{ "contentStorage": "postgres", "title": "热门", "description": "有访问统计时按近 7 日浏览量排序；尚无统计时优先展示热门/精选标签，再按关系数量排序。", "url": "/zh/hot-400.html", "entities": [ { "id": "place_us_hi", "type": "place", "title": "夏威夷州", "slug": "hawaii", "aliases": [ "Hawaii" ], "summary": "夏威夷州（Hawaii）是美国的一个州，FIPS 州代码为15，首府为火奴鲁鲁。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "夏威夷州（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E5%B7%9E" }, { "id": "uscb2023", "title": "U.S. Census Bureau 2023 州与县 FIPS 代码", "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T03:01:53+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-29T03:05:12+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "## 行政区划\n\n夏威夷州（Hawaii）是美国的一个州，FIPS 州代码为15[^uscb2023]。州以下设县（county）或独立市，市镇之下再分社区（neighborhood）[^uscb2023]。\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 行政区划代码（FIPS）：15[^uscb2023]\n- 首府：火奴鲁鲁[^zhwiki]\n- 人口：约1,435,138（2023年估计）[^uscb2023]\n- 面积：28,313平方公里[^zhwiki]\n- 加入联邦：1959年[^zhwiki]\n- 时区：夏威夷时区（UTC−10，不使用夏令时）[^zhwiki]\n- ISO 3166-2：US-HI[^zhwiki]\n\n## 上级行政区\n\n位于[[place_usa|美国]]。\n\n## 下级行政区\n\n主要县：[[place_us_hi_honolulu_county|火奴鲁鲁市县]]、[[place_us_hi_hawaii_county|夏威夷县]]、[[place_us_hi_maui_county|毛伊县]]、[[place_us_hi_kauai_county|考艾县]]。\n\n主要城市：[[place_us_hi_honolulu|火奴鲁鲁]]、[[place_us_hi_hilo|希洛]]。", "url": "/places/hawaii.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "state", "coordinates": { "latitude": 20.2927, "longitude": -156.3732 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 夏威夷州" }, { "id": "organization_beijing_water_authority", "type": "organization", "title": "北京市水务局", "slug": "beijing-water-authority", "summary": "北京市水务行政主管部门。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "official", "title": "北京市水务局关于修改部分水务行政规范性文件的通告", "author": "北京市水务局", "date": "2026-09-08", "url": "https://swj.beijing.gov.cn/zwgk/2024zcwj/202609/t20260909_4856708.html" }, { "id": "gywm", "title": "北京市水务局-关于我们", "author": "北京市水务局", "url": "https://swj.beijing.gov.cn/swdt/ztzl/yjjb/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "北京市水务局发布有关水务行政规范性文件的通告。[^official]\n\n## 联系方式\n\n- 官网：https://swj.beijing.gov.cn[^gywm]\n- 办公地址：北京市通州区留庄路1号院2号楼[^gywm]\n- 办公电话：010-55524885[^gywm]\n- 传真：010-55522848（工作时间）、010-55522824（非工作时间）[^gywm]\n- 咨询服务：市民服务热线 12345，或通过网站“我要写信”在线咨询[^gywm]", "url": "/organizations/beijing-water-authority.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府部门", "headquartersNote": "北京市通州区留庄路1号院2号楼" }, { "id": "place_beijing_china_millennium_monument", "type": "place", "title": "中华世纪坛", "slug": "beijing-china-millennium-monument", "summary": "中华世纪坛是北京市人民政府历史公告中列出的地点。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-modern-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "official", "title": "北京市人民政府关于庆祝北京申办2008年奥运会成功燃放礼花的公告", "author": "北京市人民政府", "url": "https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj/szfwj/201905/t20190523_72355.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-27T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "北京市人民政府历史公告将中华世纪坛列为礼花或烟花燃放地点；此处记录当时公告内容，不代表地点现状。[^official]", "url": "/places/beijing-china-millennium-monument.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "纪念建筑" }, { "id": "place_beijing_pingguoyuan_middle_school", "type": "place", "title": "苹果园中学", "slug": "beijing-pingguoyuan-middle-school", "summary": "苹果园中学是北京市人民政府历史公告中列出的地点。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-modern-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "official", "title": "北京市人民政府关于2000年春节燃放礼花的公告", "author": "北京市人民政府", "url": "https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/zfwj/zfwj/szfwj/201905/t20190523_72394.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-27T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "北京市人民政府历史公告将苹果园中学列为礼花或烟花燃放地点；此处记录当时公告内容，不代表地点现状。[^official]", "url": "/places/beijing-pingguoyuan-middle-school.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "学校" }, { "id": "place_beijing_qianmen_west_street", "type": "place", "title": "前门西大街", "slug": "beijing-qianmen-west-street", "summary": "北京市公安局交通管理局2026年烈士纪念日交通通告中提及的道路。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-modern-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "official", "title": "关于“烈士纪念日”向人民英雄敬献花篮仪式活动采取临时交通管理措施的通告", "author": "北京市公安局交通管理局", "date": "2026-09-29", "url": "https://jtgl.beijing.gov.cn/jgj/jgxx/gsgg/jttg/bjsgajgajtgljtg/744132652/index.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-28T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "北京市公安局交通管理局2026年烈士纪念日交通通告中提及的道路。[^official]", "url": "/places/beijing-qianmen-west-street.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "placeKind": "道路" }, { "id": "organization_belize_ministry_of_immigration_labour_and_governance", "type": "organization", "title": "伯利兹移民、劳工与治理部", "slug": "belize-ministry-of-immigration-labour-and-governance", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Immigration, Labour and Governance" ], "summary": "伯利兹政府组成部门，主管移民、劳工与治理事务。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "伯利兹领导人与内阁成员（美国中情局《世界领导人》，2026-07-14更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/belize/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "伯利兹2025年内阁改组情况（belize.com）", "url": "https://belize.com/belize-cabinet-2025-appointments/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T17:25:21+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T17:25:21+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n伯利兹移民、劳工与治理部是伯利兹政府的组成部门，主管移民管理、劳工关系与政府治理事务。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n该部于2025年11月内阁改组中设立，由原内政与新增长产业部的移民、劳工职能调整而来。卡里姆·穆萨出任该部部长，此前他曾任内政部长。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n管理移民与边境事务；制定劳工政策；管理劳资关系；推进政府治理改革。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n该部由部长领导，下设移民、劳工等业务部门，具体内设机构未详。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n部长：卡里姆·穆萨（2025年11月起任职）。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部位于首都贝尔莫潘，具体地址未详。\n\n## 来源\n\n伯利兹领导人与内阁成员（美国中情局《世界领导人》）；伯利兹2025年内阁改组情况。", "url": "/organizations/belize-ministry-of-immigration-labour-and-governance.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_dominican_republic_energy_mines", "type": "organization", "title": "多米尼加能源与矿业部", "slug": "dominican-republic-energy-mines", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Energy and Mines", "MEM", "多米尼加能源部" ], "summary": "多米尼加能源与矿业部是多米尼加政府主管能源与矿产事务的部门，现任部长霍埃尔·桑托斯。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s20", "title": "Dominican Republic - World Leaders（CIA，2026-10-21更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/dominican-republic/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T17:25:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T17:25:16+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n多米尼加能源与矿业部（Ministerio de Energía y Minas）是多米尼加政府主管能源事务的部门，负责电力、石油与矿产管理。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n2013年设立；负责电力系统改革与可再生能源发展。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定能源政策；管理电力市场与电网；推进可再生能源；管理矿产资源开发与稀土勘探。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部内设能源、矿产等司局。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：霍埃尔·桑托斯（2024年8月就任）。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部位于圣多明各。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/dominican-republic-energy-mines.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_canada_immigration", "type": "organization", "title": "加拿大移民、难民与公民部", "slug": "canada-immigration", "aliases": [ "Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada", "Ministry of Immigration", "加拿大移民部" ], "summary": "加拿大移民、难民与公民部是加拿大政府主管移民、难民与入籍事务的部门，现任部长莱娜·迪亚布。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "30th Canadian Ministry（维基百科，2026-10-31）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Canadian_Ministry" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Canada - World Leaders（CIA，2025-05-14更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/canada/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T17:19:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T17:19:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n\n加拿大移民、难民与公民部（Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada）是加拿大政府主管移民事务的部门，负责移民政策、难民安置与公民入籍。\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n1994年设立现行体制；2025年卡尼政府收紧移民目标，削减永久居民配额。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n制定移民与难民政策；审批签证、永久居留与入籍申请；管理难民安置与边境移民事务；协调各省提名计划。\n\n## 组织结构\n\n部内设移民政策、难民、入籍等司局，与边境服务局协同执法。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任部长：莱娜·迪亚布（2025年5月13日就任）。\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部位于安大略省渥太华。