Concepts
Akita Shinkansen
A Mini-Shinkansen linking Morioka and Akita; Tokyo-Akita in about 3 hours 50 minutes.
People / Places / Events / Organizations / Works / Concepts
History and culture · Page 43
Historical events, figures and related cultural phenomena.
Concepts
Yamanote Line
JR East's loop line around central Tokyo, carrying about 1.4 million passengers a day.
Concepts
Tokaido Main Line
Japan's main rail artery from Tokyo to Kobe, managed by three JR companies.
People
People
Yang Feng
Yang Feng (died 197) was a figure at the end of the Eastern Han, originally a leader of the White Wave bandits in Hedong and later a subordinate of Li Jue. He helped escort Emperor Xian from Chang'an back east to Luoyang and was made general of chariots and cavalry. He later went over to Yuan Shu and Lü Bu and was killed by Liu Bei in 197.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]
People
Dong He
Dong He (died 221), courtesy name Youzai, came from Zhijiang in Nanjun, with ancestors from Jiangzhou in Ba commandery. He served under Liu Zhang and then Liu Bei. The Records of the Three Kingdoms describe his frugal rule in local posts and his sincerity toward the southern tribes, and say that he later shared the running of Liu Bei's headquarters with Zhuge Liang.[^zhengshi]
People
Cai Jing
Cai Jing (1047–1126), courtesy name Yuanchang, came from Xianyou in Xinghua and was a chancellor under Emperor Huizong of Northern Song, who held power several times and was later named first of the Six Thieves. The History of Song places him among the treacherous ministers, and says that after Emperor Qinzong took the throne he was demoted and exiled, and died on the road at Tanzhou aged eighty.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]
People
Sima You
Sima You (246–283), courtesy name Dayou and childhood name Taofu, was a son of Sima Zhao adopted as heir to Sima Shi and a full younger brother of Emperor Wu of Jin, with the title Prince of Qi. The Book of Jin says his talent and prestige exceeded the emperor's. In his last years Xun Xu and Feng Dan pressed the emperor to send him back to his state, and he fell ill with resentment and died vomiting blood. His posthumous name was Xian.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]
People
Zhu Ju
Zhu Ju (194–250), courtesy name Zifan, was a man of Wu county in Wu commandery and an important Eastern Wu official and general, married to a daughter of Sun Quan. He rose to General of Agile Cavalry. For firmly backing the crown prince in the Two Palaces dispute he was demoted and then put to death on a forged edict by Sun Hong.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Ma Xiu
Ma Xiu (178–211) was a son of the northwestern general Ma Teng and a brother of Ma Chao in the Three Kingdoms period. After Cao Cao summoned Ma Teng to the capital, Ma Xiu moved with the family to Ye. When Ma Chao rose against Cao in 211, Ma Teng and his family were put to death, and Ma Xiu died then.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]
People
Sun Yi
Sun Yi (184–204), courtesy name Shubi, was a son of Sun Jian and a younger brother of Sun Ce and Sun Quan, of the Wu royal house. The Records of the Three Kingdoms call him fierce and bold like his brother Ce, and say that in the eighth year of Jian'an, at twenty, he became acting grand administrator of Danyang as general of the flank, and was later killed by his attendant Bian Hong.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]
People
Sima Zhou
Sima Zhou (227–283), courtesy name Zijiang, was the fourth son of Sima Yi and an imperial prince and general from Cao Wei into the Western Jin. First made Marquis of Nan'an Pavilion, he became Prince of Dongguan under Emperor Wu and then Prince of Langye, garrisoning Xiapi. The Book of Jin records that he led tens of thousands out through Tuzhong in the conquest of Wu and that he died in the fourth year of Taikang at fifty-seven.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]
People
Zhu Ling
Zhu Ling, courtesy name Wenbo, was a man of Shu county in Qinghe and a Cao Wei general who began under Yuan Shao, stayed with Cao Cao after helping him against Tao Qian, and rose to General in the Rear. The Records of the Three Kingdoms rank him just below Xu Huang. Wikidata gives his life as 170 to 223, while Chinese Wikipedia has him alive in 228 or later.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Fa of Xia
Fa, of the Si clan, was the sixteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty, a son of Gao and the father of Jie, though one view makes him Jie's elder brother. The Bamboo Annals say that after he took the throne the Yi peoples came and danced before him, and that in his seventh year Mount Tai shook. His name is also written Jing, Jing Fa or Fa Hui.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]
People
Cheng Bing
