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  "title": "努尔哈赤 · Relazioni",
  "description": "努尔哈赤（1559年—1626年9月30日），清朝政权奠基人、后金国首位汗。",
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    "summary": "努尔哈赤（1559年—1626年9月30日），清朝政权奠基人、后金国首位汗。",
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        "title": "努尔哈赤（维基百科）",
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      {
        "id": "zhengshi",
        "title": "清史稿/卷1（维基文库）",
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    "updatedAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00",
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    "body": "## 生平\n\n努尔哈赤（1559年5月14日—1626年9月30日），爱新觉罗氏，出身建州左卫都指挥使世家，是觉昌安之孙、塔克世之子，生于赫图阿拉。少年时家道中落，曾以采参、贸易为生。[^zhwiki]1583年，其祖父觉昌安、父亲塔克世在明军攻打古勒城时被杀，努尔哈赤以先人遗下的十三副甲胄起兵，先攻给明军作向导的尼堪外兰，再经二十余年征战，先后统一建州女真、海西女真诸部及部分野人女真。1616年，他在赫图阿拉称汗，建立后金。1618年以“七大恨”誓师伐明，连下抚顺、清河；1619年在萨尔浒之战中击溃明军四路进攻，其后相继攻取开原、铁岭、沈阳、辽阳、广宁，1625年迁都沈阳。[^zhengshi]1626年攻宁远不克，同年去世。1636年皇太极称帝建清，追尊他为太祖。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 历史成就\n\n努尔哈赤是后金政权与清朝的奠基人。他创立八旗制度，将女真部众按旗编组，平时为民、战时为兵，兼具行政、军事与生产职能，成为后金与清朝的基本社会组织。他又命人创制满文，使女真有了自己的文字。[^zhwiki]他统一女真诸部、建立后金的事业，结束了明末东北的分散局面，为后来清军入关、统一全国奠定了基础。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 正史记载\n\n正史传记见《清史稿/卷1》[^zhengshi]。\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 简介：清朝政权奠基人、后金国首位汗[^wikidata]\n- 所属朝代或国家：明朝、后金[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：兴京[^wikidata]",
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