\n\n## 来源\n\n详见本条目来源列表。", "url": "/organizations/canada-immigration.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_cote_divoire_ministry_of_defence", "type": "organization", "title": "科特迪瓦国防部", "slug": "cote-divoire-ministry-of-defence", "aliases": [ "Ministry of Defence" ], "summary": "科特迪瓦科特迪瓦国防部，现任负责人泰内·比拉希马·瓦塔拉（2026年1月23日就任）。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "ci-mambe", "title": "科特迪瓦芒贝二世政府完整名单（Financial Afrik，2026-01-25）", "url": "https://www.financialafrik.com/en/2026/01/25/ivory-coast-the-complete-list-of-the-government-of-robert-beugre-mambe-2/" }, { "id": "cia-ci", "title": "科特迪瓦领导人与内阁成员（美国中情局《世界领导人》，2024-06-05更新）", "url": "https://www.cia.gov/resources/world-leaders/foreign-governments/cote-divoire" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T16:39:51+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T16:39:51+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 概述\n科特迪瓦国防部（Ministry of Defence）是科特迪瓦政府的国防部主管部门，负责国防部领域的政策制定与执行。\n## 历史沿革\n部长兼任新设的副总理。\n## 主要职能\n负责科特迪瓦国防部相关政策的制定、执行与监管，统筹该领域国家规划、预算执行与对外合作。\n## 组织结构\n该部下设司局级机构，具体设置未详；部长以下设国务秘书或副部长级官员协助工作。\n## 现任负责人\n泰内·比拉希马·瓦塔拉（2026年1月23日就任至今）。\n## 总部与联系方式\n总部设在科特迪瓦首都，具体地址未详。\n## 来源\n科特迪瓦芒贝二世政府完整名单（Financial Afrik，2026-01-25）；科特迪瓦领导人与内阁成员（美国中情局《世界领导人》，2024-06-05更新）", "url": "/organizations/cote-divoire-ministry-of-defence.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "organization_lebanon_ministry_of_national_defense", "type": "organization", "title": "黎巴嫩国防部", "slug": "lebanon-ministry-of-national-defense", "aliases": [ "Ministry of National Defense" ], "summary": "黎巴嫩政府行政部门，现任负责人为米歇尔·梅纳萨。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆内阁（英文维基百科）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nawaf_Salam" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆领导黎巴嫩新内阁（科威特通讯社）", "url": "https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticlePrintPage.aspx?id=3218163\u0026language=en" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T15:44:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T15:44:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "黎巴嫩国防部（Ministry of National Defense）是黎巴嫩政府负责相关事务的行政部门，现任负责人为米歇尔·梅纳萨。[^s1][^s2]\n\n## 历史沿革\n\n2025年2月8日，纳瓦夫·萨拉姆内阁成立，该部随内阁组建。此前历届内阁中已有相应部门。\n\n## 主要职能\n\n- 负责国防政策的制定与执行\n- 负责武装力量的建设与管理\n- 负责国防动员与军事安全事务\n\n## 组织结构\n\n下属司局设置未详。本条不展开下属机构。\n\n## 现任负责人\n\n现任负责人为米歇尔·梅纳萨。（截至2026年11月）\n\n## 总部与联系方式\n\n总部位于黎巴嫩首都贝鲁特，具体地址与联系方式未详。\n\n## 来源\n\n- 纳瓦夫·萨拉姆内阁（英文维基百科）\n- 纳瓦夫·萨拉姆领导黎巴嫩新内阁（科威特通讯社）", "url": "/organizations/lebanon-ministry-of-national-defense.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "政府机构" }, { "id": "person_darializa-avila-chevalier", "type": "person", "title": "达里亚利萨·阿维拉·谢瓦利埃", "slug": "darializa-avila-chevalier", "aliases": [ "Darializa Avila Chevalier" ], "summary": "达里亚利萨·阿维拉·谢瓦利埃（Darializa Avila Chevalier）是美国民主党政治人物，纽约州第13选区联邦众议员，2026年当选新当选，任期自2027年1月起。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "ap", "title": "Associated Press election results: New York (NY) U.S. House", "url": "https://apnews.com/projects/elections-2026/?ap_doc=ap%2Fsh1%2F20261103%2Fl%2FNY" }, { "id": "pw", "title": "New York U.S. House Election Results 2026 | Live（Poliwave）", "url": "https://www.poliwave.com/us/live/midterms-2026/new-york/house" }, { "id": "dac", "title": "Darializa Avila Chevalier（英文维基百科）", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darializa_Avila_Chevalier" }, { "id": "bio1", "title": "达里亚利萨·阿维拉·谢瓦利埃人物介绍", "url": "https://www.berniecrats.com/darializa-avila-chevalier.html" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-05T11:42:09+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-05T12:05:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## 生平与简历\n\n达里亚利萨·阿维拉·谢瓦利埃（Darializa Avila Chevalier）是美国民主党政治人物，社区组织者、纽约市立大学社会学博士生，此前在哈莱姆社区辩护服务机构任调查员，2026年民主党初选中击败时任议员阿德里亚诺·埃斯帕亚特[^dac]。\n\n## 早年与教育\n\n达里亚利萨·阿维拉·谢瓦利埃生于1993年或1994年，在佛罗里达州长大，为多米尼加移民工人家庭子女（父亲为卡车司机、母亲为个案工作者）；塔拉哈西里卡兹高中2012年毕业（国际文凭项目，年级第9），哥伦比亚学院中东研究文学士2016年。[^dac][^bio1]\n\n## 职业与从政经历\n\n阿维拉·谢瓦利埃在校期间参与巴勒斯坦正义学生组织与动员非洲散居组织，2016年联合创办哥伦比亚大学种族隔离撤资组织；毕业后参与黑人青年项目100与家庭自由组织，任哈莱姆社区辩护服务机构调查员；纽约市立大学社会学博士生与候选人（2025年），研究拉美非裔移民受刑事与驱逐制度影响；2026年6月民主党初选中击败在任议员埃斯帕亚特。[^bio1]\n\n## 主要事迹与主张\n\n阿维拉·谢瓦利埃在组织者任内参与争取释放被移民拘留者与移除中央公园有争议雕像的运动；其竞选主张包括可负担住房、移民权利、全民医保与废除移民与海关执法局。[^bio1]\n\n## 2026年当选\n\n在2026年11月3日举行的美国中期选举中，达里亚利萨·阿维拉·谢瓦利埃当选美国众议院议员，代表纽约州第13选区，任期自2027年1月起；美联社已宣布该选区结果[^ap]。得票率约87.5%，对手为乔莫·威廉姆斯（Jomo Williams，约11.4%）[^pw]。\n\n注：得票率为非正式计票约数，最终以官方认证结果为准。", "url": "/people/darializa-avila-chevalier.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "occupations": [ "联邦众议员", "社区组织者" ] }, { "id": "concept_ich_8_198", "type": "concept", "title": "国画颜料制作技艺", "slug": "guo-hua-yan-liao-zhi-zuo-ji-yi", "summary": "国画颜料制作技艺是苏州姜思序堂的传统国画颜料制作技艺，以选料讲究、研漂精细著称。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "项目页 - 中国非物质文化遗产网", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/14717.html", "locator": "项目编号与项目介绍" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:40:53+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:40:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n国画颜料制作技艺是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅷ-198，于2011年列入第三批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录，属传统技艺类。[^s1]该项目即姜思序堂国画颜料制作技艺，申报地区为江苏省苏州市，保护单位为苏州姜思序堂国画颜料有限公司。\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n苏州姜思序堂国画颜料、书画印泥，是具有我国民族风格的传统文化用品，在中国文房“四宝”中享有特殊盛誉。[^s1]明清以来，苏州吴门画派名人辈出，传统中国画颜料的需求增大；明末清初，阊门都亭桥开出了一家制作传统颜料的姜氏“思序堂”店铺。由于其品种较全、选料讲究、研漂精细、制造精良，近代任伯年、吴昌硕、徐悲鸿、齐白石等著名画家不少传世名画上运用的颜料，多出于姜思序堂的乳钵之中。\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n姜思序堂国画颜料的生产原料可分为矿物性、植物性、动物性、金银和化工合成五大类；原料不同，制造方法各异：有的要椎磨，有的要浸泡，有的要取其实质，有的只需上提浮膘。[^s1]即使同一原料也因有优劣品位之分，必须由艺人善加选择，才能使用；工序就有粉碎、水漂、研磨、下胶、沉淀、革脚、煎煮、摊膏、剪膏、冷干、称量、包装等十多道工序，制作较为复杂。姜思序堂国画颜料有着颜色鲜明、纯净光润、轻细若尘、入水即化、与墨相融、着纸能和、多裱不脱、经久不变的特点；书画印泥则有不渗油、不嵌章、耐晒、色泽庄重的特点。其工艺大多依赖手工，是一门独特的手工制作技艺。\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n国画颜料制作技艺以师徒传承为主，姜思序堂的传承人通过长期研磨、漂洗等实践掌握全套工序。[^s1]近年来，随着传统书画市场的变化，手工颜料的需求有所波动，保护工作重在通过老字号生产、研学体验与工序记录，保存选料、研漂、下胶等依赖经验与手感的关键技术。", "url": "/concepts/guo-hua-yan-liao-zhi-zuo-ji-yi.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "other" }, { "id": "concept_ich_8_146", "type": "concept", "title": "配制酒传统酿造技艺", "slug": "pei-zhi-jiu-chuan-tong-niang-zao-ji-yi", "summary": "配制酒传统酿造技艺是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，代表性子项为北京菊花白酒传统酿造技艺，以菊花入酒、固液结合蒸馏见长。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "配制酒传统酿造技艺（菊花白酒传统酿造技艺）", "author": "中国非物质文化遗产网·中国非物质文化遗产数字博物馆", "url": "https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/14601.html", "locator": "项目序号929，项目编号Ⅷ-146" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T15:36:08+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T15:36:08+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 简介\n\n配制酒传统酿造技艺是国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，项目编号Ⅷ-146，第二批（2008年公布），申报地区或单位为北京仁和酒业有限责任公司，代表性子项为菊花白酒传统酿造技艺。[^s1]配制酒又称露酒，是在基酒中加入药材、花果等配料，经浸泡、蒸馏或勾兑等工艺制成的酒类，菊花白酒即以菊花为主料配制而成的名贵酒种。[^s1]\n\n## 历史渊源\n\n菊花酒是重阳佳节的必备饮品，酿制历史悠久。明清两代的御制菊花白酒，是在民间菊花酒的基础上结合宫廷特殊需求创制出的名贵酒种。创办于18世纪中期的老字号“仁和”专门承制宫廷御酒，同治年间从宫中取得菊花白酒制作秘方，传承至今已有七代。[^s1]\n\n## 主要内容与特点\n\n菊花白酒以菊花为主料，辅以人参、枸杞、沉香等二十余味名贵中药材，与基酒混合蒸馏而成，具有养肝明目、疏风清热、益气健脾、滋阴补肾之效。[^s1]该技艺继承了蒸馏白酒固态发酵、固态蒸馏的工艺传统，结合露酒生产工艺，形成以提香、除杂为主，固液结合、分段取酒的一整套特殊蒸馏工艺。酿制周期较长，前后约需八个月，主要工序包括预处理、蒸馏、勾兑、陈贮等，酿成的菊花白酒晶莹无色，集菊香、药香、酒香为一体。[^s1]其工料要求严格，提倡料必精品、工必讲究，配方符合中药方剂学理论，凝聚着中医传统的实践经验。[^s1]\n\n## 传承与保护现状\n\n作为第二批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目，配制酒传统酿造技艺由北京仁和酒业有限责任公司申报并承担保护责任。[^s1]该技艺以酒保健、以药养生的理念，体现了传统酿酒工艺与中医药文化的结合，具有较高的科学价值与文化价值，在提高国民身体素质、改善生活质量方面起到了积极作用。[^s1]", "url": "/concepts/pei-zhi-jiu-chuan-tong-niang-zao-ji-yi.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "conceptKind": "other" }, { "id": "event_san_fermin", "type": "event", "title": "奔牛节", "slug": "san-fermin", "summary": "西班牙潘普洛纳圣费尔明节的核心活动，每年7月6日至14日，奔牛在7月7日至14日每天早上举行。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "圣费尔明节", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E6%98%8E%E8%8A%82" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "Fiesta de San Fermín", "author": "Encyclopaedia Britannica", "url": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/Fiesta-de-San-Fermin" }, { "id": "s3", "title": "Guide to the San Fermín festival", "author": "Visit Navarra", "url": "https://www.visitnavarra.es/en/w/guide-to-the-san-ferm%C3%ADn-festival-pamplona-s-great-fiesta" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-03T14:48:03+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-03T14:48:03+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "## 日期\n\n奔牛节是西班牙圣费尔明节的核心活动，节日整体为公历每年7月6日至7月14日：7月6日中午12点以点燃爆竹开节，7月14日午夜以《可怜的我》歌声闭节。