Cheng Bing (172–225), courtesy name Deshu, came from Nandun in Runan and was a Confucian scholar-official of Eastern Wu. The Records of the Three Kingdoms say he studied under Zheng Xuan, mastered the Five Classics after fleeing to Jiaozhou, was summoned by Sun Quan, rose to grand tutor of the crown prince, and died in office, leaving three works on the classics.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]
People
Xu Jing
Xu Jing (died 222), courtesy name Wenxiu, came from Pingyu in Runan and served at the end of the Eastern Han and in Shu Han. He was known as a judge of men. The Records of the Three Kingdoms describe him helping choose officials under Dong Zhuo, wandering as a refugee to Jiaozhou, then entering Shu to serve Liu Zhang and Liu Bei, and dying in the second year of Zhangwu aged over seventy.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]
People
Zhu Jun
Zhu Jun (149–195), courtesy name Gongwei, came from Shangyu in Kuaiji and was a general at the end of the Eastern Han who put down the Jiaozhi revolt and the Yellow Turban rebellion and rose to grand commandant. The Book of the Later Han says that when Li Jue and Guo Si fought each other, Guo Si held him as a hostage, and Zhu Jun, who was strict by nature, fell ill and died that same day.[^wikidata][^zhengshi]
People
Xu Shao
Xu Shao (150–195), courtesy name Zijiang, was a man of Pingyu in Runan and a late Han critic famous for appraising people, who held the 'monthly review' with his cousin Xu Jing. He fled the northern turmoil to the south, followed Liu Yao to Yuzhang and died there at forty-six.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Meng Tian
Meng Tian was a general and calligrapher of the Qin, whose ancestors came from Qi and whose grandfather Meng Ao and father Meng Wu were both Qin generals. He led three hundred thousand men north against the Xiongnu, recovered the land south of the Yellow River and built the wall and a straight road. After the First Emperor's death he was ordered to die by Zhao Gao and Huhai's forged edict and took poison.[^wikidata][^zhwiki][^zhengshi]
People
Jin of Xia
Jin, of the Si clan and personal name Jin, also written Yin Jia, was the thirteenth ruler of the Xia dynasty in early Chinese antiquity and the son of Jiong. The Diwang shiji gives his reign as twenty years, and the Bamboo Annals say ten suns appeared in the sky in his time. He had no son and was succeeded by his cousin Kong Jia.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]
People
Liang Xing
Liang Xing (died 212) was one of the Guanzhong warlords at the end of the Eastern Han. In 198 he helped kill Li Jue, who had fled to Huangbai city, and sent his head to Cao Cao. In 211 he joined Ma Chao, Han Sui and others in rising against Cao Cao, which led to the battle of Tong Pass, and in 212 he was killed in a campaign by Xiahou Yuan and Zheng Hun.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]
People
Lei Tong
Lei Tong (died 218) was a general under Liu Bei at the end of the Eastern Han, defeated together with Wu Lan by Cao Hong's army and killed in the battle of Xiabian. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms also has a character of this name, a brave man short of strategy who falls into Zhang He's ambush and is cut down.[^wikidata][^zhwiki]
People
Wen Qin
Wen Qin (died 258), courtesy name Zhongruo, was a man of Qiao in the state of Pei and a Cao Wei general and inspector of Yang Province. He rose with Guanqiu Jian at Shouchun against Sima Shi, fled to Wu after defeat, and was killed inside Shouchun by Zhuge Dan during Zhuge Dan's revolt. Wikidata gives 257 for his death, a year earlier than the account in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.[^zhengshi][^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Huan Fan
Huan Fan (died 249), courtesy name Yuanze, was a man of Pei who became a Cao Wei official known as the 'bag of wisdom' and rose to minister of agriculture. In the coup at the Gaoping Tomb he left Luoyang to join Cao Shuang and urged him to take the emperor to Xuchang, was ignored, and was later executed with his clan.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Xin Xianying
Xin Xianying (191–269) was a daughter of Xin Pi of Cao Wei, an elder sister of Xin Chang and the wife of Yang Dan, known for her shrewd judgment of men and events. She saw misfortune in Cao Pi's joy at becoming heir, advised her brother to do his duty and leave the city with Lu Zhi during the coup at the Gaoping tombs, and foresaw that Zhong Hui would turn against the state on the Shu campaign, and warned her son Yang Xiu. She died in 269 at seventy-nine.
People
Fa Zhen
Fa Zhen (100–188), courtesy name Gaoqing, was from Mei in Fufeng and a great Confucian scholar of the Eastern Han, son of the Nanjun grand administrator Fa Xiong and grandfather of Fa Zheng of Shu Han. He knew the classics and charts inside and out and drew pupils from afar. He refused every office, including four summonses from Emperor Shun, and his friend Guo Zheng called him a teacher of a hundred generations and had a stele cut naming him Master Xuande. He died at eighty-nine in 188.
