{
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  "title": "约翰·克拉克",
  "description": "约翰·克拉克（John Clarke，1942年—）是英国物理学家，加州大学伯克利分校名誉教授，因开发超导量子干涉仪并在超导电路中发现宏观量子隧穿效应与能量量子化而获得2025年诺贝尔物理学奖。",
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    "summary": "约翰·克拉克（John Clarke，1942年—）是英国物理学家，加州大学伯克利分校名誉教授，因开发超导量子干涉仪并在超导电路中发现宏观量子隧穿效应与能量量子化而获得2025年诺贝尔物理学奖。",
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        "title": "John Clarke – Facts",
        "author": "The Nobel Foundation",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2025/clarke/facts/"
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        "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2025",
        "author": "The Nobel Foundation",
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        "id": "s3",
        "title": "John Clarke awarded 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics | UC Berkeley Physics",
        "url": "https://physics.berkeley.edu/news/john-clarke-awarded-2025-nobel-prize-physics"
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    "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T12:26:36+08:00",
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    "body": "**约翰·克拉克**（John Clarke，1942年—）出生于剑桥（英国）。\n\n## 生平与职业生涯\n\n约翰·克拉克是英国物理学家，长期任教于加州大学伯克利分校，现为该校名誉教授[^s3]。他长期致力于超导与超导电子学，特别是在超导量子干涉仪（SQUID）的开发与应用方面作出重大贡献：SQUID是利用约瑟夫森结构成的超导环路，可探测极其微弱的磁通变化，是目前最灵敏的磁场探测器之一[^s3]。\n\n## 主要成就\n\n20世纪80年代，克拉克与当时在他实验室工作的德沃雷、马蒂尼斯合作，用超导电路证明：即使在宏观尺度的电路中也能直接观测到量子隧穿与能量量子化——超导体中的带电粒子协同运动，表现得像一个遍布整个电路的单一粒子[^s3]。这一发现打破了“量子行为只存在于微观世界”的旧观念，为超导量子比特奠定了基础；SQUID本身则广泛应用于脑磁图、地磁探测、材料无损检测与暗物质搜寻等领域[^s3]。三人因此共享2025年诺贝尔物理学奖[^s3]。\n\n## 获奖\n\n2025 年诺贝尔物理学奖由 3 位得主共享，约翰·克拉克占其中 1/3 份，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 University of California，所在地为伯克利（美国）[^s1]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_2025|2025 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]",
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