奔牛活动本身从7月7日起，每天早上8点举行，直至7月14日，共八场。日期固定，不随星期变化[^s1][^s2][^s3]。\n\n## 起源\n\n圣费尔明节纪念潘普洛纳的主保圣人圣费尔明。奔牛的源头与斗牛传统有关：过去人们把公牛从城外牛栏赶往斗牛场，年轻人跟随奔跑助兴，这一做法逐渐演变为正式的奔牛活动。1926年，海明威的小说《太阳照常升起》描写了潘普洛纳奔牛，使这一节日闻名世界[^s1][^s2]。\n\n## 主要习俗\n\n奔牛路线全长约848米，从牛栏经旧城区石板街道直抵斗牛场，全程仅数分钟。参与者按传统身穿白衣、系红腰带、戴红围巾，奔牛前须年满18岁，不得饮酒、不得激怒公牛、须与公牛同向奔跑。节日其他活动还包括巨人木偶游行、音乐会、烟花表演、斗牛和传统歌舞，整座城市昼夜狂欢[^s1][^s2]。\n\n## 主要庆祝国家／地区\n\n奔牛节在西班牙纳瓦拉自治区首府潘普洛纳市举行，是西班牙最具国际知名度的节日之一。每年节日吸引上百万游客涌入这座小城，参与者与观众来自世界各地；西班牙其他城镇也有各自的奔牛活动，但规模与知名度均不及潘普洛纳。\n\n## 文化意义\n\n奔牛节既是宗教纪念与地方传统的延续，也是潘普洛纳城市身份的核心符号，海明威的文学描写更赋予它跨文化的传奇色彩。与此同时，奔牛活动的高风险性与斗牛伦理也长期引发争议：每年都有参与者受伤甚至死亡，动物保护组织亦对斗牛提出批评，这些争议本身已成为理解当代西班牙文化变迁的一面镜子[^s1][^s2][^s3]。", "url": "/events/san-fermin.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "eventKind": "culture" }, { "id": "person_cn_q124034319", "type": "person", "title": "韩莒子", "slug": "han-juzi-sanguo-q124034319", "previousSlugs": [ "han-juzi-sanguo-q124034319-q711661" ], "summary": "韩莒子是《三国演义》中的人物形象：袁绍部将，仓亭之战中为袁军出战；原型为历史人物韩莒子。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q124034319", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124034319" }, { "id": "sanguo-novel", "title": "《三国演义》", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9", "locator": "小说情节" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T14:52:09+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "## 人物形象\n\n本条目写的是《三国演义》中的韩莒子形象，原型为历史人物[[person_cn_q711661|韩莒子]]（另有历史条目），以下事迹按小说情节叙述。[^sanguo-novel]\n\n韩莒子是袁绍部将。官渡之战后，袁绍军在仓亭再战，韩莒子作为袁军出战将领之一随军迎战曹操军，袁军战败。小说中的韩莒子是袁绍军后期的一名次要将领。 [^wikidata]\n\n仓亭之战紧接在官渡之后，袁绍军本想在仓亭挽回败局，却再次被曹军击败，袁军的精锐与士气在这一战中进一步耗尽。\n\n小说中的韩莒子是袁绍军后期的一名次要将领，与眭元进、吕威璜、赵叡等人同为仓亭之战的袁军出战者。小说没有为他安排单挑或献计的情节，他的形象就是仓亭败军中的一员，代表袁绍集团在官渡之后仍在勉力支撑、却已无力回天的状态。[^sanguo-novel]\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70806|《三国演义》]]", "url": "/people/han-juzi-sanguo-q124034319.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "occupations": [ "武将" ], "disambiguation": "《三国演义》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q124738637", "type": "person", "title": "孙秀", "slug": "sun-xiu-sanguo-q124738637", "previousSlugs": [ "sun-xiu-sanguo-q124738637-q847636" ], "summary": "孙秀是《三国演义》中的人物形象：东吴宗室将领，夏口督，吴末降晋；原型为历史人物孙秀。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q124738637", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124738637" }, { "id": "sanguo-novel", "title": "《三国演义》", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9", "locator": "小说情节" }, { "id": "wiki-sanguo-roles", "title": "三国演义角色列表（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/三国演义角色列表", "locator": "人物条目" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T14:51:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "## 人物形象\n\n本条目写的是《三国演义》中的孙秀形象，原型为历史人物[[person_cn_q847636|孙秀]]（另有历史条目），以下事迹按小说情节叙述。[^sanguo-novel]\n\n孙秀是东吴宗室将领，任夏口督。东吴末年，孙秀降晋。小说中的孙秀是东吴末期降晋的宗室将领形象。 孙秀降晋后，东吴夏口防线出现缺口，晋军伐吴的进程也由此加快。 [^wikidata]\n\n## 小说情节\n\n孙秀是东吴宗室将领，任夏口督，镇守夏口。东吴末年，孙皓猜忌宗室，孙秀惧祸，举家降晋，晋封其为骠骑将军。小说中的孙秀，是东吴末期降晋的宗室将领形象。[^wiki-sanguo-roles]\n\n孙秀降晋后，东吴夏口防线出现缺口，晋军伐吴的进程也由此加快。小说借孙秀降晋一节，写出吴末宗室与皇帝之间的猜忌：宗室将领为求自保而降敌，吴国的防线遂自内部动摇。[^wiki-sanguo-roles]\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70806|《三国演义》]]", "url": "/people/sun-xiu-sanguo-q124738637.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "occupations": [ "武将" ], "disambiguation": "《三国演义》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q124354352", "type": "person", "title": "杜袭", "slug": "du-xi-sanguo-q124354352", "previousSlugs": [ "du-xi-sanguo-q124354352-q711937" ], "summary": "杜袭是《三国演义》中的人物形象：曹魏大臣，历仕曹操、曹丕；原型为历史人物杜袭。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q124354352", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124354352" }, { "id": "sanguo-novel", "title": "《三国演义》", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9", "locator": "小说情节" }, { "id": "sanguo-text", "title": "《三国演义》全文（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T14:51:39+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "## 人物形象\n\n本条目写的是《三国演义》中的杜袭形象，原型为历史人物[[person_cn_q711937|杜袭]]（另有历史条目），以下事迹按小说情节叙述。[^sanguo-novel]\n\n杜袭是曹魏大臣，历仕曹操、曹丕两朝，在朝中担任要职。小说中的杜袭戏份不多，主要作为曹魏朝臣出现。 杜袭在魏朝历仕多年，小说中他的名字多出现在曹魏朝臣的序列里。 [^wikidata]\n\n小说中杜袭多出现于曹魏朝臣序列，未有独立战事；其历仕曹操、曹丕两朝的资历，反映曹魏文官集团由曹操创业一代向曹丕守成一代过渡的背景。杜袭一类文官的意义不在战场，而在朝局的延续：政权更替之际，文官序列的稳定本身即是新政权得以运转的基础。\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70806|《三国演义》]]", "url": "/people/du-xi-sanguo-q124354352.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "occupations": [ "政治人物" ], "disambiguation": "《三国演义》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_nobel_85", "type": "person", "title": "朱利安·施温格", "slug": "julian-schwinger", "aliases": [ "Julian Schwinger" ], "summary": "朱利安·施温格（Julian Schwinger，1918年2月12日—1994年7月16日）是美国理论物理学家，量子电动力学的创始人之一，1965年获诺贝尔物理学奖。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-awards", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-nobel-prize" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Julian Schwinger – Facts", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/schwinger/facts/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1965/summary/" }, { "id": "wiki-person_nobel_85", "title": "朱利安·施温格（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%BC" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:38:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T12:24:37+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**朱利安·施温格**（Julian Schwinger，1918年2月12日—1994年7月16日）出生于纽约（美国），1994年7月16日在洛杉矶（美国）去世。\n\n## 生平与职业生涯\n\n施温格起先在纽约市立学院求学，后转至哥伦比亚大学，师从伊西多·拉比，1939年获博士学位；先后在加州大学伯克利分校与普渡大学任教，并曾任奥本海默的助手；二战期间从事雷达与加速器研究，1945年出任哈佛大学教授，1947年成为该校最年轻的正教授之一，1970年代转至加州大学洛杉矶分校任教直至退休。[^wiki-person_nobel_85]\n\n## 主要成就\n\n施温格是量子电动力学的创始人之一，发展了相对论协变的微扰理论与重正化方法，使量子电动力学成为可以精确计算带电粒子相互作用的理论，并首次算出电子磁矩的修正；他与理查德·费曼、朝永振一郎共享1965年诺贝尔物理学奖。[^wiki-person_nobel_85]\n\n## 获奖\n\n1965 年诺贝尔物理学奖由 3 位得主共享，朱利安·施温格占其中 1/3 份，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 Harvard University，所在地为剑桥（美国）[^s1]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_1965|1965 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]", "url": "/people/julian-schwinger.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1918, "month": 2, "day": 12, "precision": "day", "display": "1918年2月12日" }, "death": { "year": 1994, "month": 7, "day": 16, "precision": "day", "display": "1994年7月16日" }, "occupations": [ "理论物理学家" ] }, { "id": "person_cn_q123639367", "type": "person", "title": "刘岱", "slug": "liu-dai-sanguo-q123639367", "previousSlugs": [ "liu-dai-sanguo-q123639367-q706599" ], "summary": "刘岱是《三国演义》中的人物形象（原型为历史人物刘岱），在小说中为兖州刺史，讨董联军诸侯之一，讨黄巾时战死。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q123639367", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123639367" }, { "id": "sanguo", "title": "《三国演义》（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/三国演义" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:40:55+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 小说中的形象\n\n以下为《三国演义》中的小说形象，事迹以小说情节为准，与历史原型条目所载正史事迹不完全相同。刘岱为兖州刺史。小说写讨董联军起兵时，刘岱为十八路诸侯之一；联军散后，刘岱在兖州讨伐青州黄巾时战死，兖州由此陷入无主之境，成为曹操、吕布争夺的战场。[^sanguo]小说对这类人物的描写多为点到为止，其生平细节以原型条目所载为准，本条仅记其在小说中的身份与出场。[^sanguo]\n## 人物形象\n\n《三国演义》中的刘岱形象，原型为历史人物[[person_cn_q706599|刘岱]][^wikidata]。\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70806|《三国演义》]]", "url": "/people/liu-dai-sanguo-q123639367.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "《三国演义》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q112898680", "type": "person", "title": "孙策", "slug": "sun-ce-game-q112898680", "aliases": [ "Sonsaku Hakufu" ], "previousSlugs": [ "sun-ce-game-q112898680-q380598" ], "summary": "孙策是游戏《恋姬†无双》中的角色，维基数据把她归为虚构的女性人物，并说明其原型是历史人物孙策。该作品的英文标签写作Sonsaku Hakufu。[^wikidata]", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q112898680", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112898680" }, { "id": "book", "title": "《恋姬†无双》（BaseSon 游戏及改编动画）", "locator": "孙策为吴阵营女性君主设定" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:39:14+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 8, "body": "孙策是游戏《恋姬†无双》里的角色，“Sonsaku Hakufu”是日语对孙策及其字伯符的读法。[^wikidata]\n\n## 人物形象\n\n她是虚构人物、游戏角色，性别为女性。她的原型是历史人物[[person_cn_q380598|孙策]]。[^wikidata]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 名称：孙策（Sonsaku Hakufu）[^wikidata]\n- 身份：《恋姬†无双》游戏角色，虚构女性人物[^wikidata]\n- 原型：[[person_cn_q380598|孙策]]\n- 出现于：《恋姬†无双》\n\n## 作品形象\n\n以下为游戏《恋姬†无双》中的形象，不与历史上的孙策混淆：该系列将三国人物设定为女性，孙策（Sonsaku Hakufu）为吴阵营的君主，继承父业经营江东，性格豪爽好战，与曹操、刘备三足鼎立，是吴势力故事线的核心人物。[^book]", "url": "/people/sun-ce-game-q112898680.