People
Duan Zhixuan
Duan Zhixuan (598–642) was a general of the late Sui and early Tang and one of the twenty-four meritorious officials of the Lingyan Pavilion. He joined Li Yuan's rising, won merit at Tongguan and against Wang Shichong, and stood with Li Shimin in the Xuanwu Gate incident. Under Taizong he rose to general of the left valiant guard, was made Duke of Fan and later Duke of Bao, and died of illness in 642.
People
Xue Lan
Xue Lan (died 195) was a late Eastern Han figure who served as a Yan Province aide before joining Chen Gong and Zhang Miao in welcoming Lü Bu against Cao Cao. In 195 he was camped at Juye with Li Feng when Cao Cao's forces defeated and killed him.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Shi Zuan
Shi Zuan (died 264) was a Cao Wei general who served as Sima Zhao's chief clerk and later joined Deng Ai's invasion of Shu. He helped defeat Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu, was given Yi Province after Shu fell, and was killed in 264 together with Deng Ai.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Huangfu Song
Huangfu Song (died 195), courtesy name Yizhen, was a Late Han general from Chaona in Anding and a nephew of the general Huangfu Gui. He helped suppress the Yellow Turban rising, killing Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, and later survived Dong Zhuo's seizure of power before dying of illness during Li Jue's revolt.[^zhengshi][^wikidata]
People
Tang Bin
Tang Bin (235–294), courtesy name Ruzong, was a man of Zou in the state of Lu and a general of Cao Wei and Western Jin. He took up bow and horse in youth and the classics later, served as vanguard under Wang Jun in the conquest of Wu, then commanded Youzhou, where he restored the old wall and pushed back the frontier. He died in office as governor of Yongzhou in 294 with the posthumous name Xiang.
People
Cheng Ji
Cheng Ji (died 222), courtesy name Jiran, was a man of Langzhong in Ba Commandery at the end of the Eastern Han. He once refused to lend troops to Pang Xi's suspicious scheme under Liu Zhang, later served Liu Bei, and died in 222 fighting pursuers after the defeat at Yiling.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Zhou Xingsi
Zhou Xingsi (died 521), courtesy name Zhizuan, was a man of Xiang in Chen commandery and an official and writer of the Liang. He went to the capital to study at thirteen, won Emperor Wu's notice with the Rhapsody on Peace and Rest, and was repeatedly commissioned to write inscriptions and proclamations, including the verse arrangement of one thousand characters from Wang Xizhi's writing, known as the Thousand Character Classic. He died in 521.
People
Liu Li
Liu Li, courtesy name Fengxiao, was a son of Liu Bei of Shu Han by a concubine and a half-brother of the Later Lord Liu Shan. He was made Prince of Liang in 221, re-enfeoffed as Prince of Anping in 230, and died in the seventh year of Yanxi (244) with the name Prince Dao. Wikidata's structured death year reads 224, but the Records of the Three Kingdoms and Wikidata's own description point to 244.
People
Liu Fu
Liu Fu (2nd century – 238), also written Liu Pu, was censor-in-chief to Gongsun Yuan, the self-proclaimed King of Yan in Liaodong. He was sent with Wang Jian to ask Sima Yi to lift the siege and was executed by him. Wikidata gives his death as 239, one year later than Chinese Wikipedia.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Liu Hongji
Liu Hongji (582–650), from Chiyang in Yongzhou, was a founding general of the Tang. He ran afoul of the law on the way to the Liaodong campaign at the end of the Sui, then served Li Yuan and Li Shimin at Taiyuan, recruited troops for the uprising and took part in the march on Chang'an. He was made Duke of Kui, died in 650, and was buried beside the Zhao Mausoleum with the posthumous name Xiang.
People
Wei Zi
Wei Zi (died 190), courtesy name Zixu, was a Late Han man from Xiangyi in Chenliu who was recommended as filial and incorrupt. In 189 he helped Cao Cao raise troops with his own wealth, and he was killed in the fighting at Xingyang against Dong Zhuo.[^zhwiki][^wikidata]
People
Liu Guangshi
Liu Guangshi (1086–1142), courtesy name Pingshu, was a general of the early Southern Song from Baoan Army and the second son of Liu Yanqing. He helped put down Fang La, held command posts across the Yangtze and Huai regions after the Song crossed south, and lost his troops in 1137 after Zhang Jun's impeachment. He died aged fifty-four and received the posthumous name Wuxi.
