{ "contentStorage": "postgres", "title": "Popular", "description": "Ranked by recent page views (last 7 days) when traffic stats exist; otherwise entries tagged hot or featured, or those with the most relations.", "url": "/es/hot-418.html", "entities": [ { "id": "organization_lesotho_environment", "type": "organization", "title": "莱索托环境与林业部", "slug": "lesotho-environment", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Environment and Forestry" ], "summary": "莱索托环境与林业部是莱索托政府主管环境保护与林业的部门，现任部长为塔博·莫福西，总部位于马塞卢。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s-ls-cia", "title": "Lesotho — World Leaders（美国中央情报局，2026-06-05更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/lesotho/" }, { "id": "s-ls-reshuffle", "title": "Lesotho cabinet reshuffle takes effect as two ministers released（2026-04-29改组）", "url": "https://swazi24.com/45026/news/politics/lesotho-cabinet-reshuffle-takes-effect-as-two-ministers-released/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T16:45:56+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T16:45:56+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n莱索托环境与林业部（Ministry of Environment and Forestry）是莱索托政府主管环境保护、森林管理与气候变化的部门。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n由原环境与林业相关职能整合设立，负责应对水土流失与气候变化挑战。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定环境与气候政策；管理森林资源与水土保持；负责环境影响评价与自然保护。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部长为塔博·莫福西（Thabo Mofosi）；下设环境、林业等分支。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：塔博·莫福西（Thabo Mofosi），2026年4月29日至今任职。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部：莱索托马塞卢。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/lesotho-environment.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_pakistan_defence", "type": "organization", "title": "巴基斯坦国防部", "slug": "pakistan-defence", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Defence" ], "summary": "巴基斯坦国防部是巴基斯坦政府主管国防事务的部门，现任部长为卡瓦贾·阿西夫，总部位于拉瓦尔品第。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "src-pak-cabinet", "title": "Second Shehbaz Sharif government（维基百科，第二届夏巴兹·谢里夫内阁）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Shehbaz_Sharif_government" }, { "id": "src-cia-pak", "title": "Pakistan — World Leaders（美国中央情报局）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/pakistan" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T15:17:18+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T15:17:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n巴基斯坦国防部（Ministry of Defence）是巴基斯坦政府主管国防政策与武装力量行政管理的联邦部门。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n1947年独立时设立；总部设于拉瓦尔品第，与陆军总部毗邻。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定国防政策与国防预算；管理三军行政事务；负责国防生产与军事采购；协调三军与文职政府关系。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部长为卡瓦贾·阿西夫；下设国防秘书领导的秘书处；辖三军总部、国防生产机构与军事土地管理部门。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：卡瓦贾·阿西夫（Khawaja Asif），2024年3月11日至今任职。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部：巴基斯坦拉瓦尔品第卡尔瓦尔路国防部大楼。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/pakistan-defence.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_indonesia_ministry_of_agriculture", "type": "organization", "title": "印度尼西亚农业部", "slug": "indonesia-ministry-of-agriculture", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Agriculture", "Kementerian Pertanian" ], "summary": "印度尼西亚政府主管农业事务的部门，1945年设立，负责粮食生产、农业发展与农民扶持，总部位于雅加达。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "印度尼西亚农业部（英文维基百科）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Indonesia)" }, { "id": "cabwiki", "title": "红白内阁（英文维基百科，2026年11月4日抓取）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_and_White_Cabinet" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T15:17:15+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T15:17:15+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n印度尼西亚农业部是印度尼西亚政府主管农业事务的部门，1945年设立，负责粮食生产、种植业、畜牧业与农业基础设施建设，总部位于雅加达。\n## 历史沿革\n1945年印度尼西亚独立后设立农业部，长期主管粮食自给与农业发展。普拉博沃政府把粮食自给列为优先施政目标，农业部地位进一步提升。\n## 主要职能\n- 制定农业政策，推动粮食增产与粮食自给。\n- 管理种植业、畜牧业与农业基础设施。\n- 负责化肥、种子供应与农业技术推广。\n- 扶持农民合作社与农业产业化。\n## 组织结构\n农业部下设秘书处、粮食作物总司、园艺总司、畜牧与动物卫生总司、农业基础设施与设施总司等机构。\n## 现任负责人\n部长安迪·阿姆兰·苏莱曼（2024年10月21日就任），此前在佐科政府任农业部长。\n## 总部与联系方式\n总部位于印度尼西亚雅加达南区拉古南哈索诺路3号。联系方式未详。\n## 来源\n英文维基百科“Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)”条目；英文维基百科“Red and White Cabinet”条目。", "url": "/organizations/indonesia-ministry-of-agriculture.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_macau_customs", "type": "organization", "title": "海关", "slug": "macau-customs", "aliases": [ "Serviços de Alfândega de Macau", "SA", "Macao Customs", "澳门海关" ], "summary": "澳门特别行政区政府部门，负责海关监管与口岸通关事务，关长为须由国务院任命的主要官员，现任关长为何浩瀚。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "澳门海关 - 维基百科", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E6%B5%B7%E9%97%9C?oldformat=true" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "国务院任命澳门特别行政区第六届政府主要官员和检察长 - 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站", "url": "https://www.gov.mo/zh-hans/news/795097/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "何浩瀚：牢记历史使命 勇担时代重任 - 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站", "url": "https://www.gov.mo/zh-hans/news/919567/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T14:42:13+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T14:42:13+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n澳门海关（葡萄牙语：Serviços de Alfândega de Macau，缩写：SA；英语：Macao Customs）是澳门特别行政区政府部门，负责海关监管、口岸通关与缉私等事务。[^s1]海关关长为澳门政府主要官员，需要由澳门行政长官提名，报请中华人民共和国中央人民政府任命或罢免。[^s1]现任关长为何浩瀚。[^s2][^s3]\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n澳门海关成立于2001年11月1日，前身为水警稽查局；每年11月6日为纪念日，即海关日。[^s1]其前身可追溯至1822年成立的港务局、1841年的港口警察、1862年的海事警察，1957年港口警察及稽查警察合并为水警稽查队，1975年起由澳门保安部队统一指挥，1999年12月20日易名水警稽查局。[^s1]2001年撤销水警稽查局成立澳门海关，海关行使水警稽查队全部职能，亦行使原经济局（打击侵权）及劳工事务局（打击黑工）部分职能。[^s1]何浩瀚于2024年12月20日就任海关关长。[^s2]\n\n## 主要职能\n\n澳门海关负责口岸海关监管、通关便利、打击走私与侵权、维护国家安全等工作，致力推进口岸“三通”提质增效，运用大数据、人工智能等科技手段强化监管，配合横琴粤澳深度合作区与粤港澳大湾区发展。[^s1][^s3]\n\n## 组织结构\n\n澳门海关设关长一人，助理关长两人，现任助理关长为叶华钊、吴嘉慧。[^s1]下设若干厅处，具体编制见组织法规。[^s1]\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n关长：何浩瀚（2024年12月20日起任职，由国务院任命）。[^s2][^s3]\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部设于澳门海关总部。官方网站：www.customs.gov.mo。详细地址与联系方式见澳门特别行政区政府入口网站。[^s1]\n\n## 来源\n\n- 维基百科「澳门海关」条目。[^s1]\n- 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站国务院任命第六届政府主要官员新闻。[^s2]\n- 澳门特别行政区政府入口网站海关关长何浩瀚新闻。[^s3]", "url": "/organizations/macau-customs.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "person_claire-valdez", "type": "person", "title": "克莱尔·巴尔德斯", "slug": "claire-valdez", "aliases": [ "Claire Valdez" ], "summary": "克莱尔·巴尔德斯（Claire Valdez）是美国民主党政治人物，纽约州第7选区联邦众议员，2026年当选新当选，任期自2027年1月起。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "ap", "title": "Associated Press election results: New York (NY) U.S. House", "url": "https://apnews.com/projects/elections-2026/?ap_doc=ap%2Fsh1%2F20261103%2Fl%2FNY" }, { "id": "pw", "title": "New York U.S. House Election Results 2026 | Live（Poliwave）", "url": "https://www.poliwave.com/us/live/midterms-2026/new-york/house" }, { "id": "cv", "title": "Claire Valdez for Congress", "url": "https://clairevaldezforcongress.com/" }, { "id": "bio1", "title": "克莱尔·巴尔德斯（英文维基百科）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Valdez" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T11:41:50+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T12:04:45+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## 生平与简历\n\n克莱尔·巴尔德斯（Claire Valdez）是美国民主党政治人物，此前为纽约州众议员、工会组织者，曾在哥伦比亚大学任职并加入美国汽车工人联合会地方分会[^cv]。\n\n## 早年与教育\n\n克莱尔·巴尔德斯1989年10月12日生于得克萨斯州拉伯克，伊斯莱塔·德尔苏尔普韦布洛双重公民身份；芝加哥艺术学院绘画与艺术史美术学士。[^bio1]\n\n## 职业与从政经历\n\n巴尔德斯曾在 Taco Bell、必胜客、Trader Joe's 等从事服务业工作，2015年移居纽约，后任雕塑中心运营人员与哥伦比亚大学视觉艺术项目助理，加入美国汽车工人联合会 Local 2110 并任谈判委员会成员与分会主席，2019年加入纽约市民主社会主义者组织；2025年1月1日起任纽约州众议员第37选区议员。[^bio1]\n\n## 主要事迹与主张\n\n巴尔德斯竞选主张包括向富人征税、保护租户与赋权劳动者；在州众议院与工会任职期间关注劳工权益议题。[^bio1]\n\n## 2026年当选\n\n在2026年11月3日举行的美国中期选举中，克莱尔·巴尔德斯当选美国众议院议员，代表纽约州第7选区，任期自2027年1月起；美联社已宣布该选区结果[^ap]。得票率约83.3%，对手为梅尔文·里韦拉（Melvin Rivera，约15.0%）[^pw]。\n\n注：得票率为非正式计票约数，最终以官方认证结果为准。", "url": "/people/claire-valdez.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "occupations": [ "联邦众议员" ] }, { "id": "person_zuo_guangdou", "type": "person", "title": "左光斗", "slug": "zuo-guangdou", "aliases": [ "左遗直" ], "summary": "左光斗（1575—1625年），字遗直，一字共之，号浮丘，直隶安庆府桐城（今安徽枞阳）人，明末东林党人，为“东林六君子”之一，史可法的座师。