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "《恋姬†无双》角色", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "游戏角色" }, { "id": "person_cn_q11598459", "type": "person", "title": "童猛", "slug": "tong-meng", "aliases": [ "Tong Meng", "翻江蜃" ], "previousSlugs": [ "tong-meng-q11598459" ], "summary": "童猛是《水浒传》中的人物，绰号翻江蜃，揭阳岭渔民，与兄童威同上梁山为水军头领。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature", "category-people", "category-fictional-characters" ], "tags": [ "tag-fictional-character", "tag-classics", "tag-four-great-classics" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q11598459", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11598459" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "童猛（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%A5%E7%8C%9B" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:38:34+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 小说中的形象\n\n《水浒传》中的人物。童猛绰号翻江蜃，为揭阳岭渔民，与兄童威同以江上营生，水性极佳；小说写童威、童猛兄弟随李俊参与江州劫法场救宋江，事后一同上梁山，成为梁山水军头领之一，征方腊时战死。[^zhwiki]小说对这类次要头领着墨不多，本条所记即为其在小说中的主要身份与经历。[^zhwiki]\n## 基本信息\n\n- 简介：水浒传人物[^wikidata]\n- 作品设定的朝代或国家：大宋[^wikidata]\n\n## 出现于\n\n- [[work_cn_q70827|《水浒传》]]", "url": "/people/tong-meng.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "《水浒传》人物", "isFictional": true, "personCategory": "文学人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q982915", "type": "person", "title": "董袭", "slug": "dong-xi", "aliases": [ "Dong Xi" ], "previousSlugs": [ "dong-xi-q982915" ], "summary": "董袭（？—217年），东汉人物。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q982915", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q982915" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "董袭（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E8%A5%B2" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "三国志·卷55（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B755" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T11:36:28+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 生平\n\n董袭是三国时期东吴将领，字元代，会稽余姚人。他随孙策、孙权征战，参与江夏之战、赤壁之战等战事，以勇猛见称；董袭在濡须之战中战死，是东吴早期的勇将之一。[^zhwiki]\n## 正史记载\n\n\u003e 董襲字元代，會稽餘姚人，長八尺，武力過人。孫策入郡，襲迎於高遷亭，策見而偉之，到署門下賊曹。時山陰宿賊黃龍羅、周勃聚黨數千人，策自出討，襲身斬羅、勃首，還拜別部司馬，授兵數千，遷揚武都尉。從策攻皖，又討劉勳於尋陽，伐黃祖於江夏。\n\n——《三国志·卷55》[^zhengshi]\n\n## 基本信息\n\n- 所属朝代或国家：东汉[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_cn_330281|余姚市]][^wikidata]\n\n## 演义及游戏中的形象\n\n- [[person_cn_q123785994|董袭]]（《三国演义》人物）", "url": "/people/dong-xi.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "death": { "year": 217, "display": "217年" }, "occupations": [ "军人" ], "personCategory": "历史人物" }, { "id": "person_cn_q182874", "type": "person", "title": "曹雪芹", "slug": "cao-xueqin", "aliases": [ "Cao Xueqin" ], "previousSlugs": [ "cao-xueqin-q182874" ], "summary": "曹雪芹（1724年7月12日—1763年），清朝作家。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-history", "category-people", "category-historical-figures" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q182874", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182874" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "曹雪芹（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%9B%AA%E8%8A%B9" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-02T10:57:45+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 5, "body": "## 基本信息\n\n- 简介：清朝作家[^wikidata]\n- 所属朝代或国家：清朝[^wikidata]\n- 出生地：[[place_nanjing|南京市]][^wikidata]\n\n## 生平\n\n曹雪芹名霑，字梦阮，号雪芹，清朝小说家、诗人、画家，出身江宁织造曹家。雍正五年（1727年）曹家被抄家后家道中落，曹雪芹随家迁居北京。晚年在北京西郊贫困中创作《红楼梦》，自述“披阅十载，增删五次”，书未完稿而逝；自胡适1921年发表《红楼梦考证》以来，一般认为《红楼梦》的作者为曹雪芹。[^zhwiki]\n## 著作\n\n- [[work_cn_q8265|《红楼梦》]]", "url": "/people/cao-xueqin.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "birth": { "year": 1724, "month": 7, "day": 12, "display": "1724年7月12日" }, "death": { "year": 1763, "display": "1763年" }, "occupations": [ "作家", "诗人", "画家", "哲学家" ], "personCategory": "历史人物" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p3184_2_d3_jan_2025", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025", "slug": "ieee-std-p3184-2-d3-jan-2025", "aliases": [ "P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025", "P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025 - IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Property Graph Description of Road Networks" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Property Graph Description of Road Networks”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2025 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=10839530", "locator": "standard_number=P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:29:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:29:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P3184.2/D3, Jan 2025**（IEEE Approved Draft Standard for Property Graph Description of Road Networks）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]于 2025 年 1 月形成的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p3184-2-d3-jan-2025.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2025, "precision": "year", "display": "2025年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p3161_4_d4_may_2026", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P3161.4/D4, May 2026", "slug": "ieee-std-p3161-4-d4-may-2026", "aliases": [ "P3161.4/D4, May 2026", "P3161.4/D4, May 2026 - IEEE Draft Standard for Cloud Subsystem of Digital Retina Systems" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P3161.4/D4, May 2026 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Draft Standard for Cloud Subsystem of Digital Retina Systems”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2026 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P3161.4/D4, May 2026 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=11536965", "locator": "standard_number=P3161.4/D4, May 2026; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:30+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:28:30+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P3161.4/D4, May 2026**（IEEE Draft Standard for Cloud Subsystem of Digital Retina Systems）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]于 2026 年 5 月形成的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p3161-4-d4-may-2026.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2026, "precision": "year", "display": "2026年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_8802_3_2017_amd_6_2018", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018", "slug": "ieee-std-8802-3-2017-amd-6-2018", "aliases": [ "8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018", "8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018 - ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific re" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific re”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2018 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8575214", "locator": "standard_number=8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:26:27+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:26:27+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 8802-3:2017/Amd 6-2018**（ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard - Information technology - Telecommunications and information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific re）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2018 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-8802-3-2017-amd-6-2018.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2018, "precision": "year", "display": "2018年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_1qcr_2020", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.1Qcr-2020", "slug": "ieee-std-802-1qcr-2020", "aliases": [ "802.1Qcr-2020", "802.1Qcr-2020 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 34: Asynchronous Traffic Shaping" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.1Qcr-2020 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 34: Asynchronous Traffic Shaping”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2020 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.1Qcr-2020 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=9253011", "locator": "standard_number=802.1Qcr-2020; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:20:50+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:20:50+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.1Qcr-2020**（IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Bridges and Bridged Networks - Amendment 34: Asynchronous Traffic Shaping）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 2020 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-1qcr-2020.