zhang Mancheng had risen with tens of thousands and killed the grand administrator, then camped before Wancheng for over a hundred days. After the grand administrator Qin Jie killed him, the rebels chose Zhao Hong as leader, grew to over a hundred thousand and held Wancheng. Zhu Jun joined the inspector of Jing, Xu Qiu, and Qin Jie with a total of eighteen thousand men and besieged Zhao Hong from the sixth to the eighth month without success. Officials asked to recall him, but the minister of works Zhang Wen argued that changing generals in the field is a taboo of the military art and that Zhu Jun should be given time. Emperor Ling dropped the plan. Zhu Jun pressed the attack and killed Zhao Hong, but the remaining leader Han Zhong again held Wancheng against him. With few troops, he extended the siege, built camps and a mound overlooking the city, and made a show of attacking the southwest with drums, so that the rebels all rushed there while he led five thousand picked men to take the northeast and climb into the city. Han Zhong withdrew into the small city and begged to surrender. His deputy Zhang Chao, Xu Qiu and Qin Jie all wanted to accept, but Zhu Jun said that now the realm is united and only the Yellow Turbans make trouble, so accepting surrender would not encourage good and attacking would punish evil, and that accepting it would only teach the rebels to fight when they were winning and surrender when they were not. He pressed the attack and several battles failed. He then climbed the mound, looked, and said to Zhang Chao that the rebels were tightly ringed outside and crowded inside, with surrender refused and no way out, so they fought to the death, and that even ten thousand of one mind are hard to resist, let alone a hundred thousand. He proposed lifting the siege and entering the city together, so that Han Zhong would come out and, once out, lose heart. After the siege was lifted Han Zhong did sally out, and Zhu Jun broke him and pursued him tens of li, killing over ten thousand, and Han Zhong surrendered. Qin Jie, long resentful, killed him, and the rest, fearing for themselves, chose Sun Xia as leader and again took Wancheng. Zhu Jun attacked at once, Sun Xia fled, and he chased and defeated him again at Mount Jing in Xi'e, killing another ten thousand or so, and the rebels scattered.[^zhengshi] ## After the rebellion and under Dong Zhuo The record says that the next spring an envoy with credentials made Zhu Jun general of chariots and cavalry of the right, and when his army returned to the capital he was made grand master of the palace, had five thousand more households added, and was made Marquis of Qiantang, with the rank of special advance. After leaving office for his mother's mourning, he returned to be director of the imperial workshops and then moved to minister of the privy treasury and minister of the imperial stud. When Zhang Yan of the Black Mountain bandits pressed Henei and threatened the capital, Zhu Jun was sent out as grand administrator of Henei and drove him back with his household troops. He later became grand master of the palace, colonel of the mounted guard, then colonel of the city gates and governor of Henan. When Dong Zhuo held power, he welcomed the veteran general on the surface but feared him in his heart. As the eastern armies grew strong and Dong Zhuo grew afraid, he repeatedly called the ministers to discuss moving the capital to Chang'an, and Zhu Jun each time argued against it. Dong Zhuo disliked this but wanted his famous name and had him named minister of the imperial stud as his deputy. Zhu Jun refused to accept and told the envoy that moving west would disappoint the realm and cause trouble in the east, and that being deputy to the chancellor was beyond his ability and moving the capital was not an urgent matter.[^zhengshi] After Dong Zhuo entered the pass he left Zhu Jun to guard Luoyang, while Zhu Jun secretly allied with the generals east of the mountains, then fled to Jingzhou for fear of attack. When Dong Zhuo put Yang Yi in charge of Henan, Zhu Jun marched back and drove him off, but with Henan ruined he camped at Zhongmou and sent letters asking for troops. The Xu inspector Tao Qian sent three thousand elite troops, and other prefectures sent some help, and Tao Qian recommended him as acting general of chariots and cavalry. Dong Zhuo sent Li Jue and Guo Si with tens of thousands to hold Henan, and Zhu Jun was defeated and did not dare advance again. After Dong Zhuo was killed and Li Jue and Guo Si made trouble, Tao Qian and others recommended Zhu Jun as grand tutor and called on governors to attack Li Jue and welcome the emperor, but Li Jue, following the advice of Zhou Zhong and Jia Xu, summoned Zhu Jun to court. His officers feared entering the pass and wanted to answer Tao Qian, but Zhu Jun said that when a ruler summons you, you do not wait for the carriage, let alone for the emperor's edict, and that Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou were petty and mediocre men of equal strength who would surely fall out, giving him a chance. He declined Tao Qian's plan, answered Li Jue's call and again became minister of the imperial stud.[^zhengshi] ## Later years and death In the fourth year of Chuping he succeeded Zhou Zhong as grand commandant and recorded the affairs of the secretariat. The next autumn he was dismissed over a solar eclipse and then acted as general of agile cavalry with credentials to guard the east of the pass. Before he set out Li Jue killed Fan Chou, Guo Si grew suspicious and attacked Li Jue, and Chang'an fell into disorder, so he did not go and was left as minister of agriculture. Emperor Xian ordered Zhu Jun and about ten others, including the grand commandant Yang Biao, to persuade Guo Si to make peace with Li Jue. Guo Si refused and held Zhu Jun and the others as hostages. Zhu Jun, always strict and unbending, fell ill that same day and died. His son Zhu Hao also had talent and conduct and rose to grand administrator of Yuzhang.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Zhu Jun, courtesy name Gongwei[^zhengshi] - Origin: Shangyu in Kuaiji[^zhengshi] - Life: 149 to 195[^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Birthplace recorded: [[place_cn_330604|Shangyu District]][^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cnv_q1146661_q70806|Zhu Jun]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/zhu-jun.html en zh zh en 149 149 195 195 historical figure person_cn_q1132999 person Xu Shao xu-shao 许劭

Xu Shao (150–195), courtesy name Zijiang, was a man of Pingyu in Runan and a late Han critic famous for appraising people, who held the 'monthly review' with his cousin Xu Jing. He fled the northern turmoil to the south, followed Liu Yao to Yuzhang and died there at forty-six.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1132999 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132999 zhwiki 许劭（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E5%8A%AD zhengshi 后汉书·卷68（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B768 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:26+08:00 user:admin 7 Xu Shao was a critic of people in the late Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han, juan 68, gives his courtesy name as Zijiang and calls him a man of Pingyu in Runan. Wikidata gives the Chinese label 许劭 (traditional form 許劭) with the alias Xu Zijiang, and records his life as 150 to 195. The title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Appraising people The history says that from youth he valued integrity and loved judging character, and that those he praised, such as Fan Zizhao and He Yangshi, became well known, so that when the world spoke of raising men to office it named Xu and Guo. He first served as a commandery officer and the grand administrator Xu Qiu respected him, so that everyone in the office mended their conduct when they heard he had taken a post. When Yuan Shao, of the same commandery, came home after leaving his post as magistrate of Puyang with a splendid retinue, he dismissed his guests at the border, saying his carriage and dress must not be seen by Xu Zijiang, and went home in a single cart. With his cousin Xu Jing he reviewed the people of the district and changed the rankings each month, which gave Runan the phrase 'monthly review'.[^zhengshi] The history adds that in Yingchuan he alone did not call on Chen Shi, and that he alone did not attend when Chen Fan came home to bury his wife. Asked why, he said that Taiqiu's way was broad, and what is broad is hard to cover fully, while Zhongju's nature was stern, and what is stern is seldom open. His distant kinsmen Xu Jing, Xu Xun and Xu Xiang held the three highest offices, and Xu Xiang gained his rank by flattering eunuchs and repeatedly invited him; he despised his conduct and never went. He and his cousin Xu Jing were on poor terms, and contemporaries thought less of him for it.[^zhengshi] ## The judgment on Cao Cao The history records that when Cao Cao was still obscure, he repeatedly asked Xu Shao with humble words and generous gifts to assess him. Xu Shao scorned him and refused, until Cao Cao threatened him, and Xu Shao said 'You are a traitor in times of peace and a hero in times of chaos'; Cao Cao left delighted. Chinese Wikipedia adds that there is a second wording of the verdict, in a quotation of Sun Sheng in Pei Songzhi's commentary on the Records of the Three Kingdoms, 'a capable minister in an ordered age and a treacherous hero in a chaotic one', and that the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms adapts the scene so that Xu Shao first stays silent and then answers when asked again.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Flight and death The grand commandant Yang Biao summoned him and recommended him as upright and plain, but he declined. Urged to serve, he said petty men were on the rise and the royal house was about to fall, and he wanted to take refuge by the Huai and the sea to protect the old and young of his household. He went south to Guangling, where Tao Qian, inspector of Xu Province, treated him very well, but he felt that Tao Qian cared for reputation and was not truly upright, and moved on to join Liu Yao, inspector of Yang Province, at Qu'e. Later Tao Qian did arrest the scholars lodging in his province. After Sun Ce settled the lands of Wu, Xu Shao went south with Liu Yao to Yuzhang and died there at forty-six. Chinese Wikipedia dates his death to the second year of Xingping (195).[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Family The history says his elder brother Xu Qian was also known, and people of Runan spoke of the 'two dragons of the Pingyu pool'. Chinese Wikipedia further names his cousin Xu Jing and his son Xu Hun, a discerning man who became a secretary of the masters of writing under Emperor Ming of Wei.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xu Shao[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Zijiang[^zhengshi] - Origin: Pingyu in Runan; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_411723|Pingyu County]][^wikidata] - Dates: 150–195[^wikidata] - Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123582769|Xu Shao]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xu-shao.html en zh zh en 150 150 195 195 historical figure person_cn_q1151702 person Meng Tian meng-tian 蒙恬