[^s1]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "左光斗（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E5%B7%A6%E5%85%89%E6%96%97" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "《明史》卷二百四十四（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7244" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T18:38:09+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T18:38:09+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 生平\n\n左光斗（1575—1625年），字遗直，一字共之，号浮丘，直隶安庆府桐城（今安徽枞阳）人，明末东林党人，为“东林六君子”之一，史可法的座师。[^s1]\n\n## 科第仕历\n\n万历三十五年（1607年）进士，与杨涟同榜，授中书舍人，后选授御史，巡视中城，捕治吏部豪恶吏，获假印七十余枚、假官一百余人，京师震动。出理屯田时，他条上“三因十四议”，在北方大兴水利，北人始知艺稻。天启元年（1621年）任左佥都御史。[^s1][^s2]\n\n## 东林关联\n\n左光斗与杨涟志同道合，参与谋划弹劾魏忠贤，又与高攀龙共同揭发崔呈秀赃私。他还曾草奏弹劾魏忠贤及魏广微三十二斩罪，拟于天启四年十一月二日上奏，先遣妻子南还；魏忠贤侦知后，先二日假会推事将他与杨涟一同削籍。\n\n## 结局与评价\n\n天启五年（1625年），左光斗借汪文言狱被逮下诏狱，诬以受贿，坐赃二万，五日一追比，同年七月与杨涟同死于狱中，年五十一。崇祯初年赠右都御史，再赠太子少保；南明弘光时谥忠毅，世称左忠毅公。\n\n## 相关\n\n相关：东林书院、东林党争、杨涟、赵南星、魏忠贤。", "url": "/people/zuo-guangdou.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1575, "precision": "year", "display": "1575年" }, "death": { "year": 1625, "precision": "year", "display": "1625年" }, "occupations": [ "官员", "东林党人" ], "nativePlace": "直隶安庆府桐城（今安徽枞阳）", "isFictional": false, "personCategory": "政治人物" }, { "id": "ich_folk_33", "type": "work", "title": "永定河传说", "slug": "yongdinghe-chuanshuo", "summary": "流传于北京永定河沿岸的传说群，以母亲河为背景，列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录（民间文学，编号Ⅰ-33）。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "ss1", "title": "国务院关于公布第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录的通知", "url": "https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2008/content_1025937.htm" }, { "id": "ss2", "title": "北京文旅：永定河，一条古老大河的涅槃", "url": "https://www.visitbeijing.com.cn/article/47QlMuRdW8t" }, { "id": "ss3", "title": "凤凰网：“永定河传说”数字文化艺术展", "url": "https://feng.ifeng.com/c/8xM1BRyLAu8" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:48:42+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:48:42+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n永定河传说是流传于北京市永定河沿岸的民间传说群。永定河被称为北京的母亲河，在北京地区自西北向东南蜿蜒约一百七十公里，流经门头沟、石景山、丰台等区，沿岸百姓围绕这条大河创作并传讲了众多传说，列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录，民间文学类，编号Ⅰ-33。[^s1]\n\n## 历史渊源\n永定河上游称桑干河、洋河，历史上水势桀骜、屡屡泛滥，沿岸人民在治水、防洪、引水灌溉的长期实践中积累了丰富的经验与记忆，也生发出与河神、桥梁、渡口、村落由来有关的传说。永定河流域上游的涿鹿地区还是黄帝、炎帝与蚩尤传说的流传地，使这条河流的传说传统格外深厚。[^s2]\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n永定河传说是一个传说群而非单一故事，题材包括治水防洪、建桥修渠、寺庙村落的由来等，故事多系于沿岸具体的河段、桥梁与地名。近年来在石景山功碑阁举办的“永定河传说”数字文化艺术展，即从中精选了四十个代表性故事加以呈现，可见这一传说群内容之丰富。[^s3]传说语言质朴，寄托了沿岸百姓对母亲河的敬畏与亲近。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n永定河传说已被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录。北京市有关区通过展览、出版与流域文化活动等方式整理传播这一传说群，永定河文化带建设也为传说传统的保护提供了新的平台，沿岸的传说讲述仍在社区与学校中延续。[^s1]", "url": "/works/yongdinghe-chuanshuo.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "other" }, { "id": "concept_piyi", "type": "concept", "title": "皮艺", "slug": "piyi", "summary": "皮艺是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目（Ⅶ-139），子项为蒙古族皮艺，以内蒙古12个盟市为主要分布区域的蒙古高原传统手工艺。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "皮艺（蒙古族皮艺） - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/23554.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:27:41+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:27:41+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n皮艺是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅶ-139，类别为传统美术，2021年列入第五批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录[^s1]。主要子项为内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市的蒙古族皮艺，保护单位为呼和浩特市文化艺术研究院（呼和浩特市非物质文化遗产保护中心）[^s1]。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n蒙古族皮艺是蒙古高原居民喜闻乐见、经常运用的一种传统手工艺文化表现形式，历史悠久。在古代，动物皮因轻便、耐磨、防潮，成为游牧民族抵御严寒、防护伪装的生活必需品；清代康熙年间，大批汉族民众移居到草原，使草原文化中开始融入农耕文化因素，在两种文化的共同推进和相互作用下，多元素的皮艺生活用具开始出现[^s1]。其分布较为广泛，以内蒙古自治区的12个盟市为主要分布区域，在陕西、西藏、新疆、青海乃至海外其他国家和地区亦有分布[^s1]。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n蒙古族皮艺选材严格、工艺严谨、制作复杂，含选皮、润湿、描绘踏图、敲压轮廓、染色、镶嵌填充6个步骤[^s1]。其中镶嵌填充需在皮面钻出大小、形状吻合装饰物的钻孔，将珠宝、金属或其他装饰材料镶嵌粘贴在对应的钻孔内，或者在皮革做好的皮雕画面上找出需要做的立体层次部位，从皮革背面找准位置粘贴填充物，使其达到预期的立体效果[^s1]。代表性作品种类较多，大多与生活息息相关，有皮毛服饰、皮制箭囊、皮壶、皮雕镶嵌的马鞍、皮包、皮箱、皮画等，代表性作品有皮雕画《白文殊菩萨》、皮艺作品《乌兰牧骑》《草原歌盛世》等[^s1]。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n蒙古族皮艺通过师徒方式传承，有记载的传承谱系至今已有六代[^s1]。政府十分重视其保护传承，建立非遗传习基地，积极开展传承人研修研习培训计划，加强传承人培养；支持组建研学团队，开展项目体验，组织传承人开展公益讲座，积极宣传推广[^s1]。目前，该项目存续状况较好，学徒和从业人员达上万人[^s1]。蒙古族皮艺承载了游牧文化的生活印记，蕴含草原皮艺文化的历史变迁，体现了文化的多元性特征，对探寻皮艺发展历史、探索文化融合规律具有重要意义[^s1]。", "url": "/concepts/piyi.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "intangible_heritage" }, { "id": "concept_zhenjiu", "type": "concept", "title": "针灸", "slug": "zhenjiu", "summary": "针灸是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目（编号Ⅸ-5），是以经络腧穴理论为指导、运用针刺与艾灸调节人体平衡的传统医疗手段，2006年入选第一批名录，2010年列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "针灸 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/14834.html" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "中医针灸及京剧被列入联合国非物质文化遗产名录 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/news_other_details/16727.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:19:26+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:19:26+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n针灸是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅸ-5，类别为传统医药，2006年入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录，申报单位为中国针灸学会[^s1]。针灸由“针”和“灸”构成，是中医学的重要组成部分之一，是一种“内病外治”的医术，通过经络、腧穴的传导作用以及一定的操作法来治疗全身疾病。2010年11月16日，中国申报项目《中医针灸》经联合国教科文组织保护非物质文化遗产政府间委员会第五次会议审议通过，列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录[^s2]。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n针灸源于古代砭石，针法是把毫针刺入患者身体某一穴位，运用捻转与提插等针刺手法来治疗疾病；灸法是把燃烧着的艾绒按一定穴位熏灼皮肤，利用热的刺激来治疗疾病。针灸理论认为，人体如同一个由各种经络连接起来运行的小宇宙，通过物理刺激经络，就有可能促进人体的自我调节功能并为病人带来健康；刺激方法包括用艾绒点炙或用针刺就这些管道的穴位，促进身体重新恢复平衡，进而达到预防和治疗疾病的目的。历代针灸著作与铜人、穴位图不断完善经络腧穴体系，使针灸成为体系完整、操作规范的传统医术。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n针灸的主要内容包括经络理论、腧穴定位、针刺手法与艾灸方法。针刺时视各人具体情况选择用针，再以捻转、提插等手法刺激穴位；艾灸通常分为直接灸和间接灸，即把艾条直接放在穴位上，或放在靠近体表的距离炙烤所选区域，艾圆筒和艾条用干艾蒿叶制成。列入该项目扩展子项的代表性流派包括陆氏针灸疗法、杨继洲针灸、刘氏刺熨疗法、程氏针灸、蕲春艾灸疗法、岭南陈氏针法、赵氏雷火灸等，各流派在针具、手法与取穴上各有特色。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n针灸的传承传统上在师徒之间或家族成员之间通过口头讲授和实际演示进行，目前也已纳入正规学历教育系统。国家级代表性传承人包括贺普仁、王雪苔、石学敏、郭诚杰、张缙等人，他们在针灸理论整理、临床推广与国际交流方面作出贡献。列入人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录后，针灸的国际传播进一步扩大，但保护仍面临挑战：传统针法与灸法的精细手法依赖长期临床体悟，记录与传授难度较大；同时需在现代医疗体系中规范操作与适应症，避免不规范行医带来的风险。", "url": "/concepts/zhenjiu.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "other" }, { "id": "event_obon", "type": "event", "title": "盂兰盆节", "slug": "obon", "summary": "盂兰盆节是日本每年8月13日至16日（部分地区7月）举行的佛教祭祖节日，以迎魂、扫墓、盆踊和送魂为核心，是仅次于正月的重要节日。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "中元节与盂兰盆节 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E7%AF%80%E8%88%87%E7%9B%82%E8%98%AD%E7%9B%86%E7%AF%80" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "盂兰盆节、盂兰盆舞、扫墓——迎接并供奉先祖魂灵归来的“盂兰盆”节 - nippon.com 日本网", "author": "nippon.com", "url": "https://www.nippon.com/cn/articles/-/25582" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "盂兰盆舞：与祖先亡灵共舞的日本独特风俗 - nippon.com 日本网", "author": "nippon.com", "url": "https://www.nippon.com/cn/guide-to-japan/gu019003/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T14:48:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T14:48:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 日期\n\n盂兰盆节的日期因地区而异：传统庆祝时间在农历七月十三日至十六日，明治维新后，一些地区改为公历7月15日前后，另一些则改为公历8月15日前后，以较接近农历原来的日子[^s1]。如今最普遍的是8月13日至16日：13日迎魂、16日送魂，期间扫墓祭拜祖先并跳传统的盆舞[^s2]。东京等部分地区过7月13日至16日的“新盆”，而多数地区的假期与返乡高峰则集中在8月盆。\n\n## 起源\n\n盂兰盆节在飞鸟时代由隋唐时期的中国传入日本，俗称“御盆”，为盂兰盆会的简称[^s1]。它源于佛教的盂兰盆会，即以供养僧众、超度亡灵为核心的仪式，后来与日本当地的祖先崇拜民俗结合，形成日本特有的庆祝方式。盂兰盆节如今已成为仅次于元旦的重要节日，企业一般放假一周左右，称为“盆休”，许多在外工作的人利用这个假期返乡团聚祭祖[^s1]。\n\n## 主要习俗\n\n盂兰盆节的核心流程是迎魂、供奉、送魂：13日前扫墓，13日接先人鬼魂，16日送别[^s1]。13日的迎魂式上，人们在院子或家门口燃烧麻秆点燃迎魂火，指引祖先回家；家中设精灵棚供奉祭品，期间家人扫墓祭拜[^s2]。盆舞是节日的标志性活动：如今盆舞通常在8月13日至16日的盂兰盆节期间举行[^s3]，男女老少围着高台随歌谣起舞，德岛阿波舞、岐阜郡上舞是最具代表性的盆舞。16日夜点燃送魂火，送祖先灵魂返回另一个世界。\n\n## 主要庆祝国家／地区\n\n盂兰盆节主要在日本庆祝，全国各地形式略有不同：东京过7月盆，多数地区过8月盆，京都的大文字送火、德岛的阿波舞、岐阜的郡上舞各具地方特色。日本以外的日裔社区，如夏威夷、巴西，也举办盂兰盆舞会，但其宗教与返乡的内涵已弱化为社区联欢。\n\n## 文化意义\n\n盂兰盆节是日本仅次于正月的第二大传统节日，与清明节类似，是慎终追远、家族团聚的集中表达。它把佛教的超度观念与日本的祖先崇拜结合在一起：迎魂与送魂的仪式使生者与亡者的联系在一年中获得一次具体的、可参与的形式；盆舞则把祭奠转化为社区共舞，使悼念与欢庆并存，成为日本夏季最重要的民俗节日。", "url": "/events/obon.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "eventKind": "culture" }, { "id": "person_cn_q124054822", "type": "person", "title": "崔琰", "slug": "cui-yan-sanguo-q124054822", "previousSlugs": [ "cui-yan-sanguo-q124054822-q713560" ], "summary": "崔琰是《三国演义》中的人物形象：原袁绍谋士，后归曹操，因直言被处死；原型为历史人物崔琰。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q124054822", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124054822" }, { "id": "sanguo-novel", "title": "《三国演义》", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9", "locator": "小说情节" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T14:52:17+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "## 人物形象\n\n本条目写的是《三国演义》中的崔琰形象，原型为历史人物[[person_cn_q713560|崔琰]]（另有历史条目），以下事迹按小说情节叙述。