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2020, "precision": "year", "display": "2020年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_p286_d13_jan_2024", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std P286/D13, Jan 2024", "slug": "ieee-std-p286-d13-jan-2024", "aliases": [ "P286/D13, Jan 2024", "P286/D13, Jan 2024 - IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Measurement of Power Factor Tip-Up of Electric Machinery Stator Coil Insulation" ], "summary": "IEEE Std P286/D13, Jan 2024 是电气电子工程师学会的草案，题为“IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Measurement of Power Factor Tip-Up of Electric Machinery Stator Coil Insulation”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），著录年份为 2024 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std P286/D13, Jan 2024 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=10412015", "locator": "standard_number=P286/D13, Jan 2024; status=Inactive; modifier=Draft" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:20:47+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:20:47+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std P286/D13, Jan 2024**（IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Measurement of Power Factor Tip-Up of Electric Machinery Stator Coil Insulation）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]于 2024 年 1 月形成的草案。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-p286-d13-jan-2024.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2024, "precision": "year", "display": "2024年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_802_1f_1993", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 802.1F-1993", "slug": "ieee-std-802-1f-1993", "aliases": [ "802.1F-1993", "802.1F-1993 - IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Common Definitions and Procedures for IEEE 802 Management Information" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 802.1F-1993 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Common Definitions and Procedures for IEEE 802 Management Information”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1993 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 802.1F-1993 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2783", "locator": "standard_number=802.1F-1993; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T22:20:30+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T22:20:30+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 802.1F-1993**（IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Common Definitions and Procedures for IEEE 802 Management Information）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1993 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-802-1f-1993.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1993, "precision": "year", "display": "1993年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1609_0_2019_8748232_redline", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1609.0-2019", "slug": "ieee-std-1609-0-2019-8748232-redline", "aliases": [ "1609.0-2019", "1609.0-2019 - IEEE Guide for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Architecture - Redline" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1609.0-2019 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Guide for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Architecture - Redline”；公开目录标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2019 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1609.0-2019 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8748232", "locator": "standard_number=1609.0-2019; status=Active; modifier=Redline" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:58:13+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:58:13+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1609.0-2019**（IEEE Guide for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) Architecture - Redline）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），红线对照（Redline），著录年份为 2019 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1609-0-2019-8748232-redline.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2019, "precision": "year", "display": "2019年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_116_1975", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 116-1975", "slug": "ieee-std-116-1975", "aliases": [ "116-1975", "116-1975 - IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Carbon Brushes" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 116-1975 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Carbon Brushes”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1975 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 116-1975 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2690", "locator": "standard_number=116-1975; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:49:20+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:49:20+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 116-1975**（IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Carbon Brushes）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1975 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-116-1975.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1975, "precision": "year", "display": "1975年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1149_1b_1994", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1149.1b-1994", "slug": "ieee-std-1149-1b-1994", "aliases": [ "1149.1b-1994", "1149.1b-1994 - IEEE Supplement to Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture (1149.1)" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1149.1b-1994 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Supplement to Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture (1149.1)”；公开目录标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1995 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1149.1b-1994 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=3272", "locator": "standard_number=1149.1b-1994; status=Superseded; modifier=" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:48:53+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:48:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1149.1b-1994**（IEEE Supplement to Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture (1149.1)）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为已被替代（Superseded），著录年份为 1995 年，主题领域包括 Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1149-1b-1994.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1995, "precision": "year", "display": "1995年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_114_1982", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 114-1982", "slug": "ieee-std-114-1982", "aliases": [ "114-1982", "114-1982 - IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Single-Phase Induction Motors" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 114-1982 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Single-Phase Induction Motors”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1982 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 114-1982 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=2536", "locator": "standard_number=114-1982; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:48:36+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:48:36+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 114-1982**（IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Single-Phase Induction Motors）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 1982 年，主题领域包括 Power, Energy and Industry Applications、Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-114-1982.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 1982, "precision": "year", "display": "1982年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1073_3_1a_2000", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1073.3.1a-2000", "slug": "ieee-std-1073-3-1a-2000", "aliases": [ "1073.3.1a-2000", "1073.3.1a-2000 - IEEE Standard for Medical Device Communications ߝ Transport Proile ߝ Connection Mode ߝ Amendment 1: Corrections and Clarifications" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1073.3.1a-2000 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Medical Device Communications ߝ Transport Proile ߝ Connection Mode ߝ Amendment 1: Corrections and Clarifications”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 2000 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1073.3.1a-2000 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=7063", "locator": "standard_number=1073.3.1a-2000; status=Inactive; modifier=Withdrawn" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:46:25+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:46:25+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1073.3.1a-2000**（IEEE Standard for Medical Device Communications ߝ Transport Proile ߝ Connection Mode ߝ Amendment 1: Corrections and Clarifications）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），已撤回（Withdrawn），著录年份为 2000 年，主题领域包括 Bioengineering[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1073-3-1a-2000.