Meng Tian was a general and calligrapher of the Qin, whose ancestors came from Qi and whose grandfather Meng Ao and father Meng Wu were both Qin generals. He led three hundred thousand men north against the Xiongnu, recovered the land south of the Yellow River and built the wall and a straight road. After the First Emperor's death he was ordered to die by Zhao Gao and Huhai's forged edict and took poison.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1151702 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151702 zhwiki 蒙恬（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%81%AC zhengshi 史記/卷088（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7088 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:24+08:00 user:admin 7 Meng Tian was a famous general of the Qin. The Records of the Grand Historian say that his ancestors were from Qi, and Wikidata's Chinese label is also 蒙恬, so the title stays his personal name. His grandfather Meng Ao came to Qin from Qi and rose to a senior minister under King Zhaoxiang, his father Meng Wu was also a Qin general, and his brother was Meng Yi. Wikidata records his death in 210 BCE, while this site's earlier structured data gives 209 BCE. They differ by a year and this entry does not force them to agree.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Family and early career The Records say that Meng Ao became a Qin general in the first year of King Zhuangxiang, took Chenggao and Xingyang from Han and set up Sanchuan commandery, later attacked Zhao and Wei, and died in the seventh year of the First Emperor. Meng Ao's son was Meng Wu and Meng Wu's son was Meng Tian. Meng Tian had once written up prison cases and literary texts, that is, served as an official in charge of legal documents. In the twenty-third year of the First Emperor, Meng Wu served as an assistant general of Qin and with Wang Jian attacked Chu and killed Xiang Yan. In the twenty-sixth year Meng Tian, thanks to his family, became a Qin general, defeated Qi, and was made interior minister.[^zhengshi] Chinese Wikipedia adds that in 224 BCE he was Li Xin's deputy in the attack on Chu and took Qinqiu.[^zhwiki] ## Driving out the Xiongnu and building the wall After Qin had united the empire, Meng Tian was sent with three hundred thousand men to drive the northern tribes back and recover the land south of the Yellow River. He built a wall along the terrain and made use of the strong points to form fortified passes, from Lintao to Liaodong, more than ten thousand li long. He crossed the river, held Yangshan and went on north in a winding line, spending over ten years in the field and stationed at Shang commandery, and his prestige shook the Xiongnu. The Records say the First Emperor honored and trusted the Meng family greatly and kept Meng Yi close, who rose to senior minister, rode in the same carriage when the emperor went out and stood at his side within, with Meng Tian handling external matters and Meng Yi counsel within, so that no general or minister dared contend with them. The emperor also wanted a road from Jiuyuan straight to Ganquan and had Meng Tian open it, cutting through mountains and filling valleys for eighteen hundred li, but the road was not finished.[^zhengshi] ## The quarrel with Zhao Gao The Records say that Zhao Gao was made director of the imperial carriage office by the King of Qin and privately served Prince Huhai, teaching him to decide lawsuits. When Zhao Gao committed a serious offence, the king ordered Meng Yi to try him by law. Meng Yi did not dare bend the law and sentenced Zhao Gao to death and struck him from the register of palace officials, but the emperor, because Zhao Gao was diligent in his work, pardoned him and restored his office and rank.[^zhengshi] ## The incident at Shaqiu, and his death In the winter of the thirty-seventh year the First Emperor went on tour and fell ill on the road, and sent Meng Yi back to pray to the mountains and rivers, and before Meng Yi returned the emperor died at Shaqiu, a fact that was kept secret. Zhao Gao, who favored Huhai and wanted to make him heir, also resented Meng Yi for punishing him by law and not taking his side, so he plotted with the chancellor Li Si and Huhai to make Huhai crown prince, and then sent a messenger to order Prince Fusu and Meng Tian to die for supposed crimes. After Fusu died Meng Tian doubted the order and asked again, and the messenger gave him to the officials and put another in his place. When the messenger reported, Huhai heard that Fusu was dead and wanted to release Meng Tian, but Zhao Gao feared the Meng family would become powerful again and held a grudge against them. When Meng Yi returned, Zhao Gao told Huhai that the late emperor had long wanted to name a crown prince and that Meng Yi had said it was not possible, so it would be best to execute him. Huhai agreed and held Meng Yi at Dai, having already imprisoned Meng Tian at Yangzhou.[^zhengshi] Ziying warned that the Meng family were great ministers and counselors of Qin, and that killing loyal ministers and promoting men without integrity would make the officials distrust one another and the fighters lose heart, but Huhai did not listen. He sent the censor Qu Gong to Dai to order Meng Yi to die, and Meng Yi argued his case but was killed all the same. The Second Emperor then sent a messenger to Yangzhou to tell Meng Tian that he had many faults and that his brother Meng Yi had committed a grave crime for which the law reached the interior minister too. Meng Tian answered that from his ancestors to his descendants the family had built up merit and trust in Qin over three generations, that he now commanded more than three hundred thousand men and, though imprisoned, had the power to rebel, but that knowing he must die he kept to duty, not daring to dishonor his ancestors' teaching or to forget the late emperor, and he argued from the story of the Duke of Zhou. The messenger said he was only carrying out the law on the general by order and dared not report his words to the throne. Meng Tian sighed and said, what sin have I committed against heaven, to die without fault. After a long time he said slowly that he surely deserved death, because in building walls and moats from Lintao to Liaodong for over ten thousand li he could not have avoided cutting the earth's veins. He then swallowed poison and killed himself.[^zhengshi] ## Assessment and legend Chinese Wikipedia says that Sima Qian held that Qin had only just been founded and the people needed rest, and that Meng Tian, a powerful man, ought to have urged the emperor not to abuse the people's labor but instead eagerly built the wall, which was a fault. Yang Xiong held that his loyalty had nothing worth imitating, while Sima Guang said that he understood the duty of a subject, and that though killed without fault he held to death without wavering, which also deserved praise. The article also mentions the tradition that he invented the brush, noting that brushes are archaeologically known before him, so he was more likely an improver.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Meng Tian[^zhengshi] - Description: Qin general and calligrapher[^wikidata] - State or dynasty: Qin[^wikidata] - Birthplace recorded: the state of Qin[^wikidata] - Death: 210 BCE (Wikidata) or 209 BCE (this site's earlier data)[^wikidata] /people/meng-tian.html en zh zh en -209 209 BC historical figure person_cn_q1151674 person Jin of Xia jin-xia 廑

Jin, of the Si clan and personal name Jin, also written Yin Jia, was the thirteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty in early Chinese antiquity and the son of Jiong. The Diwang shiji gives his reign as twenty years, and the Bamboo Annals say ten suns appeared in the sky in his time. He had no son and was succeeded by his cousin Kong Jia.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1151674 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151674 zhwiki 廑（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%91 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:22+08:00 user:admin 7 Jin was a ruler of the Xia dynasty in early Chinese antiquity. Chinese Wikipedia says his clan name was Si and his personal name Jin (廑), and Wikidata's Chinese label is also 廑, so the heading stays as it is. He has other names, Yin Jia, Guang, Xu, Dong Jiang, Chan and another form of Jia, of which Wikidata lists Yin Jia as an alias; these are variants or other forms, and the article gives no single name that could replace 廑. Wikidata describes him as the thirteenth king of the Xia dynasty and gives only a century-level date around 1900 BCE for his death, which this entry does not use.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Lineage and reign Chinese Wikipedia says he was the thirteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty and the son of Jiong, and Wikidata also gives his father as Jiong. The Diwang shiji records that he reigned for twenty years. He had no son, and his successor was his cousin Kong Jia.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Legendary omen The article cites the Bamboo Annals as saying that ten suns appeared in the sky during his reign, and the Tongjian waiji, quoting the Bamboo Annals, says he died in the year when ten suns appeared together. These are traditional records in ancient books, and the article gives no archaeological material to confirm them.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Clan name: Si; personal name: Jin (廑)[^zhwiki] - Other names: Yin Jia, Guang, Xu, Dong Jiang, Chan, and another form of Jia[^zhwiki] - Description: thirteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: Xia dynasty[^wikidata] - Father: Jiong[^wikidata][^zhwiki] /people/jin-xia.html en zh zh en historical figure person_cn_q1146630 person Liang Xing liang-xing 梁兴

Liang Xing (died 212) was one of the Guanzhong warlords at the end of the Eastern Han. In 198 he helped kill Li Jue, who had fled to Huangbai city, and sent his head to Cao Cao. In 211 he joined Ma Chao, Han Sui and others in rising against Cao Cao, which led to the battle of Tong Pass, and in 212 he was killed in a campaign by Xiahou Yuan and Zheng Hun.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1146630 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146630 zhwiki 梁兴（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E8%88%88 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:21+08:00 user:admin 8 Liang Xing was one of the Guanzhong warlords at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label is written 梁興, or 梁兴 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article carries the same title, so the heading stays as it is. Wikidata records his death in 212 and his state as Eastern Han.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Killing Li Jue Chinese Wikipedia records that in 198, under the command of Pei Mao and Duan Wei, Liang Xing and Zhang Heng and others killed Li Jue, who had fled to Huangbai city, and sent his head to Cao Cao.[^zhwiki] ## The battle of Tong Pass In 211 Liang Xing joined Ma Chao, Han Sui and the other leaders of the so-called ten generals of Guanzhong in rising against Cao Cao's advance west, which set off the battle of Tong Pass. In 212 he was killed in a campaign by Xiahou Yuan and Zheng Hun. The article adds that in chapter 59 of the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms he is killed by Ma Chao after Jia Xu's scheme of sowing discord, which is a different matter from the historical events above.[^zhwiki] ## Assessment The article quotes two comments. Chen Lin said that the Guanzhong generals had gathered again and rebelled, holding the two Hua mountains and the Yellow and Wei rivers, driving the Qiang and Hu before them and heading east together with high spirit, as though unbeatable. Hu Sanxing said that the western troops were then the strongest and best, yet were broken by Cao Cao because their discipline was not unified.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Death: 212[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124328613|Liang Xing]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/liang-xing.html en zh zh en 212 212 historical figure person_cn_q1151669 person Lei Tong lei-tong 雷铜