[^sanguo-novel]\n\n崔琰原为袁绍谋士，后归顺曹操，以清正敢言著称。他在曹营中多次直言时政，最终因言语触怒曹操而被处死。小说中的崔琰是由袁营转投曹营的正直士人形象。 [^wikidata]\n\n他在曹营中多次直言时政，不附和权贵，也不避讳君主的过失。崔琰的声望来自他的品格：在袁营时他已是名士，归曹后仍以清正自持，成为曹营中文臣的一面镜子。\n\n崔琰最终因言语触怒曹操而被处死。小说中的崔琰是由袁营转投曹营的正直士人形象：他的死不是因为谋反或通敌，而是因为直言。在曹操晚年日益猜忌的朝风中，崔琰的直言成了取祸之道，他的结局也预示着曹魏朝廷由宽容转向严酷的变化。[^sanguo-novel]\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70806|《三国演义》]]", "url": "/people/cui-yan-sanguo-q124054822.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "occupations": [ "政治人物" ], "disambiguation": "《三国演义》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_nobel_445", "type": "person", "title": "伯特·萨克曼", "slug": "bert-sakmann", "aliases": [ "Bert Sakmann" ], "summary": "伯特·萨克曼是与内尔共同发明膜片钳技术的生物物理学家，1991年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主之一。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-awards", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-nobel-prize" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Bert Sakmann – Facts", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1991/sakmann/facts/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1991/summary/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "伯特·萨克曼 – Biographical", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1991/sakmann/biographical/" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "伯特·萨克曼", "author": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:38:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T14:49:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**伯特·萨克曼**（Bert Sakmann，1942年6月12日—）出生于斯图加特（德国）。\n\n## 生平与职业生涯\n\n萨克曼在慕尼黑大学获医学博士学位，长期任职于马克斯·普朗克医学研究所与海德堡大学，从事细胞电生理研究。[^s3][^s4]\n\n## 主要成就\n\n萨克曼与内尔共同发明膜片钳技术，可记录单个离子通道的电流，揭示细胞信号传递的通道机制，为神经科学与药物研究奠定了基础。[^s3][^s4]\n\n## 获奖\n\n1991 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由 2 位得主共享，伯特·萨克曼占其中 1/2 份，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung，所在地为海德堡（德国）[^s1]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_1991|1991 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]", "url": "/people/bert-sakmann.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1942, "month": 6, "day": 12, "precision": "day", "display": "1942年6月12日" }, "occupations": [ "生物物理学家" ] }, { "id": "person_cn_q123585854", "type": "person", "title": "刘辩", "slug": "prince-hongnong-sanguo-q123585854", "previousSlugs": [ "prince-hongnong-sanguo-q123585854-q7301" ], "summary": "刘辩是《三国演义》中的人物形象（原型为历史人物刘辩），在小说中为汉少帝，被董卓废为弘农王后毒杀。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q123585854", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123585854" }, { "id": "sanguo", "title": "《三国演义》（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/三国演义" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:40:14+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 小说中的形象\n\n以下为《三国演义》中的小说形象，事迹以小说情节为准，与历史原型条目所载正史事迹不完全相同。刘辩为汉灵帝长子，即汉少帝。灵帝死后刘辩即位，何进与何皇后辅政，不久董卓入京，废刘辩为弘农王，立刘协为献帝；小说写刘辩被废后不久即被董卓派李儒毒杀，年仅十五岁。[^sanguo]小说对这类人物的描写多为点到为止，其生平细节以原型条目所载为准，本条仅记其在小说中的身份与出场。[^sanguo]\n## 人物形象\n\n《三国演义》中的刘辩形象，原型为历史人物[[person_cn_q7301|刘辩]][^wikidata]。\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70806|《三国演义》]]", "url": "/people/prince-hongnong-sanguo-q123585854.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "《三国演义》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q7561055", "type": "person", "title": "宋万", "slug": "song-wan", "aliases": [ "Song Wan", "云里金刚" ], "previousSlugs": [ "song-wan-q7561055" ], "summary": "宋万是《水浒传》中的人物，绰号云里金刚，梁山元老，与王伦、杜迁同据梁山泊。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q7561055", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561055" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "宋万（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%B8%87" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:37:28+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "## 小说中的形象\n\n《水浒传》中的人物。宋万绰号云里金刚，为梁山最早的头领之一，与王伦、杜迁同据梁山泊；林冲火并王伦后，宋万留守梁山，成为梁山元老，征方腊时战死。[^zhwiki]小说对这类次要头领着墨不多，本条所记即为其在小说中的主要身份与经历。[^zhwiki]\n## 基本信息\n\n- 简介：水浒传人物[^wikidata]\n- 作品设定的朝代或国家：大宋[^wikidata]\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70827|《水浒传》]]", "url": "/people/song-wan.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 1120, "precision": "year" }, "disambiguation": "《水浒传》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q5971588", "type": "person", "title": "孔亮", "slug": "kong-liang", "aliases": [ "Kong Liang", "独火星" ], "previousSlugs": [ "kong-liang-q5971588" ], "summary": "孔亮是《水浒传》中的人物，绰号独火星，孔家庄头领，与兄孔明同上梁山。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q5971588", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5971588" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "孔亮（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BA%AE" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:37:10+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "## 小说中的形象\n\n《水浒传》中的人物。孔亮绰号独火星，为孔家庄头领，与兄孔明同据孔家庄；孔氏兄弟因宋江杀了孔家庄的庄客而与宋江结交，后孔明、孔亮一同上梁山，成为梁山头领之一。[^zhwiki]小说对这类次要头领着墨不多，本条所记即为其在小说中的主要身份与经历。[^zhwiki]\n## 基本信息\n\n- 简介：水浒传人物[^wikidata]\n- 作品设定的朝代或国家：大宋[^wikidata]\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70827|《水浒传》]]", "url": "/people/kong-liang.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 1120, "precision": "year" }, "disambiguation": "《水浒传》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q971462", "type": "person", "title": "于吉", "slug": "gan-ji", "aliases": [ "Gan Ji" ], "previousSlugs": [ "gan-ji-q971462" ], "summary": "于吉（？—200年），中国、东汉人物。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q971462", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q971462" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "于吉（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%90%89" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:36:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 生平\n\n于吉是东汉末年道士，琅邪人（一作会稽人），以符水治病见称，信众众多。孙策在江东时以于吉蛊惑人心为由将其处死；《三国演义》中亦有于吉的形象，孙策杀于吉后为于吉之魂所扰，是演义中著名的情节。[^zhwiki]\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：中国、东汉[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_371300|临沂市]][^wikidata]\n\n## 演义及游戏中的形象\n\n- [[person_cn_q124024062|于吉]]（《三国演义》人物）", "url": "/people/gan-ji.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 200, "display": "200年" }, "occupations": [ "医生", "道士" ], "personCategory": "历史人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q713570", "type": "person", "title": "高柔", "slug": "gao-rou", "aliases": [ "Gao Rou" ], "previousSlugs": [ "gao-rou-q713570" ], "summary": "高柔（174年—263年），曹魏人物。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q713570", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713570" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "高柔（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%9F%94" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志/卷24（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B724" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:31:30+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 生平\n\n高柔是三国时期曹魏大臣，字文惠，陈留圉人。他历任尚书郎、廷尉、司空、太尉等职，以执法公正见称，处理狱讼多所平反；高柔历事魏文帝、明帝、高贵乡公等，是曹魏宿臣，卒于263年。[^zhwiki]\n## 正史记载\n\n\u003e 高柔字文惠，陳留圉人也。父靖，為蜀郡都尉。\n\n——《三国志/卷24》[^zhengshi]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：曹魏[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_410200|开封市]][^wikidata]\n\n## 演义及游戏中的形象\n\n- [[person_cn_q124618874|高柔]]（《三国演义》人物）", "url": "/people/gao-rou.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 174, "display": "174年" }, "death": { "year": 263, "display": "263年" }, "occupations": [ "政治人物" ], "personCategory": "历史人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11258798", "type": "person", "title": "杨任", "slug": "yang-ren-2", "previousSlugs": [ "q11258798" ], "summary": "杨任（2世纪—215年），东汉末年张鲁部下的将领。建安二十年曹操征张鲁，在阳平关一战后，杨任被曹军所杀。[^zhwiki][^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11258798", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11258798" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "杨任 (三国)（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E4%BB%BB_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T10:49:23+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 11, "body": "杨任是东汉末年的军事人物，在汉中张鲁手下做事。他生于2世纪，卒于东汉建安二十年（215年），职业为武将。[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n\n## 阳平关之战\n\n建安二十年，曹操攻打张鲁，秋七月到达阳平关。张鲁得知后，暗中派弟弟张卫和杨昂守阳平关，曹操攻不下来，便用诈退之计。张卫等人看到曹军撤退，以为曹军受了重创、无力再攻，守备于是松懈。曹操得知后，暗中派部将解㥄、高祚夜袭阳平关，大破守军。张鲁等人逃往巴中，杨任被曹军所杀。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 《三国演义》中的情节\n\n在小说《三国演义》里，杨任与曹魏名将夏侯渊交手三十多合不分胜负，夏侯渊假装败退，杨任追击，被夏侯渊用拖刀计杀死。