{
  "contentStorage": "postgres",
  "title": "张载",
  "description": "张载（1020年—1077年），宋朝、北宋人物。",
  "url": "/it/people/zhang-zai.html",
  "entity": {
    "id": "person_cn_q197338",
    "type": "person",
    "title": "张载",
    "slug": "zhang-zai",
    "aliases": [
      "Zhang Zai"
    ],
    "previousSlugs": [
      "zhang-zai-q197338"
    ],
    "summary": "张载（1020年—1077年），宋朝、北宋人物。",
    "status": "published",
    "categories": [
      "category-history",
      "category-people",
      "category-historical-figures"
    ],
    "tags": [
      "tag-ancient-china"
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "id": "wikidata",
        "title": "Wikidata Q197338",
        "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197338"
      },
      {
        "id": "zhwiki",
        "title": "张载 (北宋)（维基百科）",
        "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%BC%89_(%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B)"
      }
    ],
    "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00",
    "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:12:58+08:00",
    "updatedBy": "user:admin",
    "revision": 6,
    "body": "## 生平\n\n张载（1020年—1077年），字子厚，自号横渠，世称横渠先生，大梁（今河南开封）人，北宋思想家。[^zhwiki]其父张迪任涪州知州时死于任上，张载年幼，随母迁居凤翔府横渠镇。张载早年有意从军，1041年上书范仲淹讨论西北边防，建议收复被西夏占据的洮西地区；范仲淹认为他可成大器，劝他放弃从军、专攻儒学，并劝他读《中庸》。张载此后又研习佛教、道家典籍数年，最终回归儒家。嘉祐初年，他在开封讲授《易经》，并与表侄程颢、程颐兄弟讨论《易》学。[^zhwiki]\n\n1057年，张载考中进士，历任祁州司法参军、云岩县令、著作佐郎、签书渭州军事判官等职，在地方任官时探问民间疾苦，深得经略使蔡挺尊重。1069年，他经吕公著推荐被宋神宗召对，回答治世之道说“为政不法三代者，终苟道也”；其后因与王安石政见不合，被外放处理狱案，遂辞职回到横渠镇著书讲学。1076年撰成《正蒙》。1077年，他由吕大防推荐复出，任同知太常礼院，因与礼官意见不合，又病重辞官西归，途经临潼病逝，终年五十七岁。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 历史成就\n\n张载是宋明理学的奠基人之一，与周敦颐、邵雍、程颢、程颐并称北宋五子，其学说自成一系，后世得以从祀孔庙。[^zhwiki]哲学上，他提出“太虚即气”，认为气是宇宙的根本实体，万物皆由气凝聚、消散而成，以此反驳佛教的虚无之说；伦理上区分“天地之性”与“气质之性”，主张通过变化气质以成圣人。其《西铭》提出“民胞物与”的主张，阐扬博爱精神，成为传世名篇；“为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平”四句（后世称“横渠四句”）更成为无数读书人的志向标尺。主要著作有《正蒙》《易说》《经学理窟》等。张载之学对王夫之等后世思想家有重大影响。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：宋朝、北宋[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_410200|开封市]][^wikidata]",
    "url": "/people/zhang-zai.html",
    "lang": "it",
    "fallback": true,
    "availableLangs": [
      "zh",
      "en"
    ],
    "birth": {
      "year": 1020,
      "display": "1020年"
    },
    "death": {
      "year": 1077,
      "display": "1077年"
    },
    "occupations": [
      "教师",
      "哲学家"
    ],
    "disambiguation": "北宋",
    "nativePlace": "開封市",
    "personCategory": "历史人物"
  },
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    {
      "id": "tag-ancient-china",
      "slug": "ancient-china",
      "name": "Cina antica",
      "description": "Storia, personaggi e divisioni amministrative dall'epoca pre-Qin alla dinastia Qing.",
      "names": {
        "ar": "الصين القديمة",
        "de": "Das alte China",
        "en": "Ancient China",
        "es": "China antigua",
        "fr": "Chine ancienne",
        "hi": "प्राचीन चीन",
        "id": "Tiongkok kuno",
        "it": "Cina antica",
        "ja": "中国古代",
        "ko": "중국 고대",
        "ms": "China purba",
        "nl": "Het oude China",
        "pt": "China antiga",
        "ru": "Древний Китай",
        "th": "จีนโบราณ",
        "tr": "Antik Çin",
        "vi": "Trung Quốc cổ đại",
        "zh": "中国古代",
        "zh-hant": "中國古代"
      },
      "descriptions": {
        "ar": "التاريخ والشخصيات والتقسيمات الإدارية من عصر ما قبل تشين إلى أسرة تشينغ.",
        "de": "Geschichte, Personen und Verwaltungsgliederung von der Zeit vor Qin bis zur Qing-Dynastie.",
        "en": "History, people and administrative divisions from the pre-Qin era to the Qing dynasty.",
        "es": "Historia, personajes y divisiones administrativas desde la era pre-Qin hasta la dinastía Qing.",
        "fr": "Histoire, personnages et divisions administratives de l'époque pré-Qin à la dynastie Qing.",
        "hi": "चिन-पूर्व काल से चिंग राजवंश तक का इतिहास, व्यक्ति और प्रशासनिक विभाजन।",
        "id": "Sejarah, tokoh, dan pembagian administratif dari era pra-Qin hingga Dinasti Qing.",
        "it": "Storia, personaggi e divisioni amministrative dall'epoca pre-Qin alla dinastia Qing.",
        "ja": "先秦から清代までの歴史・人物・行政区画。",
        "ko": "先秦부터 청대까지의 역사·인물·행정 구역.",
        "ms": "Sejarah, tokoh dan bahagian pentadbiran dari zaman pra-Qin hingga Dinasti Qing.",
        "nl": "Geschiedenis, personen en bestuurlijke indeling van de pre-Qin-periode tot de Qing-dynastie.",
        "pt": "História, personagens e divisões administrativas da era pré-Qin até à dinastia Qing.",
        "ru": "История, персоналии и административное деление от доциньской эпохи до династии Цин.",
        "th": "ประวัติศาสตร์ บุคคล และเขตการปกครองตั้งแต่ยุคก่อนฉินจนถึงราชวงศ์ชิง",
        "tr": "Qin öncesi dönemden Qing hanedanına kadar tarih, kişiler ve idari bölümler.",
        "vi": "Lịch sử, nhân vật và đơn vị hành chính từ thời Tiền Tần đến nhà Thanh.",
        "zh": "先秦至清代的历史、人物与政区。",
        "zh-hant": "先秦至清代的歷史、人物與政區。"
      },
      "count": 1097
    }
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      "targetTitle": "开封市",
      "targetUrl": "/it/places/kaifeng.html",
      "incoming": false
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  ],
  "versions": [
    {
      "revision": 6,
      "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T17:12:58+08:00",
      "message": "当前版本",
      "hasSnapshot": true,
      "url": "/it/people/zhang-zai/at/6.html"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "it",
  "availableLangs": [
    "zh",
    "en"
  ],
  "fallback": true,
  "infoFields": [
    {
      "key": "birth_date",
      "label": "Birth",
      "value": "1020年"
    },
    {
      "key": "death_date",
      "label": "Death",
      "value": "1077年"
    },
    {
      "key": "native_place",
      "label": "Native place",
      "value": "開封市"
    },
    {
      "key": "person_category",
      "label": "Person category",
      "value": "历史人物"
    },
    {
      "key": "occupations",
      "label": "Occupations",
      "value": "教师, 哲学家"
    },
    {
      "key": "disambiguation",
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