Lei Tong (died 218) was a general under Liu Bei at the end of the Eastern Han, defeated together with Wu Lan by Cao Hong's army and killed in the battle of Xiabian. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms also has a character of this name, a brave man short of strategy who falls into Zhang He's ambush and is cut down.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1151669 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151669 zhwiki 雷铜（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E9%8A%85 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:18+08:00 user:admin 8 Lei Tong was a general under Liu Bei at the end of the Eastern Han. Wikidata's Chinese label is written 雷銅, or 雷铜 in simplified characters, and the Chinese Wikipedia article carries the same title, so the heading stays as it is. Wikidata records his death in 218 and his state as Eastern Han, and gives his birth only as a century-level date around 150, which this entry does not use.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## The contest for Hanzhong and his death Chinese Wikipedia says that when Liu Bei wanted to contend with Cao Cao for Hanzhong, he asked Zhou Qun for advice. Zhou Qun answered that even if he won the land he would not win the hearts of the people, that sending a detached force would surely go badly, and that he should be careful. Zhang Yu of Shu commandery, a military assistant of the province, also urged him not to fight for Hanzhong. Liu Bei did not listen, and sure enough took the land without winning the people's hearts. The generals Wu Lan, Lei Tong and others he sent into Wudu were all killed in battle.[^zhwiki] The article gives the details. In 217 Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Wu Lan and others to camp at Xiabian, and Cao Cao sent Cao Hong against them, with Cao Xiu as cavalry commandant and Cao Hong as commander of operations. Cao Cao told Cao Xiu that though nominally an adviser he was in fact the commander, and Cao Hong, hearing the order, also left military matters to Cao Xiu. In the spring of 218 Liu Bei sent Zhang Fei to camp at Gu Mountain in order to cut the Cao army's rear, and the Cao officers hesitated in debate. Cao Xiu said that if Zhang Fei really meant to cut off the rear he would move secretly and set an ambush, so this was only a show, and that they should break Wu Lan quickly before the others gathered, since once Wu Lan fell Zhang Fei would withdraw of himself. Cao Hong agreed and with Zhang Ji heavily defeated Wu Lan at Xiabian, killing his officers Ren Kui, Lei Tong and others. Wu Lan was killed by the Yinping Di man Qiang Duan, and his head was sent to Chang'an.[^zhwiki] ## In the novel The article adds that in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lei Tong is a general who came over from Liu Zhang. He fought bravely beside Zhang Fei against the Wei general Zhang He in the Hanzhong campaign but lacked strategy and was killed in Zhang He's ambush. This is the novel's story and differs from the battle of Xiabian recorded in the histories.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Death: 218[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - State or dynasty: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Derived figure: [[person_cn_q124342224|Lei Tong]] (character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/lei-tong.html en zh zh en 218 218 historical figure person_cn_q1132576 person Kong Xiu kong-xiu 孔秀

Kong Xiu is a fictional figure of Three Kingdoms storytelling; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms he is Cao Cao's commander at Dongling Pass, who blocks Guan Yu for lack of a travel permit and is killed, the first of the six generals Guan Yu slays on his way through the five passes.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]

京政发〔2013〕10号规定，自2013年4月11日至2014年4月10日实施工作日高峰时段区域限行，明确公务用车停驶安排、机动车尾号轮换和免限行车辆。

published category-road-transport official 北京市人民政府关于实施工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施的通告北京市人民政府 2013-04-02 https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj/szfwj/201905/t20190523_72647.html 2026-10-27T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:17+08:00 user:admin 4 ## 通告全文（历史）京政发〔2013〕10号在党中央、国务院的坚强领导下，在中央各部门各单位、驻京部队和广大市民的大力支持下，近年来本市陆续实施了一系列交通管理措施，取得良好效果，交通拥堵得到缓解，空气质量持续改善。但是，随着机动车保有量持续增长，改善空气质量和缓解交通拥堵的压力进一步加大。为全面贯彻落实《国务院关于加强环境保护重点工作的意见》(国发〔2011〕35号)，有效降低汽车污染物排放，确保首都交通安全顺畅，市政府决定自2013年4月11日至2014年4月10日，继续实施工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施。现就有关事项通告如下：一、本市行政区域内的中央国家机关，本市各级党政机关，中央和本市所属的社会团体、事业单位和国有企业的公务用车继续按车牌尾号每周停驶一天(0时至24时)，范围为本市行政区域内道路。二、根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》和《北京市实施〈中华人民共和国大气污染防治法〉办法》有关规定，自2013年4月11日至2014年4月10日，除上述第一条范围内的机动车外，本市其他机动车继续实施按车牌尾号工作日高峰时段区域限行交通管理措施，限行时间为7时至20时，范围为五环路以内道路(不含五环路)。对非本市进京载客汽车的交通管理措施继续按《北京市公安局关于对非本市进京载客汽车采取交通管理措施的通告》(2010年第18号)执行。三、根据上述第一、二条规定，按车牌尾号工作日高峰时段区域限行的机动车车牌尾号分为五组，每13周轮换一次限行日，分别为： (一)自2013年4月8日至2013年7月6日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：4和9、5和0、1和6、2和7、3和8(含临时号牌，机动车车牌尾号为英文字母的按0号管理，下同)； (二)自2013年7月7日至2013年10月5日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：3和8、4和9、5和0、1和6、2和7； (三)自2013年10月6日至2014年1月4日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：2和7、3和8、4和9、5和0、1和6； (四)自2014年1月5日至2014年4月10日，星期一至星期五限行机动车车牌尾号分别为：1和6、2和7、3和8、4和9、5和0。四、以下机动车不受上述措施限制： (一)警车、消防车、救护车、工程救险车； (二)公共电汽车、省际长途客运车辆及大型客车、出租汽车(不含租赁车辆)、小公共汽车、邮政专用车、持有市交通运输管理部门核发的旅游客车营运证件的车辆，经市公安交通管理部门核定的单位班车和学校校车； (三)车身喷涂统一标识并执行任务的行政执法车辆和清障专用车辆； (四)环卫、园林、道路养护的专项作业车辆，殡仪馆的殡葬车辆； (五)悬挂“使”字头号牌车辆及经批准临时入境的车辆。市政府将进一步深入贯彻落实科学发展观，按照科学规划和“建、管、限”的总体思路，全力实施新一轮“排堵保畅”工程，确保首都交通安全顺畅。特此通告。北京市人民政府 2013年3月29日 [^official] /works/beijing-government-notice-2013.html en zh true zh 2013年 announcement 2013 4 2 day person_cn_q1132512 person Wang Zhi wang-zhi 王植

Wang Zhi is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, set as the grand administrator of Xingyang under Cao Cao and in-law of Han Fu; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. His plan to burn Guan Yu in his lodging at night is exposed by Hu Ban, and he is killed by Guan Yu in pursuit; Wikidata gives his death as 200.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Wen Qin (died 258), courtesy name Zhongruo, was a man of Qiao in the state of Pei and a Cao Wei general and inspector of Yang Province. He rose with Guanqiu Jian at Shouchun against Sima Shi, fled to Wu after defeat, and was killed inside Shouchun by Zhuge Dan during Zhuge Dan's revolt. Wikidata gives 257 for his death, a year earlier than the account in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1132562 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132562 zhwiki 文钦（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%AC%BD zhengshi 三國志/卷28（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B728 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:15+08:00 user:admin 7 Wen Qin was a general of Cao Wei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms, juan 28, calls him inspector of Yang Province and General of the Van, a fellow townsman of Cao Shuang. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Zhongruo and his origin as Qiao county in the state of Pei, Yu Province. Wikidata gives the labels 文钦 (traditional form 文欽) and Wen Qin, so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Early career Chinese Wikipedia says that in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219) he was implicated in Wei Feng's plot and jailed and would have been executed, but Cao Cao pardoned him because he was the son of the officer Wen Ji. Under Emperor Ming he was colonel of the Five Camps, then a gate general, grand administrator of Lujiang, General Who Soars like a Hawk and then General Who Crowns the Army. Under the Prince of Qi he was General of the Van and replaced Zhuge Dan as inspector of Yang Province. The Records describe him as bold, rough and often victorious, but fond of inflating the numbers of captives to win rewards, which were mostly refused, so his resentment grew.[^zhwiki][^zhengshi] ## The rising at Shouchun The Records say Guanqiu Jian was a close friend of Xiahou Xuan and Li Feng, and treated Wen Qin generously until the two were on warm terms. When a comet tens of zhang long crossed the northwest sky, both took it as an omen for themselves, forged an edict of the empress dowager listing the crimes of the general-in-chief Sima Shi, sent it to the commanderies and states, and rose in arms. They forced the officers, officials and people of Huainan into Shouchun; Guanqiu Jian held Xiang while Wen Qin ranged outside as a roving force. Sima Shi led the armies against them and sent Zhuge Dan, Hu Zun, Wang Ji and others to hem them in. The families of the Huainan soldiers were in the north, morale broke and deserters came one after another. Sima Shi sent Deng Ai to Yuejia to feign weakness and lure the rebels out. Wen Qin attacked by night, saw at dawn that the Wei army was strong, and withdrew, then was routed by cavalry in pursuit and fled. Hearing of his defeat, Guanqiu Jian ran away in the night, his troops scattered, and he was shot dead by Zhang Shu.[^zhengshi] ## Wu and death Wen Qin fled to Wu, which made him protector-general, acting commander of the north, governor of You Province and Marquis of Qiao. The biography of Zhuge Dan adds that after Zhuge Dan rose in revolt and sought help from Wu, the generals Quan Yi, Quan Duan, Tang Zi and Wang Zuo came with thirty thousand men secretly with Wen Qin, and Wen Qin and Tang Zi broke into Shouchun from the northeast. The siege dragged on and grain ran short. In the first month of the third year Zhuge Dan, Wen Qin and Tang Zi attacked the southern line for several days and failed to break out. Wen Qin wanted to send the northerners out of the city to save food and hold on with the men of Wu; Zhuge Dan refused, and they grew more hostile. When Wen Qin came to discuss plans, Zhuge Dan killed him. His sons Wen Yang and Wen Hu, hearing of it in the small fortress, led their men to the spot, but their soldiers would not follow, and the two escaped over the wall and surrendered to Sima Zhao. Officers asked to execute them, but he said Wen Qin's crime could not be forgiven yet the sons had come in desperation, and spared them, made them generals and gave each the title of marquis within the passes.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Year of death In the account of the Records, Zhuge Dan rebelled in the fifth month of the second year of Ganlu and Wen Qin was killed in the first month of the third year, that is, 258, and Chinese Wikipedia also writes 258. Wikidata records 257. The two differ by a year, so the entry gives the date from the history and notes the difference.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Basic facts - Name: Wen Qin[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Zhongruo[^zhwiki] - Origin: Qiao county in the state of Pei, Yu Province; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_341600|Bozhou]][^wikidata] - Death: 258, the third year of Ganlu in the history; Wikidata records 257[^zhengshi][^wikidata] - Realm: Cao Wei, later Wu[^zhengshi] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124636301|Wen Qin]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/wen-qin.html en zh zh en 257 257 historical figure person_cn_q1132086 person Huan Fan huan-fan 桓范