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2000, "precision": "year", "display": "2000年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1016_2009_5167253", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1016-2009", "slug": "ieee-std-1016-2009-5167253", "aliases": [ "1016-2009", "1016-2009 - IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Systems Design--Software Design Descriptions" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1016-2009 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Systems Design--Software Design Descriptions”；公开目录标为非现行（Inactive），保留（Reserved），著录年份为 2009 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1016-2009 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=5167253", "locator": "standard_number=1016-2009; status=Inactive; modifier=Reserved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:43:46+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:43:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1016-2009**（IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Systems Design--Software Design Descriptions）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为非现行（Inactive），保留（Reserved），著录年份为 2009 年，主题领域包括 Computing and Processing[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1016-2009-5167253.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2009, "precision": "year", "display": "2009年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_211_2018", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 211-2018", "slug": "ieee-std-211-2018", "aliases": [ "211-2018", "211-2018 - IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 211-2018 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation”；公开目录标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2019 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 211-2018 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8657411", "locator": "standard_number=211-2018; status=Active; modifier=Approved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:15:14+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:15:14+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 211-2018**（IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Radio Wave Propagation）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2019 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Fields, Waves and Electromagnetics[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-211-2018.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2019, "precision": "year", "display": "2019年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_18881_2016", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 18881-2016", "slug": "ieee-std-18881-2016", "aliases": [ "18881-2016", "18881-2016 - ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard -- Information technology -- Ubiquitous green community control network -- Control and management" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 18881-2016 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard -- Information technology -- Ubiquitous green community control network -- Control and management”；公开目录标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2016 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 18881-2016 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=7442025", "locator": "standard_number=18881-2016; status=Active; modifier=Approved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:14:36+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:14:36+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 18881-2016**（ISO/IEC/IEEE International Standard -- Information technology -- Ubiquitous green community control network -- Control and management）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2016 年，主题领域包括 Communication, Networking and Broadcast Technologies、Computing and Processing、Robotics and Control Systems[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-18881-2016.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2016, "precision": "year", "display": "2016年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "work_ieee_1584_2018_8563137", "type": "work", "title": "IEEE Std 1584-2018", "slug": "ieee-std-1584-2018-8563137", "aliases": [ "1584-2018", "1584-2018 - IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations" ], "summary": "IEEE Std 1584-2018 是电气电子工程师学会的技术标准，题为“IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations”；公开目录标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2018 年。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-science-technology" ], "tags": [ "tag-ieee-standard" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "IEEE Std 1584-2018 — IEEE Xplore 题录", "author": "IEEE", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8563137", "locator": "standard_number=1584-2018; status=Active; modifier=Approved" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEEE Xplore All Standards（KBART）", "author": "IEEE", "date": "2026-11-01", "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/otherfiles/IEEEXplore_Global_All-Standards.txt" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T21:10:26+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T21:10:26+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**IEEE Std 1584-2018**（IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations）是[[organization_ieee|电气电子工程师学会]]的技术标准。公开目录将其标为现行（Active），已批准（Approved），著录年份为 2018 年，主题领域包括 Components, Circuits, Devices and Systems、Power, Energy and Industry Applications[^s1]。参见[[concept_ieee_standards|IEEE 标准]]。", "url": "/works/ieee-std-1584-2018-8563137.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "standard", "published": { "year": 2018, "precision": "year", "display": "2018年" }, "language": "英语" }, { "id": "place_hist_q28769", "type": "place", "title": "明孝陵", "slug": "ming-xiaoling", "aliases": [ "孝陵", "明太祖陵", "Ming Xiaoling", "Xiaoling Mausoleum", "Xiao Mausoleum" ], "summary": "明孝陵是明太祖朱元璋与孝慈高皇后马氏的合葬陵寝，位于南京市紫金山南麓，为明清皇家陵寝世界遗产组成部分。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography", "category-history", "category-historical-divisions" ], "tags": [ "tag-ancient-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q28769", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28769", "locator": "P625；P131 南京；P1435 全国重点文物保护单位；P757 1004-005" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "明孝陵（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%AD%9D%E9%99%B5" }, { "id": "unesco", "title": "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties（UNESCO）", "author": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre", "date": "2003", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1004/", "locator": "组成部分 Ming Xiaoling；2003年扩展列入" }, { "id": "zhengshi", "title": "明史/卷3（维基文库）", "url": "https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B73", "locator": "太祖本纪：葬孝陵" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T10:42:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T10:42:53+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "**明孝陵**是明朝开国皇帝[[person_cn_q9957|朱元璋]]与皇后[[person_cn_q1068941|孝慈高皇后]]马氏的合葬陵寝，位于今江苏省[[place_nanjing|南京市]][[place_cn_320102|玄武区]]紫金山独龙阜玩珠峰下。[^zhwiki][^wikidata]因马皇后谥「孝慈」，故名孝陵；与河北遵化[[place_hist_q24841407|清孝陵]]并非同一处。\n\n## 位置与范围\n\n陵园坐落于紫金山南麓，东邻中山陵一带，总体布局分神道与陵宫两部分，神道石刻与宝城、享殿等构成完整陵寝轴线。[^zhwiki]\n\n## 沿革\n\n洪武十四年（1381年）动工，洪武十五年（1382年）马皇后葬入；洪武十六年（1383年）享殿等主体工程告竣，至永乐三年（1405年）整体建成，历时二十余年。[^zhwiki][^wikidata]洪武三十一年（1398年）太祖崩，葬孝陵。[^zhengshi]\n\n## 现状\n\n1961年3月列为第一批全国重点文物保护单位。[^wikidata]2003年作为「明清皇家陵寝」组成部分列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》（组成部分编号1004-005）。[^unesco]现为开放参观的文物保护与风景名胜区域。[^zhwiki]", "url": "/places/ming-xiaoling.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "disambiguation": "南京明太祖陵；非河北遵化清孝陵", "placeKind": "陵寝", "coordinates": { "latitude": 32.060305555556, "longitude": 118.83456944444 }, "adminArea": "今江苏省南京市玄武区", "established": { "year": 1381, "precision": "year", "display": "洪武十四年（1381年）始建" } }, { "id": "place_cn_440608", "type": "place", "title": "高明区", "slug": "gaoming", "aliases": [ "Gaoming District" ], "previousSlugs": [ "gaoming-440608" ], "summary": "高明区是广东省佛山市下辖的市辖区，行政区划代码为440608。