{
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  "title": "迈克尔·毕晓普",
  "description": "美国病毒学家与分子生物学家迈克尔·毕晓普（J. Michael Bishop，1936年2月22日—2026年3月20日），因发现原癌基因获1989年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。",
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    "title": "迈克尔·毕晓普",
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      "J. Michael Bishop"
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    "summary": "美国病毒学家与分子生物学家迈克尔·毕晓普（J. Michael Bishop，1936年2月22日—2026年3月20日），因发现原癌基因获1989年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。",
    "status": "published",
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        "id": "s1",
        "title": "J. Michael Bishop – Facts",
        "author": "The Nobel Foundation",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1989/bishop/facts/"
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      {
        "id": "s2",
        "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989",
        "author": "The Nobel Foundation",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1989/summary/"
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        "id": "s3",
        "title": "J. Michael Bishop – Biographical",
        "author": "The Nobel Foundation",
        "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1989/bishop/biographical/"
      },
      {
        "id": "s4",
        "title": "J. Michael Bishop – Wikipedia",
        "author": "Wikipedia",
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop"
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    "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:38:01+08:00",
    "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T12:23:38+08:00",
    "updatedBy": "user:admin",
    "revision": 4,
    "body": "**迈克尔·毕晓普**（J. Michael Bishop，1936年2月22日—2026年3月20日）出生于约克（美国），2026年3月20日在旧金山（美国）去世。\n\n## 生平与职业生涯\n\n毕晓普在宾夕法尼亚州约克附近乡村长大，1958年毕业于葛底斯堡学院化学系，1962年获哈佛医学院医学学位；早年研究脊髓灰质炎病毒复制，1968年起任教于加州大学旧金山分校，1998年至2009年任该校校长[^s4]。\n\n## 主要成就\n\n他与哈罗德·瓦尔穆斯研究劳斯肉瘤病毒，1976年证明病毒的致癌基因src并非病毒独有，而是源自健康细胞中调控生长分裂的正常基因（原癌基因）；原癌基因受损可转变为癌基因，这一发现奠定了现代肿瘤分子生物学的基础[^s3]。\n\n## 获奖\n\n1989 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖由 2 位得主共享，迈克尔·毕晓普占其中 1/2 份，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 University of California School of Medicine，所在地为旧金山（美国）[^s1]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_1989|1989 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]",
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      "names": {
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        "en": "Nobel Prize",
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        "zh": "诺贝尔奖各奖项、历年名单与相关人物、机构。"
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      "listId": "work_nobel_prize_1989",
      "listTitle": "1989 年诺贝尔奖",
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      "edition": "1989",
      "name": "迈克尔·毕晓普",
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