Huan Fan (died 249), courtesy name Yuanze, was a man of Pei who became a Cao Wei official known as the 'bag of wisdom' and rose to minister of agriculture. In the coup at the Gaoping Tomb he left Luoyang to join Cao Shuang and urged him to take the emperor to Xuchang, was ignored, and was later executed with his clan.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1132086 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132086 zhwiki 桓范（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%93%E7%AF%84 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:12+08:00 user:admin 7 Huan Fan was an official of Cao Wei. Chinese Wikipedia gives his courtesy name as Yuanze, says he was from the state of Pei, calls him the 'bag of wisdom', and says he rose to minister of agriculture. Wikidata gives the labels 桓范 (traditional form 桓範) and Huan Fan and records his death in the tenth year of Zhengshi (249), so the title stays as his personal name.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Career At the end of Jian'an he held a post in the chancellor's office, and in the Yankang era he was left supervisor of the feathered forest. After Cao Pi took the throne he compiled the Huanglan with Wang Xiang, Liu Shao and others. Under Emperor Ming he was commander of the central army and palace secretary, then General Who Conquers the Caitiffs and Eastern Palace Colonel, with credentials over military affairs in Qing and Xu. There he quarrelled over a house with Zheng Qi, inspector of Xu Province, and tried to use his credentials to have Zheng Qi executed; Zheng Qi reported him and he lost his post. He later served as inspector of Yan Province without satisfaction, and when he was to become governor of Ji Province he pleaded illness because General Lü Zhao, who had entered office later, now ranked above him. Chinese Wikipedia adds that he vented his anger on his pregnant wife Zhongchang, striking her belly with the ring of his sabre, and that she miscarried and died soon after.[^zhwiki] In the Zhengshi era he was minister of agriculture, known for being honest and frugal. The regent Cao Shuang treated him with special courtesy because they came from the same place, though they were not close. Cao Shuang indulged in pleasure and went out with his brothers; Huan Fan tried to restrain him, but Cao Shuang never listened.[^zhwiki] ## The Gaoping Tomb coup In 249 Sima Yi staged a coup while Cao Shuang and his brothers were with Cao Fang at the Gaoping Tomb. He closed the gates of Luoyang and, with an edict from the empress dowager, had Huan Fan take charge of the central army and Cao Xi's troops. Huan Fan was about to obey, but his son urged him to join Cao Shuang, and he changed his mind. At the Pingchang Gate he falsely told Sima Fan, a gate captain he had recommended, that an edict summoned him, and so left the city, saying that the grand tutor was a traitor. When he met Cao Shuang and his brothers he urged them to take the emperor to Xuchang and call on the rest of the army in the emperor's name against Sima Yi, vouching with his seal as minister of agriculture that grain would not run short. The brothers could not decide, and after a night Cao Shuang chose to give up office and surrender, believing he could keep a marquis's comfortable life. Huan Fan wept and called the brothers mere calves, saying he would be wiped out with his clan because of them.[^zhwiki] Back in Luoyang, Sima Fan reported that Huan Fan had called Sima Yi a traitor, and Huan Fan was dealt with under the rule that a false accuser bears the penalty. He was sent to the commandant of justice, counted with Cao Shuang's faction, and executed with the extinction of his three clans. He also condensed passages from the Book of Han and added his own revisions and comments in a work called Shiyao lun.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Huan Fan[^wikidata] - Courtesy name: Yuanze[^zhwiki] - Origin: state of Pei; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_340621|Suixi County]][^wikidata] - Death recorded on this entry: tenth year of Zhengshi in Wei (249)[^wikidata] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: political figure[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124617153|Huan Fan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/huan-fan.html en zh zh en 249 249 historical figure person_cn_q1114786 person Xin Xianying xin-xianying 辛宪英

Xin Xianying (191–269) was a daughter of Xin Pi of Cao Wei, an elder sister of Xin Chang and the wife of Yang Dan, known for her shrewd judgment of men and events. She saw misfortune in Cao Pi's joy at becoming heir, advised her brother to do his duty and leave the city with Lu Zhi during the coup at the Gaoping tombs, and foresaw that Zhong Hui would turn against the state on the Shu campaign, and warned her son Yang Xiu. She died in 269 at seventy-nine.

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1114786 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1114786 zhwiki 辛宪英（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%86%B2%E8%8B%B1 zhengshi 晋书·卷096（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%99%89%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7096 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:11+08:00 user:admin 8 Xin Xianying was a woman of Cao Wei known for her intelligence and discernment. The Book of Jin, in its biographies of women, calls her Madam Xin, wife of Yang Dan, with the courtesy name Xianying, and the Chinese Wikipedia article says plainly that her personal name is unknown and that Xianying is a courtesy name. Wikidata records her as born in 191 and dead in 269. The sources give no personal name that can be verified, so the title stays the familiar Xin Xianying.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Family The Book of Jin says she was a daughter of Xin Pi, palace attendant of Wei, bright and open, with talent and discernment, and that she married Yang Dan. The Book of Jin calls her a woman of Longxi, while the Chinese Wikipedia article says she came from Yangzhai in Yingchuan, so the two sources differ on her origin. Her younger brother Xin Chang served as a staff officer to the general-in-chief Cao Shuang. Her husband Yang Dan rose to minister of ceremonies of Wei, her sons included Yang Jin and Yang Xiu, and her nephew was Yang Hu, later a famous general of the Western Jin.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Seeing the omen in the heir's joy When Cao Pi was made heir, he held Xin Pi by the neck and asked whether he knew how happy he was. Xin Pi told his daughter. Xianying sighed and said that the heir is the one who carries the ancestral temple and the altars for the ruler, that one must grieve in the ruler's place and be wary in managing the state, and that rejoicing where one should grieve could not last, so would Wei not decline?[^zhengshi] ## Advising her brother at the Gaoping coup When Sima Yi moved to kill Cao Shuang, he closed the city gates while Cao Shuang was out with the emperor. Cao Shuang's marshal Lu Zhi broke through with the staff troops and called on Xin Chang to come along. Xin Chang was afraid and asked his sister what to do. Xianying said that events cannot be known beforehand, but by her reckoning the grand tutor had hardly any choice. The late emperor Ming had taken him by the arm and entrusted the future to him, and the courtiers still remembered the words. Cao Shuang and the grand tutor were given the trust together, yet Cao Shuang seized all the power, which was disloyal to the royal house and not upright in human terms, and the grand tutor's move was no more than to kill Cao Shuang. Xin Chang asked whether he should stay in the city. Xianying said how could he not go, since duty to one's post is the great obligation of a person, and to hold the whip for a man and abandon his task is ill-omened. To die for another is the duty of an intimate, and Xin Chang was only following the crowd. He then left the city. Sima Yi did kill Cao Shuang, and afterwards Xin Chang sighed that had he not consulted his sister he would almost have failed in righteousness.[^zhengshi] ## Foreseeing Zhong Hui's ambition When Zhong Hui became general who guards the west, Xianying asked her nephew Yang Hu why Zhong Shiji was marching west. Yang Hu said it was to destroy Shu. She said that Zhong Hui was reckless in office, that this was not the way to serve long under another, and that she feared he had other ambitions. When Zhong Hui was about to go, he asked her son Yang Xiu to be a staff officer. Xianying said with worry that she had once worried for the state, and now the trouble was coming to her own house. Yang Xiu pleaded hard with the emperor, who would not listen. Xianying told her son to go but to take care. The gentleman of old, at home, gave filial service to his parents, and abroad, gave loyalty to the state. In his post he should think of what he is responsible for, when facing right and wrong he should think of his position, and he should not leave his parents anxious. In the army the one thing that could bring him through was kindness and forbearance. Zhong Hui did rebel once he reached Shu, and Yang Xiu came home safe.[^zhengshi] ## Thrift and death Yang Hu once sent her a brocade quilt. She found it too showy and used it turned inside out. The Book of Jin says she died in the fifth year of Taishi at seventy-nine, that is in 269.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article notes that chapter 107 of Romance of the Three Kingdoms also tells of her analysis of Sima Yi's move against Cao Shuang and her urging her brother to do his duty.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xin Xianying; Xianying is her courtesy name and her personal name is not known[^zhwiki] - Dates recorded on this entry: 191–269[^wikidata] - Kin: daughter of Xin Pi, sister of Xin Chang, wife of Yang Dan[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124619339|Xin Xianying]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xin-xianying.html en zh zh en 191 191 269 269 historical figure person_cn_q11143661 person Fa Zhen fa-zhen 法真

Fa Zhen (100–188), courtesy name Gaoqing, was from Mei in Fufeng and a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han, son of the Nanjun grand administrator Fa Xiong and grandfather of Fa Zheng of Shu Han. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and drew pupils from afar. He refused every office, including four summonses from Emperor Shun, and his friend Guo Zheng called him a teacher of a hundred generations and had a stele cut naming him Master Xuande. He died at eighty-nine in 188.