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography", "category-china-admin-divisions" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "mca2023", "title": "2023年中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码（民政部）", "url": "https://www.mca.gov.cn/mzsj/xzqh/2023/202301xzqh.html", "locator": "代码 440608：高明区" }, { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q603151", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603151", "locator": "P1082：人口（2020）；P625：坐标" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "高明区（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8E%E5%8C%BA", "locator": "行政区划与地理信息" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T09:31:46+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "**高明区**是[[place_foshan|佛山市]]下辖的市辖区，行政区划代码为 440608[^mca2023]。第七次全国人口普查登记其常住人口为 46.9 万人（2020 年）[^wikidata]。", "url": "/places/gaoming.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "广东省佛山市", "placeKind": "市辖区", "coordinates": { "latitude": 22.90435, "longitude": 112.88499 }, "adminArea": "中华人民共和国·广东省·佛山市·高明区" }, { "id": "place_us_mt_fox_lake", "type": "place", "title": "Fox Lake", "slug": "mt-fox-lake", "summary": "Fox Lake 是美国蒙大拿州里奇兰县的一座村。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:34:51+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T08:46:19+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "Fox Lake 是美国[[place_us_mt|蒙大拿州]][[place_us_mt_richland_county|里奇兰县]]的一座村。", "url": "/places/mt-fox-lake.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "village", "coordinates": { "latitude": 47.68307, "longitude": -104.62246 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 蒙大拿州 · Fox Lake" }, { "id": "place_cn_220500", "type": "place", "title": "通化市", "slug": "tonghua", "aliases": [ "Tonghua" ], "previousSlugs": [ "tonghua-220500" ], "summary": "通化市是吉林省下辖的地级市，行政区划代码为220500。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography", "category-china-admin-divisions" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "mca2023", "title": "2023年中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码（民政部）", "url": "https://www.mca.gov.cn/mzsj/xzqh/2023/202301xzqh.html", "locator": "代码 220500 通化市" }, { "id": "wikidata", "title": "Wikidata Q92324", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92324" }, { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "通化市（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%B8%82" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-25T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T08:38:06+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 7, "body": "通化市是[[place_cn_220000|吉林省]]下辖的地级市[^mca2023]，2020年人口为181.2万人，面积为15,611.54平方公里[^wikidata]。\n\n通化市下辖7个县级行政区[^mca2023]：\n\n- [[place_cn_220502|东昌区]]（市辖区，220502）\n- [[place_cn_220503|二道江区]]（市辖区，220503）\n- [[place_cn_220521|通化县]]（县，220521）\n- [[place_cn_220523|辉南县]]（县，220523）\n- [[place_cn_220524|柳河县]]（县，220524）\n- [[place_cn_220581|梅河口市]]（县级市，220581）\n- [[place_cn_220582|集安市]]（县级市，220582）", "url": "/places/tonghua.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "吉林省", "placeKind": "地级市", "coordinates": { "latitude": 41.73015, "longitude": 125.94705 }, "adminArea": "中华人民共和国·吉林省·通化市" }, { "id": "place_us_tx_orange", "type": "place", "title": "Orange", "slug": "tx-orange", "summary": "Orange 是美国得克萨斯州奥兰治县的一座城市。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "geonames", "title": "GeoNames US dataset (US.txt / admin2Codes.txt)", "url": "https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/US.zip" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T11:04:17+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:49:01+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 4, "body": "**Orange** 是美国[[place_us_tx|得克萨斯州]][[place_us_tx_orange_county|奥兰治县]]的一座城市[^geonames]。", "url": "/places/tx-orange.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "city", "coordinates": { "latitude": 30.09299, "longitude": -93.73655 }, "adminArea": "美国 · 得克萨斯州 · 奥兰治县 · Orange" }, { "id": "place_us_nc_wake_county", "type": "place", "title": "韦克县", "slug": "nc-wake-county", "aliases": [ "Wake County" ], "summary": "韦克县是美国北卡罗来纳州的县，县治为罗利；2020 年人口为 1,129,410 人。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-geography" ], "tags": [ "tag-admin-division" ], "sources": [ { "id": "zhwiki", "title": "韦克县（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%8E%BF" }, { "id": "uscb2023", "title": "U.S. Census Bureau 2023 州与县 FIPS 代码", "url": "https://www.census.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi.html" }, { "id": "enwiki", "title": "Wake County, North Carolina", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-29T03:02:16+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T07:05:05+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 6, "body": "**韦克县**（Wake County）是美国北卡罗来纳州的县，县治为罗利[^zhwiki]。2020 年人口普查记录其人口为 1,129,410 人[^enwiki]。", "url": "/places/nc-wake-county.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "placeKind": "county", "coordinates": { "latitude": 35.7796, "longitude": -78.6382 }, "locationNote": "坐标点为县治罗利", "adminArea": "美国 · 北卡罗来纳州 · 韦克县" }, { "id": "concept_newliterature", "type": "concept", "title": "新文学", "slug": "new-literature", "aliases": [ "现代新文学" ], "summary": "中国现代文学语境中的“新文学”指20世纪初在社会、思想与语言变革中形成的文学实践，涵盖语言、体裁与表达方式的探索；它不等同于白话文，也不是单一风格。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-literature", "tag-modern-china" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "中国现代文学（维基百科）", "url": "https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中国现代文学" }, { "id": "nju-modern-literature-2009", "title": "从《新青年》到《新潮》——中国现代文学发生的历史背景", "author": "沈卫威；南京大学中国新文学研究中心", "date": "2009-10-01", "url": "https://njucml.nju.edu.cn/59/6d/c22608a350573/page.htm", "locator": "《新青年》与《新潮》及中国现代文学发生的历史背景" }, { "id": "bnu-vernacular-2024", "title": "五四时期白话与文言关系论", "author": "高玉", "date": "2024-05-25", "url": "https://wkxb.bnu.edu.cn/CN/Y2024/V0/I3/81", "locator": "五四时期白话与文言的地位变化、并存与竞争" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-24T00:00:00+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T06:06:20+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 41, "body": "在中国现代文学语境中，“新文学”指20世纪初在社会、思想与语言变革中形成并发展的文学实践，不是泛指当代或新近出版的文学。它涉及文学语言、体裁、表达方式和文学公共空间的变化。[^nju-modern-literature-2009]\n\n## 历史语境\n\n《新青年》《新潮》等刊物参与了新文化运动时期关于文学革新的讨论，也成为新文学观念传播与创作实践发展的重要平台。相关研究从知识群体、刊物和社会文化变化等角度，讨论了中国现代文学的发生背景。[^nju-modern-literature-2009]\n\n## 语言与文学革新\n\n白话文是新文学发展中的重要表达形式，但新文学不等同于白话文运动。北京师范大学学报刊载的研究指出，五四时期的白话与文言经历了地位变化，同时仍并存、竞争和相互补充；提倡白话并不等于文言在当时被完全禁止或弃用。[^bnu-vernacular-2024]\n\n## 体裁与实践\n\n新文学包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等多种体裁的探索，也涉及写作对象、叙事方式和文学社会功能的变化。不同作者和群体的主张并不完全一致，因此不宜把新文学概括为单一风格或单一语言形式。[^nju-modern-literature-2009][^bnu-vernacular-2024]", "url": "/concepts/new-literature.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "ar", "de", "en", "es", "fr", "hi", "id", "it", "ja", "ko", "ms", "nl", "pt", "ru", "th", "tr", "vi", "zh-hant" ], "conceptKind": "movement", "scopeNote": "此处“新文学”专指中国现代文学史语境中的概念，不等同于一切新近出版或创作的文学。", "relatedTerms": [ "白话文", "新文化", "现代文学" ] }, { "id": "person_nobel_168", "type": "person", "title": "威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德", "slug": "wilhelm-ostwald", "aliases": [ "Wilhelm Ostwald" ], "summary": "威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德（Wilhelm Ostwald，1853年9月2日—1932年4月4日）是1909 年诺贝尔化学奖得主。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-awards", "category-people" ], "tags": [ "tag-nobel-prize" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Wilhelm Ostwald – Facts", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1909/ostwald/facts/" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909", "author": "The Nobel Foundation", "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1909/summary/" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:38:01+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T04:08:44+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "**威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德**（Wilhelm Ostwald，1853年9月2日—1932年4月4日）出生于里加（拉脱维亚），1932年4月4日在莱比锡（德国）去世。\n\n## 获奖\n\n1909 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德，官方获奖理由（官方原文）：“in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction”[^s1]。获奖时所属机构为 Leipzig University，所在地为莱比锡（德国）[^s1]。\n\n## 参见\n\n[[work_nobel_prize_1909|1909 年诺贝尔奖]]、[[concept_nobel_prize|诺贝尔奖]]", "url": "/people/wilhelm-ostwald.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "birth": { "year": 1853, "month": 9, "day": 2, "precision": "day", "display": "1853年9月2日" }, "death": { "year": 1932, "month": 4, "day": 4, "precision": "day", "display": "1932年4月4日" } }, { "id": "work_hnlib_1841cbc26621", "type": "work", "title": "失控", "slug": "hnlib-book-shi-kong", "summary": "《失控》是凯利的作品。