这属于小说情节，与上面的史事记述不同。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 姓名：杨任[^wikidata]\n- 生卒：2世纪—东汉建安二十年（215年）[^wikidata][^zhwiki]\n- 所属：东汉[^wikidata]\n- 职业：武将[^wikidata]\n- 演义形象：[[person_cn_q124356184|杨任]]（《三国演义》人物）", "url": "/people/yang-ren-2.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 215, "display": "215年" }, "occupations": [ "武将" ], "disambiguation": "三国", "personCategory": "历史人物" }, { "id": "person_douban_1a65aa1c200d", "type": "person", "title": "余华", "slug": "yu-hua", "aliases": [ "Yu Hua" ], "previousSlugs": [ "douban-author-yu-hua" ], "summary": "余华是中国当代作家，1983年开始写作，代表作包括长篇小说《活着》《许三观卖血记》《在细雨中呼喊》《兄弟》《第七天》和《文城》。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-literature" ], "sources": [ { "id": "online", "title": "余华", "url": "https://www.baike.com/wikiid/7164594471367573537" }, { "id": "s1", "title": "余华", "author": "中国作家网", "url": "https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/fwzj/writer/19.shtml" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "余华简介", "author": "浙江师范大学余华研究中心", "url": "https://yuhua.zjnu.edu.cn/7394/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "纪念《收获》创刊60周年｜余华：纵论人生，纵论自我", "author": "余华（澎湃新闻）", "date": "2017-12-08", "url": "https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1896476" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "《文城》--书汇--中国作家网", "author": "中国作家网", "date": "2021-02-23", "url": "http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2021/0223/c405084-32034548.html" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "《第七天》", "author": "中国作家网", "date": "2013-06-14", "url": "http://www.chinawriter.com.cn/book/2013-06-14/3695.html" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "兄弟 (小说)", "author": "维基百科", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/兄弟_(小说)" }, { "id": "online-334", "title": "第七天", "url": "https://reader.hnlib.com/Recommend/Detail/334", "locator": "海宁市图书馆推荐书目记录：作者署名" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T01:09:20+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T10:10:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 8, "body": "**余华**（1960年—）是中国当代作家，以长篇小说[[work_douban_2f6237a9f600|《活着》]][[work_xusanguan_maixueji|《许三观卖血记》]]等作品知名[^s1]。其早期作品以先锋叙事著称，后来的长篇小说更多通过普通人的生命经历表现苦难、家庭关系与社会变迁[^online]。\n\n## 生平\n\n余华生于浙江省[[place_hangzhou|杭州市]]，幼年随父母迁居[[place_cn_330424|海盐县]]，在海盐读完小学和中学，此后在海盐县武原镇卫生院从事过约五年牙医工作[^s2]。他于1983年开始写作[^s1]，同年调入海盐县文化馆；1989年调至嘉兴市文联任《烟雨楼》编辑，1993年定居北京从事职业创作[^s2]。\n\n1987年，短篇小说[[work_shibasuichumenyuanxing|《十八岁出门远行》]]在《北京文学》第1期以头条发表，余华称之为自己的成名作[^s3]。此后他的长篇小说多首发于《收获》：第一部长篇小说[[work_zaixiyuzhonghuhan|《在细雨中呼喊》]]刊于1991年第6期，[[work_douban_2f6237a9f600|《活着》]]刊于1992年第6期，[[work_xusanguan_maixueji|《许三观卖血记》]]刊于1995年第6期[^s3]。[[work_douban_9ad3b081730a|《兄弟》]]上部、下部分别于2005年8月和2006年3月由[[organization_shanghai_literature_art_publishing_house|上海文艺出版社]]出版[^s6]；[[work_diqitian|《第七天》]]于2013年6月由[[organization_new_star_press|新星出版社]]出版[^s5]；[[work_wencheng|《文城》]]于2021年由[[organization_beijing_october_literature_art|北京十月文艺出版社]]出版[^s4]。\n\n## 主要成就\n\n《活着》和《许三观卖血记》同时入选百位批评家和文学编辑评选的“九十年代最具有影响的十部作品”[^s1]。余华曾获意大利格林扎纳·卡佛文学奖（1998年）、法国文学和艺术骑士勋章（2004年）、首届中华图书特殊贡献奖（2005年）、法国国际信使外国小说奖（2008年）、第十二届华语文学传媒大奖年度作家（2013年）和第二届中国版权金奖（2018年）等奖项[^s2]。\n\n## 影响\n\n余华的作品被翻译成40余种语言，在美国、英国、法国、德国、意大利、西班牙、日本、韩国等国家和地区出版[^s2]。\n\n## 馆藏著录\n\n海宁市图书馆推荐书目将余华著录为以下作品的创作者或编者：\n\n- 《第七天》[^online-334]", "url": "/people/yu-hua.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1960, "month": 4, "day": 3, "precision": "day", "display": "1960年4月3日" }, "occupations": [ "小说家" ], "isFictional": false, "personCategory": "小说家" }, { "id": "work_douban_ff9a1d2117dd", "type": "work", "title": "失落的秘符", "slug": "douban-book-shi-luo-de-mi-fu", "summary": "《失落的秘符》是丹·丹·布朗的长篇小说。《失落的秘符》内容介绍: 哈佛大学符号学家罗伯特·兰登意外受邀,于当晚前往华盛顿美国国会大厦做一个讲座。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "online", "title": "失落的秘符", "url": "https://reader.hnlib.com/Book/Detail/275740" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T01:13:45+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T01:17:43+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "## 内容与特点\n\n《失落的秘符》内容介绍: 哈佛大学符号学家罗伯特·兰登意外受邀,于当晚前往华盛顿美国国会大厦做一个讲座。就在兰登到达的几分钟内,事情发生了令人匪夷所思的变化。国会大厦里出现了一件令人惊恐之物——一只人手,三根手指成握拳状,伸直的拇指和食指直指天穹,每只手指上都有具特殊符号学意义的诡异刺青。[^online]\n\n## 版本信息\n\n该来源所录版本由人民文学出版社出版，出版时间为2013，ISBN为978-7-02-010157-3。[^online]", "url": "/works/douban-book-shi-luo-de-mi-fu.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "book", "medium": "长篇小说", "creators": [ "丹·布朗" ] }, { "id": "work_ieee_p61886_2_cd_mar_2023", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023", "slug": "ieee-std-p61886-2-cd-mar-2023", "aliases": [ "P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023", "P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023 - IEC/IEEE International Draft Standard - Subsea Equipment - Part 2: Power Transformers" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEC/IEEE International Draft Standard - Subsea Equipment - Part 2: Power Transformers”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2023 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=10085936", "locator": "standard_number=P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:20+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:20+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P61886-2/CD, Mar 2023**（IEC/IEEE International Draft Standard - Subsea Equipment - Part 2: Power Transformers）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]于 2023 年 3 月形成的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p61886-2-cd-mar-2023.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2023, "precision": "year", "display": "2023年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p61886_1_d2_may2020", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P61886-1_D2_May2020", "slug": "ieee-std-p61886-1-d2-may2020", "aliases": [ "P61886-1_D2_May2020", "P61886-1_D2_May2020 - IEEE/IEC Draft International Standard for Subsea Equipment - Power Connectors, Penetrators and Jumper Assemblies with Rated Voltage from 3 kV (Umax = 3.6 kV) to 30 kV (Umax = 36 " ], "summary": "IEEE Std P61886-1_D2_May2020 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE/IEC Draft International Standard for Subsea Equipment - Power Connectors, Penetrators and Jumper Assemblies with Rated Voltage from 3 kV (Umax = 3.6 kV) to 30 kV (Umax = 36”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2020 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P61886-1_D2_May2020 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9102458", "locator": "standard_number=P61886-1_D2_May2020; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:19+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P61886-1_D2_May2020**（IEEE/IEC Draft International Standard for Subsea Equipment - Power Connectors, Penetrators and Jumper Assemblies with Rated Voltage from 3 kV (Umax = 3.6 kV) to 30 kV (Umax = 36）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2020 年，主题领域包括 Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Geoscience、Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p61886-1-d2-may2020.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2020, "precision": "year", "display": "2020年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p3158_d3_apr_2024", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P3158/D3, Apr 2024", "slug": "ieee-std-p3158-d3-apr-2024", "aliases": [ "P3158/D3, Apr 2024", "P3158/D3, Apr 2024 - IEEE Draft Standard for Trusted Data Matrix System Architecture" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P3158/D3, Apr 2024 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Draft Standard for Trusted Data Matrix System Architecture”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2024 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P3158/D3, Apr 2024 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=10508758", "locator": "standard_number=P3158/D3, Apr 2024; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:15+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:15+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P3158/D3, Apr 2024**（IEEE Draft Standard for Trusted Data Matrix System Architecture）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]于 2024 年 4 月形成的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），主题领域包括 Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p3158-d3-apr-2024.