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q11143661 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11143661 zhwiki 法真（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%9F zhengshi 后汉书·卷83（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B783 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:07+08:00 user:admin 8 Fa Zhen was a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han. The Book of the Later Han, in its chapter on recluses, calls him Fa Zhen, courtesy name Gaoqing. Wikidata also uses Fa Zhen and records him as born in 100 and dead in 188, so the title stays the personal name.[^wikidata][^zhengshi] ## Family and learning The Book of the Later Han says Fa Zhen, courtesy name Gaoqing, with one version writing the second character differently, came from Mei in Fufeng and was a son of Fa Xiong, grand administrator of Nanjun. He loved study and did not confine himself to one school. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and was a great scholar of Guanxi. Several hundred pupils came from afar, among them Fan Ran of Chenliu.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that he was the grandfather of Fa Zheng, a leading minister of Shu Han.[^zhwiki] ## Refusing office The Book of the Later Han says he was quiet by nature, had few desires, and did not meddle in other people's affairs. When the grand administrator invited him to an interview, Fa Zhen came in a plain headcloth. The administrator said that Duke Ai of Lu was no worthy ruler, yet Confucius called himself his subject, and he asked Fa Zhen to condescend to serve as officer of merit and help the court. Fa Zhen replied that because he was treated with courtesy he dared to sit at the bottom as a guest, but that if he were to be made a clerk he would go north of the northern hills and south of the southern hills. The administrator was frightened and did not speak of it again. He declined calls from the ministers' offices and nominations as a worthy man.[^zhengshi] Tian Ruo of the same commandery recommended him to the court as a man who mastered the four fields of the Odes, Documents, Rites and Music, deep in learning, content in seclusion, who would not bend for black and crimson silks. Tian Ruo recommended him again when Emperor Shun toured the west. The emperor sincerely wished to bring him in and summoned him four times. Fa Zhen said that since he could not hide his form from the world, why should he drink the water that washed ears, and he withdrew still further and never gave in.[^zhengshi] ## Assessment and death His friend Guo Zheng praised him, saying that Fa Zhen's name could be heard but the man himself was hard to meet, that he fled fame and fame followed, avoided fame and fame pursued, and that he could be called a teacher of a hundred generations. Together with the villagers Guo Zheng had a stele cut in his praise and called him Master Xuande. He died of old age at eighty-nine in the fifth year of Zhongping, 188.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article agrees with this account.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Fa Zhen[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Gaoqing[^zhengshi] - Honorific: Master Xuande[^zhengshi] - Dates recorded on this entry: 100–188[^wikidata] - Origin: Mei county, Fufeng[^zhengshi] - Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124334455|Fa Zhen]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/fa-zhen.html en zh zh en 100 100 188 188 historical figure person_cn_q11125769 person Yin Jiao yin-jiao 殷郊

Yin Jiao, also written with a different second character (殷交), is a famed guardian deity of Daoism and said to be the leader of the sixty Tai Sui star lords. In Investiture of the Gods he is the crown prince of King Zhou of Shang, studies the Dao under Guangchengzi, and is sent down the mountain to help the Zhou, but is turned by Shen Gongbao, fights against the Zhou, is defeated by Jiang Ziya and Randeng Daoren, and dies by the plow. He is then made the Tai Sui spirit of the ruling year. His brother is Yin Hong.

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11125769 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125769 zhwiki 殷郊（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E9%83%8A 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:05+08:00 user:admin 7 Yin Jiao, also written with a different second character (殷交), is a famed guardian deity of Daoism, said to be the leader of the sixty Tai Sui star lords, and in Investiture of the Gods the crown prince of King Zhou of Shang. Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article both use the name Yin Jiao, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Where the name comes from The Chinese Wikipedia article says the name Yin Jiao appears fairly late. The earlier name in the texts is Marshal Yin, found in the Summoning Spell of Marshal Yin in volume five of the Daoist Taishang sandong shenzhou, which dates from between the Song and Yuan. Peng Yuantai's Tianxin disi dafa, with a preface of 1274, in the Daofa huiyuan, gives a long title ending in Yin Jiao and several spells for summoning him, which shows that the Daoist view of Yin Jiao as Tai Sui existed by the late Southern Song at the latest. The Yuan-era Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan by Qin Zijin has a Tai Sui, Marshal Yin, whose account runs to more than 650 characters and mostly resembles Investiture of the Gods, showing that the legend was already formed in the Song. Wikidata also lists the forms Marshal Yin, Heavenly Lord Yin and True Lord of Utmost Virtue.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Yin Jiao in the Sanjiao yuanliu soushen daquan In this book Yin Jiao is the crown prince of King Zhou. His mother conceived him by stepping on a giant's footprint, and he was born as a ball of flesh. Daji proposed that the king throw him out into the wilds, hence the name Jiao, meaning the outskirts. His mother was killed by Daji, and Yin Jiao was carried off by the Daoist Shen and became accomplished under him, gained many treasures, subdued a spirit and a crow general, and killed twelve skeleton spirits. He later helped King Wu of Zhou defeat the Shang and cut down Daji with his own hands. The Jade Emperor made him Roving Envoy of the Earth Office of the Nine Heavens and Marshal of Killing and Authority of the Tai Sui of Utmost Virtue, and he appears as a child with three heads and six arms.[^zhwiki] ## In Investiture of the Gods In the novel Yin Jiao is the crown prince of the Shang. After his mother Empress Jiang is killed, he is pressed by his stepmother Daji and hunted by the king, and Guangchengzi saves him and takes him to Mount Jiuxian to practice the Dao. When his training is done he goes down the mountain at Guangchengzi's order with treasures such as the sky-turning seal to help King Wu overthrow the Shang. On the way he meets Shen Gongbao, who tells him his brother Yin Hong is dead, and he resolves to avenge his brother, turns against his oath and joins the Shang in attacking King Wu. He is defeated by Jiang Ziya and Randeng Daoren, drawn into Mount Qi, and dies by the plow. When Jiang Ziya prepares the investiture list, Yin Jiao's spirit is made the Tai Sui spirit who rules the year.[^zhwiki] ## Worship The article lists temples that worship him. At the Tin Hau temple on Tung Ping Chau and the Hung Shing temple on Cheung Chau in Hong Kong he is a secondary deity as the Tai Sui star lord. In Taiwan some temples make him the main god of a Tai Sui hall and others honor him as a guardian of the Jade Emperor. Many celebrate his birthday on the nineteenth of the seventh lunar month.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Identity: Daoist guardian deity, leader of the Tai Sui; in Investiture of the Gods the crown prince of King Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Variant writing: 殷交, with a different second character[^zhwiki] - Death year: 1100 BC, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata] - Brother: Yin Hong[^zhwiki] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata] /people/yin-jiao.html en zh zh en Character in Investiture of the Gods true mythological figure person_cn_q11125726 person Yin Hong yin-hong 殷洪

Yin Hong is a character of Investiture of the Gods, said to be the second legitimate son of King Zhou of Shang by Empress Jiang and a younger brother of Yin Jiao, with the rank of commandery prince. He is rescued and taught by Chijingzi, but on going down the mountain to help the Zhou he is swayed by Shen Gongbao and fights for the Shang. His teacher captures him with the Taiji diagram and burns him to ashes, and he is later made the spirit of the star of the five grains. Daoism also honors him as a guardian deity, popularly called Little Marshal Yin.