《失控》全名为《失控:全人类的最终命运和结局》又名《失控:机器、社会系统与经济世界的新生物学》,1994年出版,转眼间已近廿载春秋。这部作品不仅是作者穿梭于科技前沿、社会脉动与经济浪潮深处的一次深刻探险,更是他凭借敏锐洞察,为我们勾勒出的一", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "online", "title": "失控", "url": "https://reader.hnlib.com/Recommend/Detail/188", "locator": "海宁市图书馆推荐书目记录：作者、出版社、出版时间、ISBN与主题" }, { "id": "web", "title": "享阅·核桃林凯文·凯利:《失控——全人类的最终命运和结局》", "url": "http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MjM5NTgyODE3OA==\u0026mid=2649417083\u0026idx=1\u0026sn=afaf580baeefef6244da7ca0a12689ae\u0026chksm=bfe886353eec8a39e511eb61b0c28f94a8499bb73d05151f589ce7728c88a58b247b49fb59b1#rd", "locator": "内容简介" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:14:07+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T04:01:18+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 2, "body": "## 内容与特点\n\n《失控》全名为《失控:全人类的最终命运和结局》又名《失控:机器、社会系统与经济世界的新生物学》,1994年出版,转眼间已近廿载春秋。这部作品不仅是作者穿梭于科技前沿、社会脉动与经济浪潮深处的一次深刻探险,更是他凭借敏锐洞察,为我们勾勒出的一幅未来世界的壮阔蓝图。凯文·凯利被看作是“赛博文化”的发言人和观察者,也有人称其为“科技预言家”。作为在亚洲游荡了近10年的美国人,东方文化激发了凯文•凯利对于技术的思考。在他笔下,“失控”往往意味着不确定性,容易使人感到不安,但正是这种不确定性和不可控性,成就了创新的源泉与进化的动因。《失控》作为KK\"观察·反思·展望\"三部曲中的第一部,这本书写于上世纪90年代,却成功预言了此后20多年的互联网发展趋势。全书涉及了科技、生物、数学、机器、经济、天文、物理、进化论、计算机网络等诸多专业,把世界看成是一个连续发展的整体,把所有生命和非生命物质都看成是这个整体中的一部分,看到它们看似无关的发展背后的实际规律。这本书最精彩的地方在于,它打通了许多前沿科学领域,形成了一套独特的世界观和方法论,并由此对人类的命运和最终结局给出了极具启发性的哲学思考。第二部分:内容概览全书共二十个篇章,可归纳为四个大[^online][^web]\n\n## 版本信息\n\n出版社为新星出版社，出版时间为2010，ISBN为978-7-5133-0071-1，主题为社会人类学。[^online]", "url": "/works/hnlib-book-shi-kong.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "workKind": "book", "medium": "社会人类学", "creators": [ "凯利" ] }, { "id": "organization_macmillan_publishers", "type": "organization", "title": "麦克米伦出版公司", "slug": "macmillan-publishers", "aliases": [ "Macmillan Publishers", "Pan Macmillan", "麦克米伦" ], "summary": "麦克米伦出版公司是1843年在伦敦创办的英国出版公司，1999年起为霍尔茨布林克出版集团全资子公司，是英语出版业“五大”之一。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-literature" ], "tags": [ "tag-publishing" ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Macmillan Publishers", "author": "Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers", "locator": "2026-11-01 访问" } ], "createdAt": "2026-11-01T03:14:25+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-11-01T03:14:25+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 1, "body": "**麦克米伦出版公司**（Macmillan Publishers，在英国称Pan Macmillan）是1843年在[[place_united_kingdom_london|伦敦]]创办的英国出版公司，是英语出版业“五大”之一[^s1]。\n\n## 沿革\n\n该公司由来自苏格兰阿伦岛的丹尼尔·麦克米伦与亚历山大·麦克米伦兄弟于1843年创办，同年兄弟二人还买下了剑桥的一家书店业务[^s1]。前英国首相哈罗德·麦克米伦是丹尼尔之孙，1964年至1986年12月去世前担任公司董事长[^s1]。1999年起，Pan Macmillan和Macmillan Publishers成为霍尔茨布林克出版集团（Holtzbrinck Publishing Group）的全资子公司[^s1]。\n\n## 主要业务\n\n该公司创办后不久即成为英国主要出版商之一，出版了刘易斯·卡罗尔《爱丽丝梦游仙境》（1865年）和吉卜林《丛林之书》（1894年）[^s1]。\n\n## 经营情况\n\n据维基百科条目（2026年11月访问），该公司在41个国家设有办事处，并在另外30多个国家开展业务[^s1]。", "url": "/organizations/macmillan-publishers.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh" ], "orgKind": "publisher", "founded": { "year": 1843, "precision": "year", "display": "1843年" }, "orgStatus": "active", "headquartersNote": "英国伦敦" }, { "customFields": [ { "key": "cuisine", "value": "Actual（现代料理）" }, { "key": "address", "value": "General Pardiñas 56, Madrid 28001" }, { "key": "awards", "value": "米其林一星" } ], "id": "place_restaurant_spain_madrid_santerra", "type": "place", "title": "Santerra", "slug": "madrid-santerra", "summary": "Santerra 位于马德里 General Pardiñas 56，菜系标注为现代料理（Actual）；据《米其林指南西班牙2026》为马德里米其林一星餐厅。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-food" ], "tags": [ "tag-michelin-guide" ], "sources": [ { "id": "profile2024", "title": "Santerra — Madrid — MICHELIN Guide restaurant profile (archived)", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2024-07-20", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240720091416id_/https://guide.michelin.com/es/es/comunidad-de-madrid/madrid/restaurante/santerra" }, { "id": "guide2024", "title": "Todas las Estrellas de la Guía MICHELIN España 2024", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2023-11-28", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/es/es/articulo/michelin-guide-ceremony/todas-las-estrellas-de-la-guia-michelin-espana-2024" }, { "id": "archive2024", "title": "Internet Archive snapshot of the MICHELIN Guide Spain 2024 full star list", "author": "Internet Archive capture of MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2025-01-22", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250122182111id_/https://guide.michelin.com/es/es/articulo/michelin-guide-ceremony/todas-las-estrellas-de-la-guia-michelin-espana-2024" }, { "id": "guide2025", "title": "Todas las Estrellas de la Guía MICHELIN España 2025", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2024-11-26", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/es/es/articulo/michelin-guide-ceremony/todas-las-estrellas-de-la-guia-michelin-espana-2025" }, { "id": "archive2025", "title": "Internet Archive snapshot of the MICHELIN Guide Spain 2025 full star list", "author": "Internet Archive capture of MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2025-09-29", "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250929132102id_/https://guide.michelin.com/es/es/articulo/michelin-guide-ceremony/todas-las-estrellas-de-la-guia-michelin-espana-2025" }, { "id": "guide2026", "title": "Todos los restaurantes con Estrellas MICHELIN en España 2026", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/es/es/articulo/michelin-guide-ceremony/todos-los-restaurantes-con-estrellas-michelin-en-espana-2026" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-30T15:24:31+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-31T19:12:30+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "**Santerra**（Santerra）是位于马德里 General Pardiñas 56 的现代料理（Actual）餐厅[^profile2024]。\n\n## 概况\nMICHELIN 官方个人页存档记录 Santerra 位于General Pardiñas 56, Madrid 28001，并将菜系标注为Actual[^profile2024]。现有资料未提供更多菜品与设施细节。\n\n## 荣誉\nMICHELIN 年度官方名单将该餐厅列入2024、2025、2026版Madrid星级名单；星级年份以对应年度名单为准[^guide2024] [^guide2025] [^guide2026]。据《米其林指南西班牙2026》完整星级名单，Santerra 为马德里米其林一星餐厅[^guide2026]。\n\n## 实用信息\n- 地址：General Pardiñas 56, Madrid 28001\n- 菜系：现代料理（Actual）", "url": "/places/madrid-santerra.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Madrid, Spain", "placeKind": "restaurant", "adminArea": "Madrid, Spain" }, { "customFields": [ { "key": "cuisine", "value": "Fusion, Creativa" }, { "key": "address", "value": "Via Boncompagni 31, Roma, 00187, Italia" }, { "key": "phone", "value": "+39 06 854 3182" }, { "key": "hours", "value": "周一、周日休息；周二至周六 12:30–14:00 及 19:30–22:00" }, { "key": "price", "value": "€€€€" }, { "key": "website", "value": "https://www.ormaroma.it" } ], "id": "place_restaurant_italy_rome_orma_roma", "type": "place", "title": "Orma Roma", "slug": "rome-orma-roma", "summary": "罗马的Fusion, Creativa餐厅。主厨 Roy Caceres 将拉丁美洲、亚洲与地中海风味融为个人化的当代料理，提供五道或七道品尝菜单。招牌 fregula 配海胆、墨西哥 mole 与香港 XO 酱。", "status": "published", "categories": [ "category-food" ], "tags": [], "sources": [ { "id": "profile", "title": "Orma Roma — Roma", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/it/it/lazio/roma/ristorante/orma-roma" }, { "id": "guide2026", "title": "Tutte le stelle della Guida MICHELIN Italia 2026!", "author": "MICHELIN Guide", "date": "2025-11-19", "url": "https://guide.michelin.com/it/it/notizia/michelin-guide-ceremony/tutte-le-stelle-della-guida-michelin-italia-2026" } ], "createdAt": "2026-10-30T09:50:15+08:00", "updatedAt": "2026-10-31T19:06:40+08:00", "updatedBy": "user:admin", "revision": 3, "body": "**Orma Roma** 是位于罗马 Via Boncompagni 31 的 Fusion, Creativa 餐厅。[^profile]\n\n## 概况\nOrma 是当今罗马餐饮版图上最令人感兴趣的地址之一：当代料理跨越地理边界却不失平衡与自我。主厨 Roy Caceres 生于哥伦比亚、定籍意大利，是真正的世界公民，他将来自拉丁美洲、亚洲与地中海的元素自然交织，形成个人化而精致的菜单；服务优雅而不拘谨。此外，餐厅对蔬食十分重视，部分蔬菜来自城郊的自营菜园。[^profile]\n\n## 菜品与特色\n- 招牌「Fregula, ricci e salsa XOrma」：撒丁岛 fregula（致敬主厨妻子的故乡）遇上墨西哥 mole 与香港 XO 酱——海胆的鲜甜、酱料的发酵气息与 mole 的复合香气完美融合\n- 两条品尝菜单（五道或七道），也可单点其中菜品\n- 午餐提供更灵活的用餐形式\n\n## 荣誉\n\n本档案依据当前 MICHELIN 餐厅页面记录地址、菜系与介绍；2026版名单中的城市与星级按该版官方完整名单记录。[^guide2026]\n\n## 实用信息\n- 地址：Via Boncompagni 31, Roma, 00187, Italia\n- 营业时间：周一、周日休息；周二至周六 12:30–14:00 及 19:30–22:00\n- 价位：€€€€\n- 电话：+39 06 854 3182\n- 网站：https://www.ormaroma.it\n- 设施：部分蔬菜来自自营菜园，被评为罗马最美的花园与户外餐座之一", "url": "/places/rome-orma-roma.html", "lang": "zh", "availableLangs": [ "zh", "en" ], "disambiguation": "Rome, Italy", "placeKind": "restaurant", "adminArea": "意大利 · 拉齐奥大区 · 罗马市" } 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