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2024, "precision": "year", "display": "2024年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_8802_a_2015", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 8802-A-2015", "slug": "ieee-std-8802-a-2015", "aliases": [ "8802-A-2015", "8802-A-2015 - ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Information technology --Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks -- Overview and Archite" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 8802-A-2015 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Information technology --Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks -- Overview and Archite”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2015 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 8802-A-2015 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=7347269", "locator": "standard_number=8802-A-2015; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:26:27+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:26:27+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 8802-A-2015**（ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Information technology --Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks -- Overview and Archite）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2015 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-8802-a-2015.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2015, "precision": "year", "display": "2015年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p3004_7_d4_1_jun_2019", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019", "slug": "ieee-std-p3004-7-d4-1-jun-2019", "aliases": [ "P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019", "P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019 - IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for the Protection of Conductors Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for the Protection of Conductors Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2020 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8976444", "locator": "standard_number=P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:26:03+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:26:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P3004.7/D4.1, Jun 2019**（IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for the Protection of Conductors Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2020 年，主题领域包括 Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p3004-7-d4-1-jun-2019.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2020, "precision": "year", "display": "2020年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p3001_5_d4_aug_2013", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013", "slug": "ieee-std-p3001-5-d4-aug-2013", "aliases": [ "P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013", "P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013 - IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Application of Power Distribution Apparatus in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Application of Power Distribution Apparatus in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2014 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=6581781", "locator": "standard_number=P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:24:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:24:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P3001.5/D4, Aug 2013**（IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Application of Power Distribution Apparatus in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2014 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p3001-5-d4-aug-2013.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2014, "precision": "year", "display": "2014年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_837_1984", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 837-1984", "slug": "ieee-std-837-1984", "aliases": [ "837-1984", "837-1984 - IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connectors Used in Substation Grounding" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 837-1984 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connectors Used in Substation Grounding”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1984 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 837-1984 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=7439708", "locator": "standard_number=837-1984; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:37+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 837-1984**（IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connectors Used in Substation Grounding）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1984 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-837-1984.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1984, "precision": "year", "display": "1984年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_824_1994", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 824-1994", "slug": "ieee-std-824-1994", "aliases": [ "824-1994", "824-1994 - IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 824-1994 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1994 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 824-1994 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=3136", "locator": "standard_number=824-1994; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:23:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 824-1994**（IEEE Standard for Series Capacitors in Power Systems）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1994 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-824-1994.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1994, "precision": "year", "display": "1994年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_7_1989", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.7-1989", "slug": "ieee-std-802-7-1989", "aliases": [ "802.7-1989", "802.7-1989 - IEEE Recommended Practices for Broadband Local Area Networks" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.7-1989 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Recommended Practices for Broadband Local Area Networks”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1990 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.7-1989 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2292", "locator": "standard_number=802.7-1989; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:22:43+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:22:43+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.7-1989**（IEEE Recommended Practices for Broadband Local Area Networks）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1990 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-7-1989.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1990, "precision": "year", "display": "1990年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_15_4e_2012", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.15.4e-2012", "slug": "ieee-std-802-15-4e-2012", "aliases": [ "802.15.4e-2012", "802.15.4e-2012 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.15.4e-2012 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2012 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.15.4e-2012 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=6185523", "locator": "standard_number=802.15.4e-2012; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:19:02+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:19:02+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.15.4e-2012**（IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Part 15.4: Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC sublayer）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2012 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-15-4e-2012.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2012, "precision": "year", "display": "2012年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_12c_1998", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.12c-1998", "slug": "ieee-std-802-12c-1998", "aliases": [ "802.12c-1998", "802.12c-1998 - Supplement to Information Technology--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements--Part 12: Demad-priority access method, physical layer and repeater specifications: Ful" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.12c-1998 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“Supplement to Information Technology--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements--Part 12: Demad-priority access method, physical layer and repeater specifications: Ful”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1998 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.12c-1998 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=6065", "locator": "standard_number=802.12c-1998; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:18:48+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:18:48+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.12c-1998**（Supplement to Information Technology--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements--Part 12: Demad-priority access method, physical layer and repeater specifications: Ful）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1998 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-12c-1998.