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11125726 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125726 zhwiki 殷洪（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E6%B4%AA 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:04+08:00 user:admin 7 Yin Hong is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Yin Hong, describes him as a character of the novel and records the Shang as the dynasty of the setting, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Identity The Chinese Wikipedia article says Yin Hong is a well-known guardian deity of Daoism, enfeoffed as Marshal Weili Yade, deputy official of the earth-office Year Star, and popularly called Little Marshal Yin, whose task is to assist his elder brother Yin Jiao. In the myth he is said to be the second legitimate son of King Zhou of Shang, a prince of the Shang.[^zhwiki] ## In Investiture of the Gods In the novel Yin Jiao and Yin Hong are sons of Empress Jiang. Yin Jiao is the crown prince and Yin Hong a commandery prince. After Daji contrives the death of Empress Jiang, the two princes are condemned to death for plotting to kill the king. They ask Huang Feihu for help and are taken out of Chaoge by the brothers Fang Bi and Fang Xiang, but are caught again by Yin Poba and Lei Kai. Before the execution, Guangchengzi saves Yin Jiao and Chijingzi saves Yin Hong. The two immortals meant to raise the princes into helpers of King Wu of Zhou and Jiang Ziya, to help King Wu overthrow the Shang, so they teach them magic and give them divine weapons. Yin Hong receives the purple-ribbon immortal robe, the yin-yang mirror and the water-and-fire blade, and Yin Jiao the sky-turning seal, the soul-dropping bell and the male-and-female swords. The two also swear a terrible oath to raise up the Zhou and conquer the Shang, on pain of a cruel death, and go down the mountain to help King Wu and Jiang Ziya.[^zhwiki] On the way Yin Hong meets Shen Gongbao, Jiang Ziya's bitter enemy. Shen Gongbao baits him with family feeling and persuades him to join the Shang camp. Yin Hong's magic is strong and at first troubles the Zhou army badly, but in the end his own teacher Chijingzi captures him with the Taiji diagram. He is burned inside the diagram until his body turns to ashes. After his death he is made the spirit of the star of the five grains.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods, second son of King Zhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Death year: 1100 BC, as recorded by Wikidata for the character[^wikidata] - Realm of the setting: Shang[^wikidata] - Divine posts: Marshal Weili Yade, popularly Little Marshal Yin; in the novel the spirit of the star of the five grains[^zhwiki] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^zhwiki] /people/yin-hong.html en zh zh en Character in Investiture of the Gods true literary character person_cn_q11125437 person Duan Zhixuan duan-zhixuan 段志玄

Duan Zhixuan (598–642) was a general of the late Sui and early Tang and one of the twenty-four meritorious officials of the Lingyan Pavilion. He joined Li Yuan's rising, won merit at Tongguan and against Wang Shichong, and stood with Li Shimin in the Xuanwu Gate incident. Under Taizong he rose to general of the left valiant guard, was made Duke of Fan and later Duke of Bao, and died of illness in 642.

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q11125437 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11125437 zhwiki 段志玄（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E5%BF%97%E7%8E%84 zhengshi 新唐书/卷089（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7089 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:23:01+08:00 user:admin 7 Duan Zhixuan was a general of the late Sui and early Tang. The New Book of Tang gives him a biography under the name Duan Zhixuan, and Wikidata also uses Duan Zhixuan and records him as born in 598 and dead in 642. The Chinese Wikipedia article says his personal name was Xiong and that he went by his courtesy name, which the New Book of Tang does not mention, so the title stays the familiar Duan Zhixuan.[^wikidata][^zhengshi][^zhwiki] ## Family and youth The New Book of Tang says he was a man of Linzi in Qizhou. His father Duan Yanshi served the Sui as a judicial clerk of Taiyuan, later followed the righteous army, and rose to governor of Yingzhou. Zhixuan was tall and imposing, wild when young, and broke the law several times. At the end of the Daye era he stayed in Taiyuan with his father, and his bravery and decisiveness made the local rowdy youths fear him, so Prince of Qin Li Shimin came to know him.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article instead says he came from Zouping in Qizhou, and the birth place recorded by Wikidata is also Zouping, which differs from the Linzi of the New Book of Tang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Wars after the rising When the founder rose, Duan Zhixuan followed with a thousand men and was made head of the troops of the right commander-in-chief's office. He took Huoyi and Jiangjun, attacked the Yongfeng granary and led the assault. He became grand master for splendid happiness of the left. With Liu Wenjing he faced Qutu Tong at Tongguan. When Liu Wenjing was attacked by Sang Xianhe and his army was about to break, Zhixuan led strong cavalry into the enemy, killed a dozen men and, wounded by an arrow, said nothing and kept charging. The enemy fell into disorder and the Tang army recovered. Qutu Tong was beaten and fled, and Zhixuan and the generals overtook and captured him at Chousang, for which he was made general of chariots and horse of the Leyou office.[^zhengshi] In the campaign against Wang Shichong he rode deep into the enemy, his horse stumbled, and he was seized. Two horsemen gripped his topknot and were about to cross the Luo River when Zhixuan suddenly leapt up and pulled both men to the ground. He seized a horse and galloped back, and several hundred riders behind him did not dare come close. He also took part in defeating Dou Jiande and settling the eastern capital, and was promoted to second commander of the right in the Prince of Qin's household.[^zhengshi] ## The heir's overtures and Taizong's reign The Hidden Heir Li Jiancheng once tried to win him with gold and silk, and he refused. After the Prince of Qin took the throne, he rose to general of the left valiant guard and was made Duke of Fan with real fief of nine hundred households. He was sent to the Qinghai region to seize the Tuyuhun herds, lingered, and was dismissed, but soon returned to office. At the funeral of Empress Wende he and Yuwen Shiji commanded troops guarding the Zhangwu gate. In the night Taizong sent a messenger. Yuwen Shiji opened the door to him, but Zhixuan refused, saying that a military gate is not opened at night. The messenger showed an imperial letter, and Zhixuan answered that he could not make it out in the dark and would not let him in. At dawn the emperor sighed that this was a true general, and that Zhou Yafu could not have done better. He was made Duke of Bao and rose to general who guards the army.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article adds that in the Xuanwu Gate incident of 626 he and Yuchi Jingde and others killed Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji, that in 637 he became Duke of Bao, that in 640 he was made general who guards the army, and that in the first month of 643 his portrait was painted in the Lingyan Pavilion, in tenth place.[^zhwiki] ## His death The New Book of Tang says that when he fell ill in 642 the emperor visited him and said in tears that he would give his son a fifth-rank post. Zhixuan kowtowed and asked that it go to his younger brother by the same mother, so Duan Zhigan was made commander of the left guard. When he died the emperor wept bitterly. He was granted the titles of general who supports the state and governor of Yangzhou, buried beside the Zhao mausoleum, and given the posthumous name Zhuangsu. The book also mentions his third-generation descendant Duan Wenchang.[^zhengshi] The Chinese Wikipedia article records his death in the sixteenth year of Zhenguan (642), says he fell ill from grief at his mother's death and died in his house in the capital at forty-five, and gives the posthumous name as Zhongzhuang. The two sources write the name differently. Wikidata also lists the alternative name Duke Zhonglie.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Duan Zhixuan; the Chinese Wikipedia article gives Xiong as his personal name[^zhengshi][^zhwiki] - Dates recorded on this entry: 598–642[^wikidata] - Birthplace recorded on this entry: Zouping[^wikidata] - Realm: Sui and Tang[^wikidata] - Titles: Duke of Fan, later Duke of Bao[^zhengshi] - Portrayal: [[person_cnv_q11125437_q70784|Duan Zhixuan]] (a character in Journey to the West) /people/duan-zhixuan.html en zh zh en 598 598 642 642 historical figure person_cn_q11105909 person Lin Ruhai lin-ruhai 林如海

Lin Ruhai is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and the father of Lin Daiyu. He comes from a noble house that has passed down its title for generations and is also a family of scholars. He passes the imperial examination as tanhua, serves as a grand master of the Lantai office, and is later posted out to Yangzhou as salt censor. His wife Jia Min is a daughter of the Lady Dowager. Their son dies at three, Jia Min dies when Daiyu is six, and he dies of illness when she is ten.

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11105909 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11105909 zhwiki 林如海（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A6%82%E6%B5%B7 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:59+08:00 user:admin 9 Lin Ruhai is a character in Dream of the Red Chamber and the father of Lin Daiyu. Both Wikidata and the Chinese Wikipedia article use Lin Ruhai as the name. Wikidata also records the variant Lin Hai and the courtesy name Ruhai, but Lin Ruhai is the form in common use in the book, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Origins and career The Chinese Wikipedia article says he comes from a marquis house that has handed down its noble rank for generations, and is also a family of scholars. He rose through the examinations, placed as tanhua, and served as a grand master of the Lantai office, that is, a supervising censor of the Censorate. He was later posted out to Yangzhou as salt censor.[^zhwiki] ## Family and death His wife Jia Min is a daughter of Jia Daishan of the Rongguo house and of Lady Shi, the Lady Dowager. They had a son and a daughter. The son died young, at three. When their daughter Daiyu was six, Jia Min died of illness. The Lady Dowager pitied her lonely granddaughter and brought Daiyu to the Jia house to be raised. When Daiyu was ten, Lin Ruhai fell gravely ill and died.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Lin Ruhai, with the variant Lin Hai and the courtesy name Ruhai[^wikidata] - Role: character of Dream of the Red Chamber, father of Lin Daiyu[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Offices: grand master of the Lantai office, later salt censor at Yangzhou[^zhwiki] - Setting recorded on this entry: the dynasty of the novel[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q8265|Dream of the Red Chamber]][^wikidata] /people/lin-ruhai.html en zh zh en Character in Dream of the Red Chamber true literary character person_cn_q11250769 person Xue Lan xue-lan 薛兰

Xue Lan (died 195) was a late Eastern Han figure who served as a Yan Province aide before joining Chen Gong and Zhang Miao in welcoming Lü Bu against Cao Cao. In 195 he was camped at Juye with Li Feng when Cao Cao's forces defeated and killed him.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q11250769 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11250769 zhwiki 薛兰（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%98%AD 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:58+08:00 user:admin 7 Xue Lan was a figure of the late Eastern Han. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as 薛兰 (traditional form 薛蘭) and his English label as Xue Lan, and records his death in the second year of Xingping (195). Chinese Wikipedia uses the same name for its article, so the title stays unchanged.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Background Chinese Wikipedia calls him a political figure and military man of the late Eastern Han who served as a Yan Province assistant. In the proscription of partisans, Zhu Bing denounced Zhang Jian and twenty-three others for forming a faction and listed the Eight Eminent, Eight Good, and Eight Leaders; Xue Lan is named among the Eight Eminent with Zhang Jian, Tan Bin, Chu Feng, Zhang Su, Feng Xi, Wei Xuan and Xu Qian. The article adds that this list differs from the lists of the Three Lords, Eight Eminent and others in the Book of the Later Han.[^zhwiki] ## Welcoming Lü Bu and his end In the first year of Xingping (194) he answered the plans of Chen Gong and Zhang Miao and joined them in secretly welcoming Lü Bu and rising against Cao Cao, becoming a general under Lü Bu. Li Dian's uncle Li Qian refused to follow Xue Lan and Li Feng in betraying Cao Cao for Lü Bu, and Xue Lan and his associates killed him. In the second year (195) Xue Lan and Li Feng were camped at Juye when Cao Cao attacked. Li Qian's son Li Zheng led troops to avenge his father and, with Cao Cao's generals, broke them, and Xue Lan was killed by Cao Cao's forces.[^zhwiki] ## Family Chinese Wikipedia names his father as Xue Yan, chancellor of Donghai, and his son as Xue Yong, courtesy name Maochang, who joined Liu Bei after his father's death, went with him into Shu and became grand administrator of Shu Commandery. His grandson Xue Qi, courtesy name Yifu, became grand administrator of Ba and Shu commanderies under Shu Han, surrendered to Wei after Shu fell, and his line was known as the Xue of Shu.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xue Lan[^wikidata] - Death recorded on this entry: second year of Xingping, Eastern Han (195)[^wikidata] - Realm: Eastern Han[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123735356|Xue Lan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/xue-lan.html en zh zh en 195 195 historical figure person_cn_q11098359 person Li Gui li-gui 李鬼