People
Zhang Gongjin
Zhang Gongjin (594–632), courtesy name Hongshen, was a man of Fanshui in Weizhou and an early Tang general. Before the Xuanwu Gate incident he urged the Prince of Qin to act rather than rely on divination, and during the coup he closed the gate alone against the Crown Prince's troops. As governor of Daizhou he set out six reasons to attack the Eastern Turks, served as Li Jing's deputy, and died in 632 as governor of Xiangzhou with the name Xiang.
People
Li Fu
Li Fu, courtesy name Sunde, was an official of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. Wikidata records his birth in 195 and his birth place as Mianyang. After Liu Bei took Yi province he served as clerk, magistrate of Xichongguo and magistrate of Chengdu, and in the Jianxing years as grand administrator of Baxi and other posts. On orders he visited the ill Zhuge Liang and carried his last words back to the emperor. He died of illness not long after the first year of Yanxi.
People
Yue Yun
Yue Yun (1119–1141), courtesy name Yingxiang, style name Huiqing, was a man of Tangyin in Xiangzhou and the eldest son of the Southern Song general Yue Fei. He joined the army at twelve, led the climb up the walls with two iron mallets in the recovery of the Xiangyang region, and rose to Left Martial Grand Master and defense commissioner of Zhongzhou. After his father was stripped of command in 1141, Qin Gui and Zhang Jun framed him and Zhang Xian, and he was executed with Zhang Xian.
People
Cao Xun
Cao Xun (died 249) was a man of Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and younger brother of Cao Shuang in Cao Wei, enfeoffed as Marquis of Wansui Pavilion. Cao Shuang made him general of the guards while he held the regency. After the coup at the Gaoping tombs in 249 Cao Shuang and all his brothers were beheaded for treason, and Cao Xun's three clans were exterminated.
People
Cao Yan
Cao Yan (died 249) was a man of Qiao county in the commandery of Qiao, a son of Cao Zhen and younger brother of Cao Shuang in Cao Wei. When Cao Shuang held the regency he made him an attendant at court. In 249 Cao Shuang accompanied Emperor Cao Fang on a visit to the Gaoping tombs and Sima Yi seized power. Cao Yan was dismissed and soon beheaded for treason, with his three clans exterminated.
People
Cao E
Cao E (130 – 143) was a filial daughter of the Eastern Han from Shangyu in Kuaiji. In the second year of Han'an her father Cao Xu drowned in the river during a rite, and his body was not found. At fourteen she wept along the river for seventeen days and then threw herself in. In the first year of Yuanjia the magistrate Du Shang reburied her and set up a stele, and she came to be honored as a water spirit.
People
Meng Zong
Meng Zong (died 271), courtesy name Gongwu, was a man of Jiangxia and a senior minister of late Eastern Wu who rose to minister of works. He later changed his name to Meng Ren to avoid a taboo on the courtesy name of Sun Hao, and is the hero of the filial tale of weeping in the bamboo grove that brought forth shoots, in the Twenty-four Paragons of Filial Piety. He died in the ninth month of 271 and was buried at Wuchang.
People
Yu Fan
Yu Fan (164–233), courtesy name Zhongxiang, from Yuyao in Kuaiji, was a classical scholar and official of Eastern Wu, learned in the Book of Changes and also skilled in medicine. His blunt remonstrance offended Sun Quan; he was exiled to Jing county in Danyang and later to Jiaozhou, where he taught for more than ten years and died at seventy.
People
Xin Ping
Xin Ping (died 204), courtesy name Zhongzhi, from Yangdi in Yingchuan, was an adviser to Yuan Shao and then Yuan Tan at the end of the Eastern Han, and the elder brother of the Cao Wei minister Xin Pi. He sided with Yuan Tan in the quarrel with Yuan Shang, and in 204 his whole clan was killed in Ye by Shen Pei.
People
Dong Jue
Dong Jue, courtesy name Gongxi, from Yiyang in Jing province, was an important official of late Shu Han. He began on Zhuge Liang's staff, rose to director of the masters of writing and general who supports the state, and after Shu fell surrendered to Wei and was moved to Luoyang.
People
Liu Pi
Liu Pi was one of the Yellow Turban leaders around Runan in the late Eastern Han. During the Guandu campaign he turned against Cao Cao in support of Yuan Shao and was driven back by Cao Ren. The Records of the Three Kingdoms contain two conflicting accounts of when he died, and this entry follows Wikidata in giving 201.
People
Töregene
Töregene (died around 1246), of the Naimazhen clan, was the wife of the Mongol emperor Ögedei and the mother of Güyük. After Ögedei's death she ruled as regent for about five years, brought about Güyük's accession, and then lost power as mother and son fell out. She was later given the posthumous title Empress Zhaoci.