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1998, "precision": "year", "display": "1998年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_15_1_2005", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005", "slug": "ieee-std-802-15-1-2005", "aliases": [ "802.15.1-2005", "802.15.1-2005 - IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 15.1a: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) spec" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 15.1a: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) spec”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 2005 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9980", "locator": "standard_number=802.15.1-2005; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:18:48+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:18:48+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.15.1-2005**（IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 15.1a: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) spec）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 2005 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-15-1-2005.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2005, "precision": "year", "display": "2005年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_10h_1997", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.10h-1997", "slug": "ieee-std-802-10h-1997", "aliases": [ "802.10h-1997", "802.10h-1997 - IEEE Standard Secure Data Exchange (SDE) - Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma (Annex 2L)" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.10h-1997 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard Secure Data Exchange (SDE) - Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma (Annex 2L)”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1997 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.10h-1997 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=4597", "locator": "standard_number=802.10h-1997; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:18:18+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:18:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.10h-1997**（IEEE Standard Secure Data Exchange (SDE) - Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) Proforma (Annex 2L)）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1997 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-10h-1997.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1997, "precision": "year", "display": "1997年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1653_3_2021_9459522_redline", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1653.3-2021", "slug": "ieee-std-1653-3-2021-9459522-redline", "aliases": [ "1653.3-2021", "1653.3-2021 - IEEE Guide for Rail Transit Traction Power Systems Modeling - Redline" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1653.3-2021 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Guide for Rail Transit Traction Power Systems Modeling - Redline”；公开目录标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2021 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1653.3-2021 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9459522", "locator": "standard_number=1653.3-2021; status=Active; modifier=Redline" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:59:18+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:59:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1653.3-2021**（IEEE Guide for Rail Transit Traction Power Systems Modeling - Redline）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2021 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1653-3-2021-9459522-redline.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2021, "precision": "year", "display": "2021年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1584_1_2022_9956987_redline", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1584.1-2022", "slug": "ieee-std-1584-1-2022-9956987-redline", "aliases": [ "1584.1-2022", "1584.1-2022 - IEEE Guide for the Specification of Scope and Deliverable Requirements for an Arc-Flash Hazard Calculation Study in Accordance with IEEE Std 1584 - Redline" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1584.1-2022 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Guide for the Specification of Scope and Deliverable Requirements for an Arc-Flash Hazard Calculation Study in Accordance with IEEE Std 1584 - Redline”；公开目录标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2022 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1584.1-2022 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9956987", "locator": "standard_number=1584.1-2022; status=Active; modifier=Redline" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:57:46+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:57:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1584.1-2022**（IEEE Guide for the Specification of Scope and Deliverable Requirements for an Arc-Flash Hazard Calculation Study in Accordance with IEEE Std 1584 - Redline）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2022 年，主题领域包括 Engineered Materials, Dielectrics and Plasmas、Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics、General Topics for Engineers[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1584-1-2022-9956987-redline.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2022, "precision": "year", "display": "2022年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1243_1997", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1243-1997", "slug": "ieee-std-1243-1997", "aliases": [ "1243-1997", "1243-1997 - IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1243-1997 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），保留（Reserved），著录年份为 1997 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1243-1997 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=5076", "locator": "standard_number=1243-1997; status=Inactive; modifier=Reserved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:50:53+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:50:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1243-1997**（IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），保留（Reserved），著录年份为 1997 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1243-1997.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1997, "precision": "year", "display": "1997年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1901b_2021_9716096", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1901b-2021", "slug": "ieee-std-1901b-2021-9716096", "aliases": [ "1901b-2021", "1901b-2021 - IEEE Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment 2: Enhancements for Authentication and Authorization" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1901b-2021 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment 2: Enhancements for Authentication and Authorization”；公开目录标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2022 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1901b-2021 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9716096", "locator": "standard_number=1901b-2021; status=Active; modifier=Approved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:14:44+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:14:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1901b-2021**（IEEE Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications Amendment 2: Enhancements for Authentication and Authorization）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2022 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1901b-2021-9716096.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2022, "precision": "year", "display": "2022年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "place_us_ca_belvedere_27490", "type": "place", "title": "贝尔韦代雷", "slug": "ca-belvedere-27490", "aliases": [ "Belvedere" ], "summary": "贝尔韦代雷（Belvedere）是美国加利福尼亚州马林县的聚落。