Li Gui is a character in chapter 42 of Water Margin, a bandit in Yishui county of Yizhou who passes himself off as Li Kui. Li Kui, on his way down the mountain to fetch his mother, meets him. Li Gui lies that he has a ninety-year-old mother, is spared and given ten taels of silver, but later plots with his wife to poison Li Kui when he lodges at their house. The plot fails and Li Gui is killed. Today Li Gui, set against Li Kui, means a fake or counterfeit.

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11098359 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11098359 zhwiki 李鬼（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%AC%BC 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:57+08:00 user:admin 7 Li Gui is a character in Water Margin who appears in chapter 42. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Li Gui, describes him as a fictional character in the novel and records the Great Song as the setting of the work, so the title stays this name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Posing as Li Kui The Chinese Wikipedia article says Li Gui was originally a bandit in Yishui county of Yizhou who robbed under the name of Li Kui, and he happened to run into the real Li Kui, who had come down the mountain to fetch his old mother. Li Gui falsely claimed to have a mother of ninety. Li Kui spared him and even gave him ten taels of silver.[^zhwiki] ## The failed plot Later Li Kui unknowingly sought lodging at Li Gui's house. Li Gui and his wife plotted to poison Li Kui and take his money. Li Kui found out, and Li Gui was killed when the plan failed. Li Kui even cut two pieces of flesh from the dead man's leg and roasted them to eat. Li Gui's wife escaped in the confusion. In the county town she recognized Li Kui and, with Squire Cao, reported him to the authorities, and Li Kui was arrested. The brothers Zhu Gui and Zhu Fu rescued him and killed Li Gui's wife, Squire Cao and others.[^zhwiki] ## The word today The article adds that the name Li Gui is now used as a word, usually set against Li Kui, to mean a fake or counterfeit.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Identity: character of Water Margin[^wikidata] - Realm of the setting: Great Song[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^zhwiki] /people/li-gui.html en zh zh en Character in Water Margin true literary character person_cn_q11248659 person Shi Zuan shi-zuan 师纂

Shi Zuan (died 264) was a Cao Wei general who served as Sima Zhao's chief clerk and later joined Deng Ai's invasion of Shu. He helped defeat Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu, was given Yi Province after Shu fell, and was killed in 264 together with Deng Ai.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q11248659 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248659 zhwiki 师纂（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E7%BA%82 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:55+08:00 user:admin 7 Shi Zuan was a general of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata lists his occupations as politician and military officer and gives his death as the fifth year of Jingyuan in Wei (264). Chinese Wikipedia uses the same name for its article, so the title stays as it is.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Sent to Deng Ai Chinese Wikipedia says he began as chief clerk to Sima Zhao. When Deng Ai opposed the plan to attack Shu, Sima Zhao moved Shi Zuan to be Deng Ai's marshal in order to persuade him.[^zhwiki] ## The conquest of Shu In the sixth year of Jingyao (263) Deng Ai sent his son Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan to attack Zhuge Zhan's Shu army from the two flanks. The Wei troops at first did badly, and Deng Ai angrily said he would execute Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan, ordering them to fight again to make up for it. They then broke the Shu army and killed Zhuge Zhan together with the palace secretary Zhang Zun, Huang Chong and Li Qiu, commander of the right feathered forest. Wei took Mianzhu and pushed straight on to Chengdu. After Shu fell, Deng Ai had Shi Zuan take charge of Yi Province, while Niu Hong, grand administrator of Longxi, and others took charge of the other commanderies of Shu.[^zhwiki] ## Death with Deng Ai The same article says Zhong Hui, Hu Lie and Shi Zuan sent Sima Zhao a secret report that Deng Ai was arrogant about his merits and meant to rebel, and Sima Zhao had Zhong Hui put Deng Ai in a prisoner cart and send him back. In the fifth year of Jingyuan (264) Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei died in their revolt. Wei Guan, fearing trouble because he had joined Zhong Hui in accusing Deng Ai, sent Tian Xu and others after Deng Ai. They caught him west of Mianzhu and killed Deng Ai, Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan among others. It is said that Shi Zuan's body was badly mutilated when he died.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Shi Zuan[^wikidata] - Death recorded on this entry: fifth year of Jingyuan in Wei (264)[^wikidata] - Realm: Cao Wei[^wikidata] - Occupation recorded on this entry: politician and military officer[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q124652835|Shi Zuan]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/shi-zuan.html en zh zh en 264 264 historical figure person_cn_q1130807 person Han Fu han-fu 韩福

Han Fu is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, set as the grand administrator of Luoyang under Cao Cao; the Records of the Three Kingdoms contain no such person. In the passage of Guan Yu's five passes he wounds Guan Yu's left arm with a hidden arrow and is then killed by him.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

Xin Ming is a fictional character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms and a subordinate general of Yuan Shao. In the Guandu campaign, after Cao Cao's raid on Wuchao and a rumor he spread, Yuan Shao sent Xin Ming with 50,000 men to relieve Liyang.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11254972 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11254972 zhwiki 辛明 (三国演义)（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%98%8E_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E6%BC%94%E4%B9%89) 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:46+08:00 user:admin 7 Xin Ming is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Wikidata describes him as a general under Yuan Shao, set in the Han dynasty and working as a military officer. The Chinese Wikipedia article is also titled Xin Ming, so the title stays as the character's name.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Role in the Guandu campaign Chinese Wikipedia gives him a single passage. After Cao Cao's raid on Wuchao succeeded, he followed Xun You's plan and spread a rumor that one of his forces was attacking Ye and another Liyang to cut off Yuan Shao's retreat. Yuan Shao was alarmed and hurriedly sent Yuan Tan with 50,000 men to relieve Ye and Xin Ming with 50,000 men to relieve Liyang, and both set out that night. Cao Cao saw this and led his main army straight at Yuan Shao's main camp, winning a great victory, and the battle of Guandu ended in his favor.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Name: Xin Ming[^wikidata] - Role: fictional character of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, general under Yuan Shao[^wikidata] - Setting: Han dynasty[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q70806|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]] /people/xin-ming.html en zh zh en Character in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms true literary character person_cn_q1120512 person Huangfu Song huangfu-song 皇甫嵩

Huangfu Song (died 195), courtesy name Yizhen, was a Late Han general from Chaona in Anding and a nephew of the general Huangfu Gui. He helped suppress the Yellow Turban rising, killing Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, and later survived Dong Zhuo's seizure of power before dying of illness during Li Jue's revolt.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]