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:29:07+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T09:11:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "**贝尔韦代雷（Belvedere）**是美国[[place_us_ca|加利福尼亚州]][[place_us_ca_marin_county|马林县]]的聚落[^geonames]。", "url": "/places/ca-belvedere-27490.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "populated_place", "coordinates": { "latitude": 37.8727, "longitude": -122.46442 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 加利福尼亚州 · 贝尔韦代雷" }, { "id": "place_de_bremen", "type": "place", "title": "Bremen (Ciudad Libre Hanseática de Bremen)", "slug": "de-bremen", "summary": "Bremen es el menor estado ciudad-estado de Alemania, con una superficie de alrededor de 420 km² y unos 680.000 habitantes (censo de 2022); se compone de las ciudades de Bremen y Bremerhaven.", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography", "category-history" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikipedia", "title": "Bremen — Wikipedia", "url": "https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen", "locator": "abgerufen 2026-10-28" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-31T12:25:42+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-31T12:25:42+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 20, "body": "## Descripción general\n\nLa Ciudad Libre Hanseática de Bremen es el menor estado de Alemania y se compone de dos ciudades separadas espacialmente: Bremen y, a unos 60 km al norte, Bremerhaven en la desembocadura del Weser. El estado tiene una superficie de alrededor de 420 km² y unos 680.000 habitantes (censo de 2022). El código ISO-3166-2 es DE-HB. Bremen fue en 1949 estado fundador de la República Federal.\n\n## División administrativa\n\nComo ciudad-estado, Bremen no tiene distritos rurales (Landkreise). Existen dos municipios urbanos (Stadtgemeinden) (Bremen y Bremerhaven); la ciudad de Bremen se divide en 5 distritos urbanos (Stadtbezirke), y Bremerhaven en barrios. El Senado bajo el presidente del Senado (alcalde) es al mismo tiempo el gobierno estatal.\n\n## Ciudades principales\n\n- Bremen (alrededor de 570.000 habitantes)\n- Bremerhaven (alrededor de 115.000 habitantes)\n\n## Transporte\n\nBremen es un nudo ferroviario y de autopistas del noroeste; el aeropuerto de Bremen conecta la región con destinos europeos, mientras que Bremerhaven es uno de los mayores puertos de contenedores y automóviles del mundo.\n\n## Economía\n\nSon importantes la economía portuaria y logística, la industria aeroespacial (Airbus), la industria del automóvil (Mercedes-Benz Bremen), así como la economía alimentaria y marítima.", "url": "/places/de-bremen.html", "lang": "es", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "ar", "en", "es", "fr", "hi", "id", "it", "ja", "ko", "ms", "nl", "pt", "ru", "th", "tr", "vi", "zh-hant" ], "placeKind": "Bundesland (Stadtstaat)", "coordinates": { "latitude": 53.08, "longitude": 8.8 }, "adminArea": "Deutschland", "established": { "year": 1949, "precision": "year", "display": "1949 (Gründung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland)" } }, { "id": "place_us_or_tumalo", "type": "place", "title": "Tumalo", "slug": "or-tumalo", "summary": "Tumalo是美国俄勒冈州德舒特县的一座村。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:36:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T08:32:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**Tumalo**是位于美国[[place_us_or|俄勒冈州]][[place_us_or_deschutes_county|德舒特县]]的村[^geonames]。", "url": "/places/or-tumalo.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "village", "coordinates": { "latitude": 44.14984, "longitude": -121.33087 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 俄勒冈州 · Tumalo" }, { "id": "place_us_mi_casnovia", "type": "place", "title": "Casnovia", "slug": "mi-casnovia", "summary": "Casnovia是美国密歇根州马斯基根县的一座村。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:13:19+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T08:32:10+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**Casnovia**是位于美国[[place_us_mi|密歇根州]][[place_us_mi_muskegon_county|马斯基根县]]的村[^geonames]。", "url": "/places/mi-casnovia.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "village", "coordinates": { "latitude": 43.23474, "longitude": -85.7906 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 密歇根州 · Casnovia" }, { "id": "place_tashkent_international_airport", "type": "place", "title": "塔什干国际机场", "slug": "tashkent-international-airport", "aliases": [ "TAS", "UZTT", "Tashkent International Airport" ], "summary": "塔什干国际机场位于乌兹别克斯坦塔什干，IATA 代码为 TAS，ICAO 代码为 UZTT。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-transit", "category-aviation" ], "tags": [ "tag-airport" ], "sources": [ { "id": "ourairports", "title": "OurAirports 公开机场数据集", "author": "OurAirports", "url": "https://ourairports.com/data/" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "塔什干国际机场（中文维基百科）", "author": "中文维基百科", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%B9%B2%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA" }, { "id": "enwiki", "title": "Tashkent International Airport（英文维基百科）", "author": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent_International_Airport" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T14:53:21+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T08:25:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "**塔什干国际机场**位于乌兹别克斯坦塔什干，IATA 代码为 TAS，ICAO 代码为 UZTT[^ourairports][^zhwiki]。", "url": "/places/tashkent-international-airport.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "airport", "coordinates": { "latitude": 41.2579, "longitude": 69.281197 }, "adminArea": "乌兹别克斯坦" }, { "id": "place_us_pa_cumbola", "type": "place", "title": "Cumbola", "slug": "pa-cumbola", "summary": "Cumbola 是美国宾夕法尼亚州斯古吉尔县的一个居民点。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:23:23+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:52:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**Cumbola** 是美国[[place_us_pa|宾夕法尼亚州]][[place_us_pa_schuylkill_county|斯古吉尔县]]的一个居民点[^geonames]。", "url": "/places/pa-cumbola.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "populated_place", "coordinates": { "latitude": 40.71176, "longitude": -76.13772 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 宾夕法尼亚州 · 斯古吉尔县 · Cumbola" }, { "id": "place_us_ut_piute_county", "type": "place", "title": "派尤特县", "slug": "ut-piute-county", "aliases": [ "Piute County" ], "summary": "派尤特县（Piute County）是美国犹他州的县。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T10:20:38+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:41:30+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**派尤特县**（Piute County）是美国犹他州南部的县[^geonames]。", "url": "/places/ut-piute-county.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 38.33645, "longitude": -112.12695 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 犹他州 · 派尤特县" }, { "customFields": [ { "key": "cuisine", "value": "中餐（Chinese）" }, { "key": "address", "value": "St Regis Doha, West Bay, Doha, Qatar" }, { "key": "phone", "value": "+974 4446 0170" }, { "key": "hours", "value": "周一至周四、周日 18:00-00:00，周五、六 12:00-00:00" }, { "key": "price", "value": "﷼﷼﷼﷼（高档）" }, { "key": "website", "value": "https://hakkasan.com/doha/" }, { "key": "awards", "value": "米其林指南多哈版入选餐厅（MICHELIN Selected）" } ], "id": "place_restaurant_doha_hakkasan", "type": "place", "title": "Hakkasan", "slug": "restaurant-doha-hakkasan", "summary": "Hakkasan 是位于多哈西湾的中餐厅，列入2026年《米其林指南多哈版》入选名单。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-restaurants" ], "tags": [ "tag-michelin-guide" ], "sources": [ { "id": "guide2026", "title": "The Full List of the MICHELIN Guide 多哈 Selection", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2025-12-09", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/qa/en/article/michelin-guide-ceremony/full-list-michelin-guide-doha-selection" }, { "id": "michelin", "title": "Hakkasan – Doha - a MICHELIN Guide Restaurant", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/qa/en/doha-region/doha_2433318/restaurant/hakkasan-1197469" }, { "id": "osm", "title": "OpenStreetMap", "author": "OpenStreetMap contributors", "url": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1039138254", "locator": "按地址定位（Nominatim）" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-30T05:06:05+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:36:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 9, "body": "**Hakkasan**是位于多哈西湾的中餐厅，列入[[work_michelin_guide_doha_2026|2026《米其林指南多哈版》]]入选名单[^michelin][^guide2026]。米其林指南介绍的菜品包括北京烤鸭和点心拼盘[^michelin]。", "url": "/places/restaurant-doha-hakkasan.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "多哈·西湾", "placeKind": "restaurant", "coordinates": { "latitude": 25.350225, "longitude": 51.529029 }, "locationNote": "St Regis Doha, West Bay, Doha, Qatar", "adminArea": "卡塔尔多哈" }, { "customFields": [ { "key": "isbn", "value": "978-7-5404-4842-4" } ], "id": "work_hnlib_071655859b76", "type": "work", "title": "世上另一个我", "slug": "hnlib-book-shi-shang-ling-yi-ge-wo", "summary": "《世上另一个我》是美国作家帕坎南创作的小说，中文版由湖南文艺出版社于2011年出版。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "online", "title": "世上另一个我", "url": "https://reader.hnlib.com/Recommend/Detail/210", "locator": "海宁市图书馆推荐书目第210条及其 ISBN 对应的图书详情：作者、出版社、出版日期、书号和内容简介" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:10:46+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:23:36+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**《世上另一个我》**是美国作家[[person_hnlib_1c5edc30df2e|帕坎南]]创作的小说，中文版由湖南文艺出版社于2011年出版[^online]。\n\n## 内容\n\n小说围绕林赛与双胞胎姐姐亚历克斯之间的亲情与竞争展开。林赛回乡后发现一封阁楼旧信，信中揭开了家族隐藏近三十年的秘密[^online]。", "url": "/works/hnlib-book-shi-shang-ling-yi-ge-wo.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "book", "medium": "长篇小说", "published": { "year": 2011, "display": "2011年" }, "creators": [ "帕坎南" ] }, { "id": "place_us_ca_beale_air_force_base", "type": "place", "title": "Beale Air Force Base", "slug": "ca-beale-air-force-base", "summary": "Beale Air Force Base 是位于美国加利福尼亚州尤巴县的美国空军基地。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" }, { "id": "enwiki", "title": "Beale Air Force Base", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale_Air_Force_Base" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:39:24+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:03:25+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "**Beale Air Force Base**是位于美国加利福尼亚州尤巴县的美国空军基地[^enwiki]。", "url": "/places/ca-beale-air-force-base.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "military_base", "coordinates": { "latitude": 39.10917, "longitude": -121.35444 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 加利福尼亚州 · Beale Air Force Base" }, { "id": "place_us_co_deer_trail", "type": "place", "title": "迪尔特雷尔", "slug": "co-deer-trail", "aliases": [ "Deer Trail" ], "summary": "迪尔特雷尔（Deer Trail）是美国科罗拉多州阿拉珀霍县的一处居民点。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:31:29+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T05:42:02+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**迪尔特雷尔**（Deer Trail）是美国科罗拉多州阿拉珀霍县的一处居民点。", "url": "/places/co-deer-trail.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "village", "coordinates": { "latitude": 39.61498, "longitude": -104.0444 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 科罗拉多州 · 迪尔特雷尔" }, { "id": "work_hnlib_fd754bc52774", "type": "work", "title": "一步向前的勇气", "slug": "hnlib-book-yi-bu-xiang-qian-de-yong-qi", "summary": "《一步向前的勇气》是栗城史多的散文集。《一步向前的勇气》中国西藏网。原本是无业青年的栗城史多,偶然立志成为登山家,他为了实现梦想,在所有亲人的反对下,在狂风、严寒、雪崩甚至死亡的威胁下,战胜了激烈的高山反应,在不使用氧气瓶的状态下,三年中单独攀登北美、非洲、南极等六个大洲的最高", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "online", "title": "一步向前的勇气", "url": "https://reader.hnlib.com/Recommend/Detail/240", "locator": "海宁市图书馆推荐书目记录：作者、出版社、出版时间、ISBN与主题" }, { "id": "web", "title": "《一步向前的勇气》", "url": "http://media.tibet.cn/holiday/ydsg/ts/201202/t20120210_1586264.htm", "locator": "内容简介" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:10:12+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T04:00:21+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## 内容与特点\n\n《一步向前的勇气》中国西藏网。原本是无业青年的栗城史多,偶然立志成为登山家,他为了实现梦想,在所有亲人的反对下,在狂风、严寒、雪崩甚至死亡的威胁下,战胜了激烈的高山反应,在不使用氧气瓶的状态下,三年中单独攀登北美、非洲、南极等六个大洲的最高峰,并进而登上了喜马拉雅山脉的三座8000米以上的高峰。最后,他将目标锁定在珠穆朗玛。他以自己的登山经历和在生与死的夹缝中体会到的人生哲理写成本书,给那些消沉的年轻人以及相信梦想无法实现的成年人以挑战生活的勇气,感动了日本。栗城史多为了让更多的人看到他的冒险,还策划了网络直播登顶,为此奔波于社会精英和媒体间,并筹措了上亿日元的资金,证明了不善言辞的自己,只要努力,社会生活和人际交往的险峰也并非不可逾越。他还热衷于滑雪速降项目,2008年从玛拿斯鲁峰(喜马拉雅山的一部分,海拔8163)上速降成功,2009年秋天,他挑战了“单人无氧”攀登珠穆朗玛峰,在7950米的高度放弃,目前除了应邀在各地学校和企业进行演说,成为炙手可热的励志名人,同时还在为再次挑战珠峰做准备。精彩片段:海拔7600米处,寒风呼啸。我把帐篷微微拉开一条缝,向外窥视:远处的喜马拉雅山脉已与地平线融为一体,映入眼帘的是无限延伸的[^online][^web]\n\n## 版本信息\n\n出版社为上海译文出版社，出版时间为2011，ISBN为978-7-5327-5432-8，主题为散文集。[^online]", "url": "/works/hnlib-book-yi-bu-xiang-qian-de-yong-qi.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "book", "medium": "散文集", "creators": [ "栗城史多" ] }, { "rankingTiers": [ { "id": "physics", "label": "诺贝尔物理学奖" }, { "id": "chemistry", "label": "诺贝尔化学奖" }, { "id": "medicine", "label": "诺贝尔生理学或医学奖" }, { "id": "literature", "label": "诺贝尔文学奖" }, { "id": "economics", "label": "瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖" } ], "rankingColumns": [ { "key": "motivation", "label": "获奖理由" }, { "key": "affiliation", "label": "获奖时所属机构" } ], "rankingEntries": [ { "name": "拉塞尔·赫尔斯", "tier": "physics", "entityId": "person_nobel_143", "sourceId": "s1", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "Princeton University" } ] }, { "name": "约瑟夫·泰勒", "tier": "physics", "entityId": "person_nobel_144", "sourceId": "s1", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "Princeton University" } ] }, { "name": "凯利·穆利斯", "tier": "chemistry", "entityId": "person_nobel_278", "sourceId": "s2", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" } ] }, { "name": "迈克尔·史密斯", "tier": "chemistry", "entityId": "person_nobel_279", "sourceId": "s2", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "University of British Columbia" } ] }, { "name": "理察·罗伯茨", "tier": "medicine", "entityId": "person_nobel_448", "sourceId": "s3", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for their discoveries of split genes" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "New England Biolabs" } ] }, { "name": "菲利普·夏普", "tier": "medicine", "entityId": "person_nobel_449", "sourceId": "s3", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for their discoveries of split genes" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Center for Cancer Research" } ] }, { "name": "托妮·莫里森", "tier": "literature", "entityId": "person_nobel_670", "sourceId": "s4", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" } ] }, { "name": "罗伯特·福格尔", "tier": "economics", "entityId": "person_nobel_709", "sourceId": "s5", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "University of Chicago" } ] }, { "name": "道格拉斯·诺斯", "tier": "economics", "entityId": "person_nobel_710", "sourceId": "s5", "meta": [ { "key": "motivation", "value": "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change" }, { "key": "affiliation", "value": "Washington University" } ] } ], "id": "work_nobel_prize_1993", "type": "work", "title": "1993 年诺贝尔奖", "slug": "nobel-prize-1993", "aliases": [ "Nobel Prize 1993", "1993诺贝尔奖" ], "summary": "1993 年诺贝尔奖由诺贝尔基金会管理的奖项基金颁发，本年度共颁出 5 个奖项、9 位得主，获奖名单在 1993-10-07 至 1993-10-13 陆续公布：诺贝尔物理学奖 2 位，诺贝尔化学奖 2 位，诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 2 位，诺贝尔文学奖 1 位，瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖 2 位。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-awards" ], "tags": [ "tag-nobel-prize" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1993/summary/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1993", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1993/summary/" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1993/summary/" }, { "id": "s4", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1993", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1993/summary/" }, { "id": "s5", "title": "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1993", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1993/summary/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T01:39:17+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T03:32:13+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**1993 年诺贝尔奖**是按阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔遗嘱设立、由诺贝尔基金会管理的奖项在这一年的得主名单。本年度得主名单在 1993-10-07 至 1993-10-13 陆续公布[^s1]。\n\n## 本年度获奖情况\n\n| 奖项 | 公布日期 | 得主人数 |\n| --- | --- | ---: |\n| 诺贝尔物理学奖 | 1993-10-13 | 2 |\n| 诺贝尔化学奖 | 1993-10-13 | 2 |\n| 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖 | 1993-10-11 | 2 |\n| 诺贝尔文学奖 | 1993-10-07 | 1 |\n| 瑞典中央银行纪念阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔经济学奖 | 1993-10-12 | 2 |\n\n得主姓名、获奖理由与奖金份额均以诺贝尔奖官方公布为准[^s1]；各奖项的详细颁奖决定与得主简介见对应奖项的官方页面。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]、[[organization_nobel_foundation|诺贝尔基金会]]", "url": "/works/nobel-prize-1993.html", "lang": "es", "fallback": true, "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "workKind": "ranking_list", "published": { "year": 1993, "precision": "year" }, "language": "中文" } ], "lang": "es", "pagination": { "page": 418, "pageSize": 50, "total": 81188, "pageCount": 1000, "prevUrl": "/es/hot-417.json", "nextUrl": "/es/hot-419.json" } }