published category-history category-people category-historical-figures tag-ancient-china wikidata Wikidata Q1120512 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120512 zhwiki 皇甫嵩（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E7%94%AB%E5%B5%A9 zhengshi 后汉书·卷71（维基文库） https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B771 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:45+08:00 user:admin 7 Huangfu Song was a general of the late Eastern Han. Book of the Later Han, juan 71, gives his courtesy name as Yizhen and calls him a man of Chaona in Anding, nephew of the general Huangfu Gui; his father Huangfu Jie was grand administrator of Yanmen. Wikidata uses the same name and records his death as 195.[^zhengshi][^wikidata] ## Early life The history says he had literary and martial ambitions from youth, loved the Odes and Documents, and trained in archery and riding. He was recommended as filial and incorrupt and as a flourishing talent, and was summoned by the grand commandant Chen Fan and the general-in-chief Dou Wu, but never took up either post. Emperor Ling later summoned him as a palace counselor and then made him grand administrator of Beidi.[^zhengshi] ## Suppressing the Yellow Turbans Zhang Jue, calling himself the Great Worthy Teacher, healed with charmed water and gathered hundreds of thousands of followers in thirty-six divisions. When they rose together in the first year of Zhongping the capital was shaken. Huangfu Song advised lifting the ban on partisans and giving the imperial privy funds and western-garden horses to the troops. The emperor agreed and made him General of the Left with credentials, who with Zhu Jun, General of the Right, led separate armies against the Yellow Turbans of Yingchuan. Zhu Jun was beaten first by Bo Cai, and Huangfu Song fell back to Changshe, where he was surrounded. Seeing that the rebels camped among grass, he waited for a night wind, had his men light torches on the walls and sent picked troops outside to set fires and shout. The rebels were thrown into confusion, and Cao Cao, then a cavalry commandant, arrived with troops at that moment. The three joined forces and won, and Huangfu Song was made Marquis of Duxiang. With Zhu Jun he then cleared Runan and Chen and captured Bu Ji at Cangting.[^zhengshi] He was then ordered to take over from Lu Zhi and Dong Zhuo, who had achieved nothing against Zhang Jue. At Guangzong he could not at first beat Zhang Liang's picked troops, so he closed his camp and rested the men, then attacked at cockcrow once the enemy relaxed and killed Zhang Liang. Zhang Jue had already died of illness, so he had the coffin opened and the body mutilated and sent the head to the capital. With Guo Dian, grand administrator of Julu, he also killed Zhang Bao at Xiaquyang. He was made General of Chariots and Cavalry of the Left, governor of Ji Province and Marquis of Huaili with eight thousand households.[^zhengshi] ## Relief and refusal He asked that Ji Province be excused a year's land tax to feed the hungry, and people sang that thanks to Huangfu they could live in peace again. He treated his soldiers gently and would not enter his own tent on the march until the camp was set up. The magistrate Yan Zhong urged him to seize power, but he refused, saying he would keep to the duty of a subject.[^zhengshi] ## Chencang and Dong Zhuo He had earlier asked to confiscate a house of the palace attendant Zhao Zhong that exceeded the permitted size and refused Zhang Rang's request for fifty million cash. The two accused him of fighting many battles without result, and his seals as General of the Left were taken and six thousand households cut. In the fifth year of Zhongping Wang Guo besieged Chencang, and he was restored as General of the Left, supervising Dong Zhuo with two armies of twenty thousand each. Dong Zhuo wanted to relieve the town quickly, but Huangfu Song judged the walls strong and waited. After eighty days the siege failed, and he attacked the retreating army and defeated it. Dong Zhuo came to hate him for it.[^zhengshi] Later, when Dong Zhuo was appointed governor of Bing Province and refused to hand over his troops, Huangfu Song's nephew Huangfu Li urged him to move against Dong Zhuo, but he preferred to report to the court. In the first year of Chuping Dong Zhuo summoned him as colonel of the city gates. His aide Liang Yan advised against going, yet he went and was jailed. His son Huangfu Jianshou pleaded with Dong Zhuo at a banquet, bowing and weeping, and Dong Zhuo released him; he became palace counselor and then censor.[^zhengshi] ## Later years After Dong Zhuo's death he became General Who Campaigns in the West and then General of Chariots and Cavalry, was made grand commandant that autumn and dismissed in winter over a meteor omen, and then served as grandee of splendid happiness and grand master of ceremonies. Soon after Li Jue's rising he died of illness and was granted the seals of General of Agile Cavalry. The history describes him as careful and diligent, with more than five hundred useful memorials, all written by hand and the drafts destroyed.[^zhengshi] ## Basic facts - Name: Huangfu Song[^zhengshi] - Courtesy name: Yizhen[^zhengshi] - Origin: Chaona in Anding; the birthplace linked on this entry is [[place_cn_640425|Pengyang County]][^wikidata] - Death year recorded on this entry: 195[^wikidata] - Realm: Han dynasty[^wikidata] - Portrayal: [[person_cn_q123579555|Huangfu Song]] (a character in Romance of the Three Kingdoms) /people/huangfu-song.html en zh zh en 195 195 historical figure person_cn_q11177289 person Huang Tianhua huang-tianhua 黄天化

Huang Tianhua is the eldest son of Huang Feihu in Investiture of the Gods and a disciple of the Perfected Lord of Pure Void. Taken as a pupil at three, he comes down the mountain at sixteen to help his father, kills the Four Generals of the Mo family with his heart-piercing nails, and becomes a commander of Xiqi. On the eastern campaign he is killed by Gao Jineng at Jinji Ridge, and after death is made Lord Bingling, in charge of the three mountains.

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11177289 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11177289 zhwiki 黄天化（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%A4%A9%E5%8C%96 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:39+08:00 user:admin 7 Huang Tianhua is a character of Investiture of the Gods. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Huang Tianhua, describes him as a character of the novel, and lists the alternative names Lord Bingling in two spellings. The title stays the personal name, and Lord Bingling is the divine post he is given after death.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Origins and training The Chinese Wikipedia list of characters of the novel says Huang Tianhua is the eldest son of Huang Feihu and a disciple of the Perfected Lord of Pure Void. At three, while playing in the rear garden, he was taken away by the Perfected Lord and made his pupil, and Huang Feihu knew nothing of it beforehand.[^zhwiki] ## Coming down the mountain to help his father When Huang Tianhua was sixteen, Huang Feihu rebelled against Chaoge because Daji had brought about the deaths of his wife and sister, and was struck dead on the road by the Tongguan commander Chen Tong with a fire-dragon dart, so the Perfected Lord sent Huang Tianhua down the mountain to help his father. Hearing of his mother's sad fate, he swore to go to Chaoge to avenge her. He took in Chen Tong's fire-dragon dart with a flower basket, cut Chen Tong down, and returned to report to his teacher. When the Xiqi army was fighting the Four Generals of the Mo family he came down again, but after coming down he broke the vegetarian rule and exchanged his Daoist robe for a warrior's dress. These two acts shortened his fate, and he lost to Mo Liqing of the four. His teacher luckily saved him with an elixir and gave him a treasure, the heart-piercing nails. He came down once more, killed the Four Generals, and became one of the commanders of Xiqi.[^zhwiki] ## Appearance and temper The list says he is nine chi tall, with a face like mutton fat, rides a jade qilin, and fights with two silver hammers. He is fierce by temper. On first coming down he did not know that his mother had been killed by King Zhou, assumed his father had left her behind in his flight, and called his father cruel without asking. After being hurt by Deng Chanyu's five-light stones, and again after being captured by Tu Xingsun, he quarreled with Nezha, who had suffered the same.[^zhwiki] ## Death and investiture On the eastern campaign the Perfected Lord of Pure Void saw that his path was likely to end badly, and told him not to fight any enemy general whose name contained gao or neng, and to avoid golden roosters and wasps, but he did not take it in. When the army reached Jinji Ridge, held by Kong Xuan, commander of Yuansan Pass, he charged first and killed Kong Xuan's officer Chen Geng, his first and last victory. Jiang Ziya could not beat Kong Xuan and planned a night raid. During it, Huang Tianhua's mount was stung by the wasps that the enemy general Gao Jineng released, he fell, and Gao Jineng speared him to death. After death he is made Lord Bingling, in charge of the three mountains of Fangzhang, Penglai and Yingzhou.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Identity: character of Investiture of the Gods, eldest son of Huang Feihu[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Teacher: the Perfected Lord of Pure Void[^zhwiki] - Divine post: Lord Bingling, also spelled in a second form[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Younger brothers: Huang Tianlu, Huang Tianjue, Huang Tianxiang[^zhwiki] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q1336310|Investiture of the Gods]][^wikidata] /people/huang-tianhua.html en zh zh en Character in Investiture of the Gods true literary character person_cn_q11176387 person Huang Wenbing huang-wenbing 黄文炳

Huang Wenbing is a fictional character in Water Margin, an idle assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou, capable but narrow-minded, fawning on the powerful and spiteful, nicknamed Wasp Sting. When he finds the rebellious poem Song Jiang wrote at Xunyang Tower he reports it eagerly, and he sees through the false letter carried by Dai Zong and urges that both men be executed, until the Liangshan band raids the execution ground and rescues them. Song Jiang then takes revenge, and Zhang Shun captures him alive and he is put to death.

published category-literature category-people category-fictional-characters tag-fictional-character tag-classics tag-four-great-classics wikidata Wikidata Q11176387 https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11176387 zhwiki 黄文炳 (水浒传)（维基百科） https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%96%87%E7%82%B3_(%E6%B0%B4%E6%BB%B8%E5%82%B3) 2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00 2026-10-29T17:22:37+08:00 user:admin 7 Huang Wenbing is a fictional character in Water Margin. Wikidata gives his Chinese label as Huang Wenbing in traditional characters, records his nickname Wasp Sting, and lists the form Assistant Prefect Huang. The nickname and the office are not names, so the title stays Huang Wenbing.[^wikidata][^zhwiki] ## Who he is The Chinese Wikipedia article says he is an idle assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou, capable but narrow-minded, fawning on the powerful, harsh and spiteful, nicknamed Wasp Sting. Wikidata records him as a fictional character of Water Margin with the occupation of political figure and the Great Song as the setting.[^zhwiki][^wikidata] ## Denouncing Song Jiang He is set on rising in the world. When he finds the rebellious poem Song Jiang wrote at Xunyang Tower, he sees a chance not to be missed and reports it, hoping to use Song Jiang's head as his step to promotion, and he schemes to bring Song Jiang to his death. He also sees through the false letter carried by Dai Zong, and advises Cai Dezhang to execute both men on the charge of inventing wild rumors and colluding with bandits. The Liangshan heroes then raid the execution ground and rescue the two.[^zhwiki] ## His end Song Jiang, angry that Huang Wenbing, who had no grievance against him, was bent on killing him, joined Chao Gai and other Liangshan heroes to burn his house, and of his whole family only his elder brother Huang Wenhua, kind-hearted and nicknamed Buddha Huang, was spared. Huang Wenbing himself, hurrying back in alarm, was captured alive by Zhang Shun and put to death by slow slicing at the hand of Li Kui. The article also lists the thirty men who took part, thirteen from Jiangzhou and seventeen from Liangshan.[^zhwiki] ## Basic facts - Identity: fictional character of Water Margin, assistant prefect of Wuwei Army in Jiangzhou[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Nickname: Wasp Sting; form of address: Assistant Prefect Huang[^wikidata][^zhwiki] - Realm of the setting: Great Song[^wikidata] - Appears in: [[work_cn_q70827|Water Margin]][^wikidata] /people/huang-wenbing.html en zh zh en Character in Water Margin true literary character en 934 50 50001 1000 /en/search-933.xml /en/search-935.xml